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Recent work on the quantum mechanics of near-extremal non-supersymmetric black holes has identified a characteristic $T^{3/2}$ scaling of the low temperature black hole partition function. This result has only been derived using the path integral in the near-horizon region and relies on many assumptions. We discuss how to derive the $T^{3/2}$ scaling for the near-extremal rotating BTZ black hole from a calculation in the full black hole background using the Denef-Hartnoll-Sachdev (DHS) formula, which expresses the 1-loop determinant of a thermal geometry in terms of a product over the quasinormal mode spectrum. We also derive the spectral measure for fields of any spin in Euclidean BTZ and use it to provide a new proof of the DHS formula and a new, direct derivation of the BTZ heat kernel. The computations suggest a path to proving the $T^{3/2}$ scaling for the asymptotically flat 4d Kerr black hole., Comment: 32 pages

Recent work has shown that loop corrections from massless particles generate $\frac{3}{2}\log T_{\text{Hawking}}$ corrections to black hole entropy which dominate the thermodynamics of cold near-extreme charged black holes. Here we adapt this analysis to near-extreme Kerr black holes. Like AdS$_2\times S^2$, the Near-Horizon Extreme Kerr (NHEK) metric has a family of normalizable zero modes corresponding to reparametrizations of boundary time. The path integral over these zero modes leads to an infrared divergence in the one-loop approximation to the Euclidean NHEK partition function. We regulate this divergence by retaining the leading finite temperature correction in the NHEK scaling limit. This "not-NHEK" geometry lifts the eigenvalues of the zero modes, rendering the path integral infrared finite. The quantum-corrected near-extremal entropy exhibits $\frac{3}{2}\log T_{\text{Hawking}}$ behavior characteristic of the Schwarzian model and predicts a lifting of the ground state degeneracy for the extremal Kerr black hole., Comment: 14 pages

The black hole photon ring is a prime target for upcoming space-based VLBI missions seeking to image the fine structure of astrophysical black holes. The classical Lyapunov exponents of the corresponding nearly bound null geodesics control the quasinormal ringing of a perturbed black hole as it settles back down to equilibrium, and they admit a holographic interpretation in terms of quantum Ruelle resonances of the microstate dual to the Kerr black hole. Recent work has identified a number of emergent symmetries related to the intricate self-similar structure of the photon ring. Here, we explore this web of interrelated phenomena in an exactly soluble example that arises as an approximation to the near-extremal Kerr black hole. The self-dual warped AdS$_3$ geometry has a photon ring as well as $\mathsf{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ isometries and an exactly calculable quasinormal mode (QNM) spectrum. We show explicitly that the geometric optics approximation reproduces the eikonal limit of the exact QNM spectrum, as well as the approximate "near-ring" wavefunctions. The $\mathsf{SL}(2,\mathbb{R})$ isometries are directly related to the emergent conformal symmetry of the photon ring in black hole images but are distinct from a recently discussed conformal symmetry of the eikonal QNM spectrum. The equivalence of the classical QNM spectrum -- and thus the photon ring -- to the quantum Ruelle resonances in the context of a spacetime with a putative holographic dual suggests that the photon ring of a warped black hole is indeed part of the black hole hologram., Comment: 26 pages, 1 figure

We compute the Mellin transforms of various two-dimensional integrable $S$-matrices, providing the first explicit, non-perturbative realizations of celestial CFT. In two dimensions, the Mellin transform is simply the Fourier transform in rapidity space, and the "celestial correlator" has no position dependence. The simplified setting allows us to study the analytic properties of CCFT correlators exactly as a function of the conformal dimensions. We find that the correlators exist as real distributions of the conformal weights, with asymptotics controlled by the mass spectrum and three-point couplings of the model. Coupling these models to a flat space limit of JT gravity preserves integrability and dresses the amplitudes by a rapidly varying gravitational phase. We find that the coupling to gravity smooths out certain singular aspects of the Mellin-transformed correlators., Comment: 26 pages, 2 figures

In the sigma model, soft insertions of moduli scalars enact parallel transport of $S$-matrix elements about the finite-dimensional moduli space of vacua, and the antisymmetric double-soft theorem calculates the curvature of the vacuum manifold. We explore the analogs of these statements in gauge theory and gravity in asymptotically flat spacetimes, where the relevant moduli spaces are infinite-dimensional. These models have spaces of vacua parameterized by (trivial) flat connections at spatial infinity, and soft insertions of photons, gluons, and gravitons parallel transport $S$-matrix elements about these infinite-dimensional manifolds. We argue that the antisymmetric double-soft gluon theorem in $d+2$ bulk dimensions computes the curvature of a connection on the infinite-dimensional space Map$(S^d,G)/G$. The analogous metrics in abelian gauge theory and gravity are flat, as indicated by the vanishing of the antisymmetric double-soft theorems in those models. In other words, Feynman diagram calculations not only know about the vacuum manifold of Yang-Mills theory, they can also be used to compute its curvature. The results have interesting implications for flat holography., Comment: 27 pages. v2: added appendices and expanded discussion in section 6

Known examples of the holographic dictionary in asymptotically Anti-de Sitter spacetimes equate moduli spaces of bulk vacua with conformal manifolds in the dual quantum field theory. We demonstrate that the same identification holds for gravity in asymptotically flat spacetimes in any dimension, in accord with expectations derived from the celestial conformal field theory (CCFT) formalism. Soft limits of moduli scalars described by the sigma model are universal, and relate to parallel transport of $S$-matrix observables over the moduli space of bulk vacua. The leading "soft moduli operator" is the shadow transform of a dimension $\Delta=d$ marginal operator $M(x)$. The universal form of the soft limit guarantees that $M(x)$ acts as a marginal deformation in the CCFT$_d$, and coherent states of the soft scalars correspond to finite deformations along the conformal manifold. This manifold typically has curvature, which is captured by the antisymmetric double-soft theorem and which reflects the Berry curvature in CCFT$_d$. We also compute the Mellin-transformed four-point function in the sigma model and compare to a formula of Kutasov for the curvature of the conformal manifold., Comment: 21 pages

Space-based next-generation interferometers propose to measure the Lyapunov exponents of the nearly bound geodesics that comprise the photon ring surrounding the black hole M87*. We argue that these classical Lyapunov exponents equal the quantum Ruelle resonances describing the late-time approach to thermal equilibrium of the quantum microstate holographically dual to any Kerr black hole such as M87*. Moreover, we identify "near-ring regions" in the phase space of fields propagating on Kerr that exhibit critical behavior, including emergent conformal symmetries. These are analogues for sub-extremal Kerr of the much-studied "near-horizon regions" of (near-)extremal black holes. The emergent conformal symmetries greatly constrain the observational predictions for the fine photon ring substructure around M87* and for quasinormal gravitational-wave ringdowns, as well as any proposal for a quantum holographic dual to the Kerr black hole. More generally, we hope that our identification of several universal features of Kerr spectroscopy provides a useful starting point for a bottom-up approach to holography for astrophysical black holes., Comment: 26 pages, 2 figures

We study exponentiated soft exchange in $d+2$ dimensional gauge and gravitational theories using the celestial CFT formalism. These models exhibit spontaneously broken asymptotic symmetries generated by gauge transformations with non-compact support, and the effective dynamics of the associated Goldstone "edge" mode is expected to be $d$-dimensional. The introduction of an infrared regulator also explicitly breaks these symmetries so the edge mode in the regulated theory is really a $d$-dimensional pseudo-Goldstone boson. Symmetry considerations determine the leading terms in the effective action, whose coefficients are controlled by the infrared cutoff. Computations in this model reproduce the abelian infrared divergences in $d=2$, and capture the re-summed (infrared finite) soft exchange in higher dimensions. The model also reproduces the leading soft theorems in gauge and gravitational theories in all dimensions. Interestingly, we find that it is the shadow transform of the Goldstone mode that has local $d$-dimensional dynamics: the effective action expressed in terms of the Goldstone mode is non-local for $d>2$. We also introduce and discuss new magnetic soft theorems. Our analysis demonstrates that symmetry principles suffice to calculate soft exchange in gauge theory and gravity., Comment: 43 pages, 1 figure

The holomorphic Coulomb gas formalism is a set of rules for computing minimal model observables using free field techniques. We attempt to derive and clarify these rules using standard techniques of QFT. We begin with a careful examination of the timelike linear dilaton. Although the background charge $Q$ breaks the scalar field's continuous shift symmetry, the exponential of the action is invariant under a discrete shift because $Q$ is imaginary. Gauging this symmetry makes the dilaton compact and introduces winding modes into the spectrum. One of these winding operators corresponds to the BRST current first introduced by Felder. The cohomology of this BRST charge isolates the irreducible representations of the Virasoro algebra within the linear dilaton Fock space, and the supertrace in the BRST complex reproduces the minimal model partition function. The model at the radius $R=\sqrt{pp'}$ has two marginal operators corresponding to the Dotsenko-Fateev screening charges. Deforming by them, we obtain a model that might be called a "BRST quotiented compact timelike Liouville theory." The Hamiltonian of the zero-mode quantum mechanics is not Hermitian, but it is $PT$-symmetric and exactly solvable. Its eigenfunctions have support on an infinite number of plane waves, suggesting an infinite reduction in the number of independent states in the full QFT. Applying conformal perturbation theory to the exponential interactions reproduces the Coulomb gas calculations of minimal model correlators. In contrast to spacelike Liouville, these resonance correlators are finite because the zero mode is compact. We comment on subtleties regarding the reflection operator identification, as well as naive violations of truncation in correlators with multiple reflection operators inserted. This work is part of an attempt to understand the relationship between JT gravity and the $(2,p)$ minimal string., Comment: 67 pages. v2: Added a summary section and fixed typos. Matches published version

The Hilbert space of a quantum system with internal global symmetry $G$ decomposes into sectors labelled by irreducible representations of $G$. If the system is chaotic, the energies in each sector should separately resemble ordinary random matrix theory. We show that such "sector-wise" random matrix ensembles arise as the boundary dual of two-dimensional gravity with a $G$ gauge field in the bulk. Within each sector, the eigenvalue density is enhanced by a nontrivial factor of the dimension of the representation, and the ground state energy is determined by the quadratic Casimir. We study the consequences of 't Hooft anomalies in the matrix ensembles, which are incorporated by adding specific topological terms to the gauge theory action. The effect is to introduce projective representations into the decomposition of the Hilbert space. Finally, we consider ensembles with $G$ symmetry and time reversal symmetry, and analyze a simple case of a mixed anomaly between time reversal and an internal $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry., Comment: 49 pages, 1 figure

The Event Horizon Telescope image of the supermassive black hole in the galaxy M87 is dominated by a bright, unresolved ring. General relativity predicts that embedded within this image lies a thin "photon ring," which is composed of an infinite sequence of self-similar subrings that are indexed by the number of photon orbits around the black hole. The subrings approach the edge of the black hole "shadow," becoming exponentially narrower but weaker with increasing orbit number, with seemingly negligible contributions from high order subrings. Here, we show that these subrings produce strong and universal signatures on long interferometric baselines. These signatures offer the possibility of precise measurements of black hole mass and spin, as well as tests of general relativity, using only a sparse interferometric array., Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures. Published in Science Advances

General relativity predicts that the Kerr black hole develops qualitatively new and surprising features in the limit of maximal spin. Most strikingly, the region of spacetime near the event horizon stretches into an infinitely long throat and displays an emergent conformal symmetry. Understanding dynamics in this NHEK (Near-Horizon Extreme Kerr) geometry is necessary for connecting theory to upcoming astronomical observations of high-spin black holes. We review essential properties of NHEK and its relationship to the rapidly rotating Kerr black hole. We then completely solve the geodesic equation in the NHEK region and describe how the resulting trajectories transform under the action of its enhanced symmetries. In the process, we derive explicit expressions for the angular integrals appearing in the Kerr geodesic equation and obtain a useful formula, valid at arbitrary spin, for a particle's polar angle in terms of its radial motion. These results will aid in the analytic computation of astrophysical observables relevant to ongoing and future experiments., Comment: 72 pages, 4 figures. v2: minor edits, matches published version

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is expected to soon produce polarimetric images of the supermassive black hole at the center of the neighboring galaxy M87. There are indications that this black hole is rapidly spinning. General relativity predicts that such a high-spin black hole has an emergent conformal symmetry near its event horizon. In this paper, we use this symmetry to analytically predict the polarized near-horizon emissions to be seen at the EHT and find a distinctive pattern of whorls aligned with the spin., Comment: 21 pages, 2 figures. v2: fixed conventions, matches published version

We consider the tree-level scattering of massless particles in $(d+2)$-dimensional asymptotically flat spacetimes. The $\mathcal{S}$-matrix elements are recast as correlation functions of local operators living on a space-like cut $\mathcal{M}_d$ of the null momentum cone. The Lorentz group $SO(d+1,1)$ is nonlinearly realized as the Euclidean conformal group on $\mathcal{M}_d$. Operators of non-trivial spin arise from massless particles transforming in non-trivial representations of the little group $SO(d)$, and distinguished operators arise from the soft-insertions of gauge bosons and gravitons. The leading soft-photon operator is the shadow transform of a conserved spin-one primary operator $J_a$, and the subleading soft-graviton operator is the shadow transform of a conserved spin-two symmetric traceless primary operator $T_{ab}$. The universal form of the soft-limits ensures that $J_a$ and $T_{ab}$ obey the Ward identities expected of a conserved current and energy momentum tensor in a Euclidean CFT$_d$, respectively., Comment: 19 pages. v2: Updated acknowledgements and fixed typos

Recently it has been shown that the vacuum state in QED is infinitely degenerate. Moreover a transition among the degenerate vacua is induced in any nontrivial scattering process and determined from the associated soft factor. Conventional computations of scattering amplitudes in QED do not account for this vacuum degeneracy and therefore always give zero. This vanishing of all conventional QED amplitudes is usually attributed to infrared divergences. Here we show that if these vacuum transitions are properly accounted for, the resulting amplitudes are nonzero and infrared finite. Our construction of finite amplitudes is mathematically equivalent to, and amounts to a physical reinterpretation of, the 1970 construction of Faddeev and Kulish., Comment: 21 pages, 3 figures

Recently a boundary energy-momentum tensor $T_{zz}$ has been constructed from the soft graviton operator for any 4D quantum theory of gravity in asymptotically flat space. Up to an "anomaly" which is one-loop exact, $T_{zz}$ generates a Virasoro action on the 2D celestial sphere at null infinity. Here we show by explicit construction that the effects of the IR divergent part of the anomaly can be eliminated by a one-loop renormalization that shifts $T_{zz}$., Comment: 12 pages

We use the subleading soft-graviton theorem to construct an operator $T_{zz}$ whose insertion in the four-dimensional tree-level quantum gravity $\mathcal{S}$-matrix obeys the Virasoro-Ward identities of the energy momentum tensor of a two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT$_2$). The celestial sphere at Minkowskian null infinity plays the role of the Euclidean sphere of the CFT$_2$, with the Lorentz group acting as the unbroken $SL(2,\mathbb{C})$ subgroup., Comment: 12 pages. v2: updated acknowledgements

The area of a cross-sectional cut $\Sigma$ of future null infinity ($\mathcal{I}^+$) is infinite. We define a finite, renormalized area by subtracting the area of the same cut in any one of the infinite number of BMS-degenerate classical vacua. The renormalized area acquires an anomalous dependence on the choice of vacuum. We relate it to the modular energy, including a soft graviton contribution, of the region of $\mathcal{I}^+$ to the future of $\Sigma$. Under supertranslations, the renormalized area shifts by the supertranslation charge of $\Sigma$. In quantum gravity, we conjecture a bound relating the renormalized area to the entanglement entropy across $\Sigma$ of the outgoing quantum state on $\mathcal{I}^+$., Comment: 14 pages

The soft photon theorem in U(1) gauge theories with only massless charged particles has recently been shown to be the Ward identity of an infinite-dimensional asymptotic symmetry group. This symmetry group is comprised of gauge transformations which approach angle-dependent constants at null infinity. In this paper, we extend the analysis to all U(1) theories, including those with massive charged particles such as QED., Comment: 17 pages

Asymptotic symmetries of theories with gravity in d=2m+2 spacetime dimensions are reconsidered for m>1 in light of recent results concerning d=4 BMS symmetries. Weinberg's soft graviton theorem in 2m+2 dimensions is re-expressed as a Ward identity for the gravitational S-matrix. The corresponding asymptotic symmetries are identified with 2m+2-dimensional supertranslations. An alternate derivation of these asymptotic symmetries as diffeomorphisms which preserve finite-energy boundary conditions at null infinity and act non-trivially on physical data is given. Our results differ from those of previous analyses whose stronger boundary conditions precluded supertranslations for d>4. We find for all even d that supertranslation symmetry is spontaneously broken in the conventional vacuum and identify soft gravitons as the corresponding Goldstone bosons., Comment: 24 pages

We consider the scattering of massless particles coupled to an abelian gauge field in 2n-dimensional Minkowski spacetime. Weinberg's soft photon theorem is recast as Ward identities for infinitely many new nontrivial symmetries of the massless QED S-matrix, with one such identity arising for each propagation direction of the soft photon. These symmetries are identified as large gauge transformations with angle-dependent gauge parameters that are constant along the null generators of null infinity. Almost all of the symmetries are spontaneously broken in the standard vacuum and the soft photons are the corresponding Goldstone bosons. Our result establishes a relationship between soft theorems and asymptotic symmetry groups in any even dimension., Comment: 18 pages

It is shown that the tree-level S-matrix for quantum gravity in four-dimensional Minkowski space has a Virasoro symmetry which acts on the conformal sphere at null infinity., Comment: 22 pages, 1 figure