111 results on '"Kaolinit"'
Search Results
2. Ceramic nanocomposites: control of structural and PTX parameters of the synthesis of mullite from kaolinite using Taguchi experimental design.
- Author
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PONARYADOV, A., KOTOVA, O., and KOTOVA, E.
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KAOLINITE , *MULLITE , *EXPERIMENTAL design , *NANOCOMPOSITE materials , *CERAMICS , *STRUCTURAL models - Abstract
The purpose of this article is to develop a special modeling approach, which simulates the synthesis of a mullite from kaolinite and allows controlling its physical and structural properties. A Taguchi experimental design is implemented to reveal significant PTX-parameters in comparison with insignificant ones for the synthesis of a mullite nanocomposite and prototyping of the optimal synthesis protocol. The objects of the study are ceramic nanocomposites: morphostructural characteristics of mullite synthesized from kaolinite and its structural transformations during heat treatment. 2D contour plots of the intensity of mullite XRD-peaks and content of the mullite phase were used to visualize the influence of input factors and point out the optimal ones. Furthermore, we rearranged the previously proposed simple mathematical model of structural transformations “kaolinite – mullite”, which allows controlling the synthesis protocol and properties of the mullite matrix of nanocomposite depending on the PTX-parameters of mullite synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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3. Modifiye edilmiş kaolinit kil katkılı poli(stiren-ko-divinil benzen) matrise sahip nnonadekan içeren şekilce kararlı kompozit faz değiştiren maddelerin hazırlanması ve özelliklerinin belirlenmesi.
- Author
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Bayram, Sena, Mert, Hatice Hande, and Mert, Mehmet Selçuk
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HEAT storage , *SURFACE stability , *PHASE transitions , *POROUS materials , *ENERGY storage , *KAOLINITE , *PHASE change materials , *ALUMINUM silicates - Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) can store thermal energy as latent heat through phase change at constant temperature and thanks to their high latent heat storage capacity, they can be used in many engineering fields. In this study, poly(styrene-co-divinyl benzene) based porous polymers containing modified kaolinite clay for use in thermal energy storage systems were synthesized by emulsion templating method and the obtained materials were used as support materials for the preparation of n-nonadecane-based stable phase change materials. In the prepared composite materials, it was observed that the hierarchical porous structure was obtained, the pore morphology improved with the increase of aluminum silicate-based modified kaolinite fillers, and the porous composite containing 1% filler had the highest thermal stability and surface area. All synthesized porous composite materials were loaded with n-nonadecane as a phase change material by one step impregnation method and shape-stabilized composite PCMs were produced. It has been determined that all form-stable PCMs containing n-nonadecane produced using porous composites as support materials have high thermal energy storage capacity (ranging between 92-142 J/g) and display leakage-proof property for thermal energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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4. Preparation of meta phase of kaolinite as a precursor for geopolymer adsorbent fabrication.
- Author
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ELDIN, Hoda S., ABDULLAH, Nabil A., ISMAIL, Mahmoud F., and HASHEMC, Ahmed I.
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KAOLINITE , *SEDIMENTARY rocks , *KAOLIN - Abstract
Calcined kaolinite was produced by thermal treatment of raw kaolinite obtained from high quality kaolin deposits intercalated sedimentary rocks in south Sinai (Egypt). The optimal parameters for complete de-hydroxylation of kaolinite were achieved. It was found that heating at 700 °C for 90 minutes was suitable for activation of kaolinite. The formation of meta-kaolinite was investigated by XRD, IR analyses of raw kaolinite and meta-kaolinite. The pozzolanic activity was determined by Chappell test, the obtained average value of 0.70 g Ca(OH)2/g meta-kaolinite indicated that the produced meta-kaolinite can be used as an active source for fabrication of geopolymer adsorbent material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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5. Mechanical properties of mullite reinforced ceramics composite produced from kaolin and corn starch.
- Author
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KUROVICS, EMESE, KULKOV, ALEKSEY S., IBRAHIM, JAMAL-ELDIN F. M., KASHIN, A. D., PALA, PÉTER, NAGY, VERONIKA, KULKOV, SERGEI N., and GÖMZE, LÁSZLÓ A.
- Subjects
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CORNSTARCH , *KAOLIN , *MULLITE , *CERAMICS , *CLAY minerals , *NITRIDATION - Abstract
In this research, the authors have prepared mullite-containing ceramics by mixing Sedlecky ml kaolin, Nabalox 315 alumina and corn starch as a bio-origin additive. Pellets were prepared from the mixtures using an uniaxial compression process. The pressed samples were pre-sintered at 1250 °C using oxidation and reduction atmospheres and then sintered at a temperature above 1400 °C in nitrogen gas. In this way, the typical carbothermal reduction and nitridation processes of clay minerals were performed, reinforced mullite ceramics were prepared and their main mechanical properties were investigated. Based on the obtained results, sintering in nitrogen gas resulted in a more wear-resistant surface layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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6. Nem ve sıcaklık algılama için iletken poli(o-toluidin)/kaolinit kompozitlerinin sentezi ve karakterizasyonu
- Author
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Filiz BORAN, Sevil ÇETİNKAYA, Meral KARAKIŞLA, and Mehmet SAÇAK
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poly(o-toluidine) ,kaolinite ,composite ,conductive polymer ,temperature sensor ,humidity sensor ,poli(o-toluidin) ,kaolinit ,kompozit ,i̇letken polimer ,sıcaklık sensör ,nem sensör ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
İletken poli(o-toluidin)/kaolinit kompoziti, kaolinit varlığında yükseltgen olarak amonyum persülfat kullanılarak o-toluidinin kimyasal polimerizasyonu ile hazırlandı. Hazırlanan iletken kompozitin nem ve sıcaklık algılayıcısı olarak kullanımını araştırabilmek için kompozitin içerdiği iletken POT miktarı ve kompozitin iletkenlik değerlerine polimerizasyon koşullarından HCl, o-toluidin ve yükseltgen madde derişimlerinin etkisi incelendi. En yüksek poli(o-toluidin) miktarı (%29.4) ve iletkenliğe sahip (8.3×10-4 Scm-1) kompozitin 0.2 M amonyum persülfat, 0.4 M o-toluidin ve 1.0 M hidroklorik asit kullanılarak 20 °C sıcaklıkta ve 2 sa. sürdürülen polimerizasyon ile elde edildiği bulundu. Saf poli(o-toluidin) ve poli(o-toluidin)/kaolinit kompozitinin direnç değerleri 0-100 °C sıcaklık aralığında tekrar edilen ısıtma-soğutma işlemleri sırasında izlenerek sıcaklığa karşı duyarlılığı incelendi. Bağıl nem oranı %30-90 arasında değiştirilen ortamlarda saf poli(o-toluidin) ve kompozitin direnç değerleri ölçülerek nem sensör davranışı belirlendi. Hazırlanan kompozitin karakterizasyonu Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FT-IR), X-Işınları kırınımı (XRD), termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) teknikleri ile yapıldı.
- Published
- 2018
7. Synthesis and characterization of poly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite conductive composites for humidity and temperature sensing
- Author
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Mehmet Saçak, Meral Karakışla, Sevil Çetinkaya, and Filiz Boran
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poly(o-toluidine) ,kaolinite ,composite ,conductive polymer ,temperature sensor ,humidity sensor ,poli(o-toluidin) ,kaolinit ,kompozit ,i̇letken polimer ,sıcaklık sensör ,nem sensör ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 - Abstract
Conductive poly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite was synthesized via chemical polymerization of o-toluidine in the availability of kaolinite using ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent. To investigate the use of the prepared conductive composite as humidity and temperature sensor, the effect of polymerization conditions such as HCl, o-toluidine and oxidant concentrations on the amount of conductive POT contained in the composite and the conductivity values of composites were investigated. It was found that the composites with the highest poly (o-toluidine) content (29.4%) and conductivity (8.3×10-4 Scm-1) were obtained by 0.2 M ammonium persulfate, 0.4 M o-toluidine and 1 M hydrochloric acid for 2 hours of continuous polymerization at 20 °C. The resistivity values of pure poly(o-toluidine) and poly (o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite were monitored during heating-cooling cycles in the range of 0-100 °C. Changes in resistivity for pure poly(o-toluidine) and poly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite with humidity 30-90% were examined and humidity sensor behavior was determined. Characterization of the prepared composite was performed by Fourier transform ınfrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy techniques (SEM).
- Published
- 2018
8. KUZEYBATI ANADOLU HALLOYSİTİ’NİN İNTERKALASYONU
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Bülent BAŞARA and Saruhan SAKLAR
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İnterkalasyon ,Halloysit ,Kaolinit ,Formamid ,Dimetil Sülfoksit ,Intercalation ,Halloysite ,Kaolinite ,Dimethyl Sulfoxide ,Formamide. ,Mineralogy ,QE351-399.2 - Abstract
Kuzeybatı Anadolu Çanakkale-Balıkesir bölgelerinden alınan halloysit numuneleri üzerinde interkalasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Numune tanımlama ve hazırlama işlemlerini takiben önce hidrat halloysitlerin dehidrat yapıya dönüşüm sıcaklık aralıkları tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar halloysitlerin 50°C’nin altında katmanlar arası suyunu bırakmadığını, bu işlemin 70°C’ye kadar devam edebildiğini göstermiştir. Dehidrat yapıya dönüştürülmüş halloysit numuneleri üzerinde etilen glikol, potasyum asetat, dimetil sülfoksit ve formamid ile interkalasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Etilen glikol ve potasyum asetat ile sonuç alınamamış, ancak dimetil sülfoksit ve formamid ile interkalasyon için başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiş, en etkili interkalasyon reaktifinin formamid olduğu bulunmuştur.
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- 2015
- Full Text
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9. Synthesis and characterization of poly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite conductive composites for humidity and temperature sensing.
- Author
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BORAN, Filiz, ÇETİNKAYA, Sevil, KARAKIŞLA, Meral, and SAÇAK, Mehmet
- Subjects
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KAOLINITE , *TOLUIDINE , *HUMIDITY , *OXIDIZING agents , *POLYMERIZATION - Abstract
Conductive poly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite was synthesized via chemical polymerization of o-toluidine in the availability of kaolinite using ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent. To investigate the use of the prepared conductive composite as humidity and temperature sensor, the effect of polymerization conditions such as HCl, o-toluidine and oxidant concentrations on the amount of conductive POT contained in the composite and the conductivity values of composites were investigated. It was found that the composites with the highest poly (otoluidine) content (29.4%) and conductivity (8.3×10-4 Scm-1) were obtained by 0.2 M ammonium persulfate, 0.4 M o-toluidine and 1 M hydrochloric acid for 2 hours of continuous polymerization at 20 °C. The resistivity values of pure poly(o-toluidine) and poly (o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite were monitored during heatingcooling cycles in the range of 0-100 °C. Changes in resistivity for pure poly(o-toluidine) and poly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite with humidity 30-90% were examined and humidity sensor behavior was determined. Characterization of the prepared composite was performed by Fourier transform ınfrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy techniques (SEM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Modeling of rheological and electrochemical properties of hydrated clays.
- Author
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KHRAMCHENKOV, MAXIM G. and USMANOV, RUSTEM M.
- Subjects
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CLAY minerals , *POROUS materials , *HYDRAULIC control systems , *AUTOMATIC control systems , *PARTICLE size distribution - Abstract
A unite mathematical model of rheological and electro-chemical properties of saturated clays is proposed. The foundation of the model is the unification of filtration's consolidation theory, the theory of stability of lyophobic colloids and the experimental data on electro-chemical properties of clays and clayey suspensions. Conception of disjoining pressure as a surplus in comparison with hydraulic plays the important role in clays properties description. This pressure is caused by surface capacities and exists in water films between clay particles. We obtained the exact solution about wringing the water out of clay layer. The solution that we received not demands to introduce a concept of limit shear stress for clays. We investigate the peculiarities of the model, which are important for explaining some character features of electro- and mass-transfer processes in clays with coupling of rheological behavior of clays. It is shown that solutions which we’ve received are in good harmony with results of experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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11. Kaolinit kilinin hidrojen depolama amaçlı kullanımı için modifikasyonu ve karakterizasyonu
- Author
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KOÇER KIZILDUMAN, Berna
- Subjects
Basic Sciences ,Temel Bilimler ,Kaolinit ,interkalasyon ,modifikasyon ,karakterizasyon ,hidrojen depolama ,Kaolinite ,intercalation ,modification ,characterization ,hydrogen storage - Abstract
In recent years, due to the decrease in energy resources in the world, scientific studies on the use of renewable energy resources are continuing rapidly with the thought that it can be an alternative in the fields of safe and sustainable energy. Hydrogen is a clean renewable energy source that has the potential to be used in different fields such as power generation, heat, transportation and and energy storage systems and has no impact on the environment globally. Kaolinite is a clay mineral with a 1:1 layered structure and a low interlayer distance. Kaolinite can be used for many storage applications because the adsorption capacity of clay minerals is interesting. Studies show that clay minerals can be used as hydrogen storage material, but it is difficult to keep hydrogen molecules between the kaolinite layers, since the distance between layers is less than other clays. Therefore, pretreatments attract attention to increase the hydrogen storage capacity of kaolinite. In this study, kaolinite (K), which has a 1:1 clay layer, was first intercalated (KD) with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in order to hold hydrogen molecules to kaolinite, and then 2,6-diaminopyridine (2,6-DAP) molecules were replaced with DMSO molecules. In the basic characterization of the samples obtained, surface areas and pore size distributions with BET surface area determination device; morphology with SEM device; structural characterization with FTIR and XRD devices; the thermal stability was determined with the TGA device. The hydrogen storage capacity of the modified kaolinite was measured to be higher than kaolinite at cryogenic temperature and pressure range of 0-7 bar. At 7 bar pressure, the hydrogen storage capacity of kaolinite by weight was determined as 0.002% and modified kaolinite as 0.018%. In the light of all these characterizations, it was concluded that the hydrogen storage capacity of clays can be increased by modification and can be used as a hydrogen storage material in the energy field., Dünyada var olan enerji kaynaklarının son yıllarda azalmasına bağlı olarak, güvenli ve sürdürülebilir enerji alanlarında alternatif olabileceği düşüncesiyle yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının kullanılmasına yönelik bilimsel çalışmalar hızla devam etmektedir. Hidrojen, güç üretimi, ısı, ulaşım ve enerji depolama sistemleri gibi farklı alanlarda kullanım potansiyeline sahip küresel olarak çevre üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi olmayan temiz yenilenebilir bir enerji kaynağıdır. Kaolinit, 1:1 tabakalı yapıya sahip ve katmanlar arası mesafesi düşük bir kil mineralidir. Kil minerallerinin adsorpsiyon kapasitelerinin ilgi çekici olması sebebiyle kaolinit birçok depolama uygulamaları için kullanılabilir. Yapılan çalışmalar, kil minerallerinin hidrojen depolama materyali olarak kullanılabileceği göstermektedir ancak katmanlar arası mesafesi diğer killere oranla daha az bir kil minerali olması sebebiyle hidrojen moleküllerinin kaolinit tabakaları arasında tutulması zordur. Bu nedenle, kaolinitin hidrojen depolama kapasitesinin arttırılmasına yönelik ön işlemler dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kaolinit üzerinde hidrojen moleküllerinin adsorpsiyonunun arttırılması amacıyla 1:1 kil tabakasına sahip kaolinit (K) öncelikle dimetil sülfoksit (DMSO) organik bileşeği ile aralanarak interkale kaolinit (KD), sonrasında ise organik bir modifiyer madde olan 2,6-diaminopiridin (2,6-DAP) molekülleri ile DMSO moleküllerinin yer değiştirmesi sağlanarak modifiye kaolinit (KD_2,6-DAP) organokili oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen örneklerin temel olarak karakterizasyonunda BET yüzey alanı tayin cihazı ile yüzey alanları ve gözenek boyutu dağılımları; SEM cihazı ile morfolojisi; FTIR ve XRD cihazları ile yapısal karakterizasyonu; TGA cihazı ile termal kararlılığı belirlenmiştir. Aralanarak modifiye edilen kaolinitin hidrojen depolama kapasitesi, kriyojenik sıcaklıkta ve 0-7 bar basınç aralığında kaolinitten daha yüksek olarak ölçülmüştür. 7 bar basınçta kaolinitin ağırlıkça hidrojen depolama kapasitesi %0,002, modifiye kaolinitin ise %0,018 olarak belirlenmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen tüm bu karakterizasyon işlemleri ışığında killerin modifikasyon ile hidrojen depolama kapasitelerinin arttırılabileceği ve enerji alanında hidrojen depolama materyali olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
- Published
- 2022
12. KUZEYBATI ANADOLU HALLOYSİT/KAOLİNİTLERİNİN KARAKTERİZASYON ÇALIŞMALARI
- Author
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Saruhan SAKLAR, Haşim AĞRILI, Okan ZİMİTOĞLU, Bülent BAŞARA, and Uğur KAAN
- Subjects
Halloysit ,kaolinit ,karakterizasyon ,özütleme ,Halloysite ,kaolinite ,characterization ,leaching ,Mineralogy ,QE351-399.2 - Abstract
Kuzeybatı Anadolu’da Çanakkale-Balıkesir illerinde yer alan bazı halloysit, halloysit/kaolinit ve kaolinit yataklarının demirli kısımlarından alınan temsili numuneler üzerinde özütleme ve karakterizasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bu numunelerdeki halloysitler genel olarak hidro halloysit (10 Å) yapısındadır ve bazı kısımlarında kaolinite rastlanılabilmektedir. Halloysit ve kaolinit yataklarında birincil kirlilik kaynağı olan mineraller limonit (götit) ve muskovittir. Yapılarında kuvars, feldispat, gibsit, simektit grubu kil mineralleri ve anataz bulundurabilirler. Demir içerikleri hidroklorik veya oksalik asit özütlemesi ile ciddi oranda düşürülebilmektedir. Halloysit numunesi üzerinde TEM ve SEM analizleri yapılmış, halloysit tüplerinin silindir şeklinde olduğu, bazı durumlarda yüzeylerinde yapısal bir özellik olarak gözenekler bulunabildiği anlaşılmıştır. Çalışılan numunelerde SEM analizleri ile 5 μm’a kadar çıkabilen tüp uzunlukları tespit edilmiş, TEM analizleri ise tüp iç çaplarının 5 nm’ye kadar düşebildiğini, çaplarının ortalama olarak 40-50 nm arasında olduklarını göstermiştir.
- Published
- 2012
13. UREA INTERCALATION COMPOUND PRODUCTION IN INDUSTRIAL SCALE FOR PAPER COATING.
- Author
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XIAOYAN ZHU, JIANCHAO CHEN, JIEYU CHEN, XINRONG LEI, and CHUNJIE YAN
- Subjects
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CLATHRATE compounds , *UREA compounds , *INTERCALATION reactions , *PAPER coatings industry , *MANUFACTURING processes , *PARTICLE size distribution - Abstract
Urea intercalation compounds were produced in a new designed industrial scale. The conditions and locations of the new industrial process for the production of urea intercalation compound pigment were studied through the control of correlative parameters. Properties of the compound pigment such as particle morphology, particle size distribution and viscosity, were analyzed to evaluate its potentiality for paper coating application. Results showed that the intercalation ratio of urea intercalation compound increased from 6.3% with 2 wt.% of urea addition to 56.08% with 6 wt.% of urea addition. Viscosity concentration of urea intercalation compound improved from 69% of original kaolinite to the highest value, 74.23% of the compound. Particle size distribution was centralized. Properties of light weight papers coated with urea intercalation compound showed interesting results, similar to a standard grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. INTERCALATION OF UREA INTO KAOLINITE FOR PREPARATION OF CONTROLLED RELEASE FERTILIZER.
- Author
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MAHDAVI, FARIBA, RASHID, SURAYA ABDUL, and YUSOP, MOHD KHANIF
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INTERCALATION reactions , *UREA , *KAOLINITE , *CONTROLLED release of fertilizers , *CONTROLLED release preparations , *X-ray powder diffraction , *HYDROGEN bonding - Abstract
Urea was intercalated between layers of kaolinite by dry grinding technique to be used for preparation of controlled release fertilizer. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) patterns confirmed the intercalation of urea into kaolinite by the significant expansion of the basal spacing of kaolinite layers from 0.710 to 1.090 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) also confirmed the hydrogen bonding between urea and kaolinite. Based on CHNS elemental analysis, 20 wt.% urea was intercalated between kaolinite layers. The urea-intercalated kaolinite was mixed with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) binder and was granulated to prepare the nitrogen-based controlled release fertilizer. To study the nitrogen release behavior of granules, ultraviolet/visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy was used through the diacetyl monoxime (DAM) colorimetric method. The result of UV-Vis spectroscopy showed that intercalation of urea into kaolinite decreased the nitrogen release from 25.50 to 13.66% after 24 h and from 98.15 to 70.01% after 30 days of incubation in water. According to the results, the prepared controlled release fertilizer (CRF) behaved according to the standard for CRFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Adsorpcija kadmijumovih jona na kaolinitu modifikovanim histidinom i cisteinom
- Author
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S Snežana Nenadović, M Ljiljana Kljajević, Jelena Gulicovski, M Marija Ivanović, V Katarina Trivunac, and N Nataša Mladenović
- Subjects
kadmijum ,cation exchange capacity ,cadmium ,adsorpcija ,Inorganic chemistry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,020101 civil engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,0201 civil engineering ,Ion ,Adsorption ,kaolinit ,Cation-exchange capacity ,Kaolinite ,kapacitet katjonske izmene ,Histidine ,chemistry.chemical_classification ,amino acids ,Cadmium ,aminokiseline ,kaolinite ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Amino acid ,chemistry ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,adsorption ,13. Climate action ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,0210 nano-technology ,Cysteine - Abstract
Continuous development of new technologies leads to increasing pollution of water, thus creating the need for new materials that could be used in the processes of its purification. Therefore, adsorbents prepared from agricultural waste, resins, silica gels, zeolites, clays, flying ash, aluminosilicates and other materials are being investigated as potential sorbents. Recently, research has focused on improving the adsorption capacity by modifying the material by binding or impregnating inorganic and organic molecules on the surface. In this paper, the kaolinite modification with amino acids, histidine and cysteine, was performed to improve the efficiency of adsorption of cadmium ion. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of raw and modified kaolinite was determined by titration with methylene blue. The influence of operating parameters, such as adsorption time, pH value of the solution, initial metal concentration and temperature, on the capacity and adsorption efficiency were examined. Better agreement of experimental results with Freundlich's adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetics model suggest that the adsorption of cadmium ions on the investigated adsorbents takes place by chemisorption mechanism. The change of Gibbs free energy has a negative value for both adsorbents, which shows that the adsorption process is spontaneous. The efficacy of cadmium removal from the aqueous solution onto histidine-modified kaolinite increased from 78.6% to 91.8%. Kontinualan razvoj novih tehnologija dovodi do povećanog zagađenja vode, čime se stvara potreba za novim materijalima koji se mogu koristiti u procesima prečišćavanja. Kao potencijalni, istražuju se adsorbenti pripremljeni od poljoprivrednog otpada, smola, silika gela, zeolita, gline, letećeg pepela, aluminosilikata i drugih materijala. Nedavna istraživanja su se fokusirala na poboljšanje adsorpcionog kapaciteta modifikovanjem materijala vezivanjem ili impregnacijom neorganskih i organskih molekula na površini. U ovom radu izvršena je modifikacija kaolinita aminokiselinama, histidinom i cisteinom, kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost adsorpcije jona kadmijuma. Kapacitet izmene katjona (CEC) sirovog i modifikovanog kaolinita određen je titracijom sa metilenskim plavim. Ispitivan je uticaj radnih parametara, kao što su vreme adsorpcije, pH vrednost rastvora, početna koncentracija metala, i temperatura, na kapacitet i efikasnost adsorpcije. Bolje slaganje eksperimentalnih rezultata sa Freundlich-ovom adsorpcionom izotermom i kinetičkim modelom pseudo-drugog reda sugeriše da se adsorpcija kadmijumovih jona na ispitivanim adsorbentima odvija putem hemisorpcionog mehanizma. Promena Gibsove slobodne energije ima negativnu vrednost za oba adsorbenta, što pokazuje da je proces adsorpcije spontan. Efikasnost uklanjanja kadmijuma iz vodenog rastvora na kaolinitu modifikovanim histidinom povećava se sa 78,6% na 91,8%.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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16. Synthesis and characterization of poly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite conductive composites for humidity and temperature sensing
- Author
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Meral Karakışla, Mehmet Saçak, Sevil Çetinkaya, Filiz Boran, [Boran, Filiz] Hitit Univ, Engn Fac, Dept Chem Engn, Corum, Turkey -- [Cetinkaya, Sevil] Cumhuriyet Univ, Engn Fac, Dept Chem Engn, Sivas, Turkey -- [Karakisla, Meral -- Sacak, Mehmet] Ankara Univ, Dept Chem, Fac Sci, Ankara, Turkey, and Boran, Filiz
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Materials science ,Composite number ,Composite ,temperature sensor ,02 engineering and technology ,sıcaklık sensör ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Conductive composites ,i̇letken polimer ,kaolinit ,Kaolinite ,nem sensör ,conductive polymer ,composite ,humidity sensor ,poly(o-toluidine) ,Conductive polymer ,Temperature sensing ,kaolinite ,Temperature sensor ,kompozit ,Humidity ,Humidity sensor ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Characterization (materials science) ,Chemical engineering ,poli(o-toluidin) ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,o-Toluidine ,0210 nano-technology ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,Poly(o-toluidine) - Abstract
WOS: 000453906100006, Conductive poly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite was synthesized via chemical polymerization of o-toluidine in the availability of kaolinite using ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent. To investigate the use of the prepared conductive composite as humidity and temperature sensor, the effect of polymerization conditions such as HCl, o-toluidine and oxidant concentrations on the amount of conductive POT contained in the composite and the conductivity values of composites were investigated. It was found that the composites with the highest poly(o-toluidine) content (29.4%) and conductivity (8.3x10(-4) Scm(-1)) were obtained by 0.2 M ammonium persulfate, 0.4 M o-toluidine and 1 M hydrochloric acid for 2 hours of continuous polymerization at 20 degrees C. The resistivity values of pure poly(o-toluidine) and poly (o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite were monitored during heatingcooling cycles in the range of 0-100 degrees C. Changes in resistivity for pure poly(o-toluidine) and poly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite with humidity 30-90% were examined and humidity sensor behavior was determined. Characterization of the prepared composite was performed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy techniques (SEM)., Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Organization (TUBITAK) [107M542], This work was supported by Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Organization (TUBITAK) project numbered as 107M542.
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- 2018
17. Nem ve sıcaklık algılama için iletken poli(o-toluidin)/kaolinit kompozitlerinin sentezi ve karakterizasyonu
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BORAN, Filiz, ÇETİNKAYA, Sevil, KARAKIŞLA, Meral, and SAÇAK, Mehmet
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kaolinite ,Mühendislik ,kompozit ,temperature sensor ,sıcaklık sensör ,Poly(o-toluidine),Kaolinite,Composite,Conductive polymer,Temperature sensor,Humidity sensor ,i̇letken polimer ,Engineering ,poli(o-toluidin) ,kaolinit ,lcsh:TA1-2040 ,nem sensör ,conductive polymer ,composite ,humidity sensor ,Poli(o-toluidin),Kaolinit,Kompozit,İletken polimer,Sıcaklık sensör,Nem sensör ,poly(o-toluidine) ,lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) - Abstract
İletken poli(o-toluidin)/kaolinit kompoziti,kaolinit varlığında yükseltgen olarak amonyum persülfat kullanılarako-toluidinin kimyasal polimerizasyonu ile hazırlandı. Hazırlanan iletkenkompozitin nem ve sıcaklık algılayıcısı olarak kullanımını araştırabilmek içinkompozitin içerdiği iletken POT miktarı ve kompozitin iletkenlik değerlerinepolimerizasyon koşullarından HCl, o-toluidin ve yükseltgen madde derişimlerininetkisi incelendi. En yüksek poli(o-toluidin) miktarı (%29.4) ve iletkenliğesahip (8.3×10-4 Scm-1) kompozitin 0.2 M amonyumpersülfat, 0.4 M o-toluidin ve 1.0 M hidroklorik asit kullanılarak 20 °Csıcaklıkta ve 2 sa. sürdürülen polimerizasyon ile elde edildiği bulundu. Safpoli(o-toluidin) ve poli(o-toluidin)/kaolinit kompozitinin direnç değerleri0-100 °C sıcaklık aralığında tekrar edilen ısıtma-soğutma işlemleri sırasındaizlenerek sıcaklığa karşı duyarlılığı incelendi. Bağıl nem oranı %30-90arasında değiştirilen ortamlarda saf poli(o-toluidin) ve kompozitin dirençdeğerleri ölçülerek nem sensör davranışı belirlendi. Hazırlanan kompozitinkarakterizasyonu Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FT-IR), X-Işınları kırınımı (XRD), termogravimetrik analiz (TGA) ve taramalıelektron mikroskobu (SEM) teknikleri ile yapıldı., Conductivepoly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite was synthesized via chemicalpolymerization of o-toluidine in the availability of kaolinite using ammoniumpersulfate as oxidizing agent. To investigate the use of the preparedconductive composite as humidity and temperature sensor, the effect ofpolymerization conditions such as HCl, o-toluidine and oxidant concentrationson the amount of conductive POT contained in the composite and the conductivityvalues of composites were investigated. It was found that the composites withthe highest poly (o-toluidine) content (29.4%) and conductivity (8.3×10-4 Scm-1)were obtained by 0.2 M ammonium persulfate, 0.4 M o-toluidine and 1 Mhydrochloric acid for 2 hours of continuous polymerization at 20 °C. Theresistivity values of pure poly(o-toluidine) and poly (o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite were monitored during heating-cooling cyclesin the range of 0-100 °C. Changes in resistivity for pure poly(o-toluidine) andpoly(o-toluidine)/kaolinite composite with humidity 30-90% were examined andhumidity sensor behavior was determined. Characterization of the preparedcomposite was performed by Fourier transform ınfrared spectroscopy (FT-IR),X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electronmicroscopy techniques (SEM).
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- 2018
18. Removal of Basic Red 5 on Calcined Kaolinite - Characterization and Adsorption Kinetics.
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Alam, Sultan, Amin, Noor-ul, Bangash, F. K., and Ali, Mohammad
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KAOLINITE , *ENDOTHERMIC reactions , *ZETA potential - Abstract
Indigenous kaolin was collected from Swat district and then activated. The samples were characterized by BET surface area, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS, TCA/DTA, zeta potential and particle size analysis. Adsorption of basic red 5 on each sample was studied by adsorption kinetics at 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C. The residual concentration of the dye was determined by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The removal of basic red 5 from water solution was studied with respect to dye concentrations and equilibration time. Adsorption kinetics on kaolinite surface were analyzed by using parabolic diffusion, Elovich and Bangham models. Thermodynamic parameters like ΔE#, ΔH# and ΔS# were calculated from the adsorption kinetics data. The results show that the adsorption is a spontaneous and endothermic process. The negative value of entropy shows that the dye molecules take a proper position on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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19. Farklı Sıcaklık ve Nem Rejimleri ile Farklı Jeolojik Ana Materyal Üzerindeki Toprakların Oluşumu ve Mineralojisi.
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ŞENOL, Hüseyin and AKGÜL, Mesut
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SOIL profiles , *SOIL formation , *ANALYSIS of clay , *CLAY minerals , *SOIL moisture - Abstract
This study was conducted in six soil profiles to evahıate soil formation and to determine the dominant clay minerals of soils which are formed on different geological parent materials and different soil moisture and temperature in Ağlasun (Burdur), Kepez (Antalya), Sandıklı (Afyonkarahisar), Aksu (Isparta) ve Buldan (Denizli) districts. it was determined that the profiles were in mesic and thermic temperature regimes, while they are in xeric and ustic moisture regimes in the study area. While the five of profiles consist of sedimentary rocks which were different geological age and composition, the last profiles was consisted of metamorphic rocks. it was found that the defined profiles belonged to Inceptisols (4), Mollisol and Alfisol soil orders and in these profiles, ochric and mollic surface horizons and cambic, calcic and argillic subsurface distinctive horizons were defined. in the Inceptisol order, calcification, decalcification, rubification and podzolization; in the Mollisol soil order, calcification, melanization; in the Alfisol order, rubification processes were found to be effective separately or in different combinations, depending on main material and deposition positions of profiles. Smectite was found to be dominant in profiles where they were relatively low drainage base position. it was determined that illite-smectite intermediate layers minerals were dominant in other profiles which were sedimentary origin. it was also determined that the kaolinite mineral was accompanied weathering products of gneiss parent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
20. Sorption Behaviour of 137Cs on Kaolinite.
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Ugur, Fatma Aysun and Sahan, Halide
- Abstract
Copyright of Ekoloji Dergisi is the property of Ekoloji Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2012
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21. Kil Minerallerinin Atık Su Arıtımında Kullanılabilirliği: Kaolinit İle Organik Madde Giderimi.
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Hasçakir, Berna and Dölgen, Deniz
- Abstract
Copyright of Ekoloji Dergisi is the property of Ekoloji Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2008
22. Origin of Kaolin Deposits: Evidence From the Hisarcık (Emet-Kütahya) Deposits, Western Turkey.
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Sayin, S. Alι
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KAOLIN , *ORE deposits , *ALUNITE , *HYDROTHERMAL alteration , *KAOLINITE - Abstract
Kaolin deposits, situated approximately 20 km south of Hisarcιk, have been formed by the alteration of dacite and dacitic tuffs related to the Miocene volcanism associated with extensional tectonics. The Hisarcιk kaolin deposits occur in the Kιzιlcukur, Ulaşlar and Kurtdere areas. Kaolinite is the only clay mineral associated with α-quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, alunite, natroalunite and hematite in some kaolins, whereas, other kaolinite accompanies smectite, which represents a moderate kaolinization. Low-cristobalite is the dominant silica mineral in these kaolins. In spite of strong kaolinization, the kaolins contain a high amount of finely-disseminated α-quartz in places, resulting in low Al2O3 values (13.80 wt% at the lowest). Variation in the thermal regime of the palaeohydrothermal system may affect the solubility of silica. In rainy seasons, due to a temperature drop, dissolved silica may be precipitated with the clays. The mineralogical zonations reveal that hydrothermal alteration is the main cause for the development of the kaolin deposits in the region. Hydrothermal silicification becomes more intense upwards. It results from dissolved silica moving in that direction, replacing and silicifying surrounding rocks, forming a silica zone (silica gossan) above the kaolin deposits. Basically, these silica gossans are the striking features on the exploration of the hydrothermal kaolin deposits. In places, the kaolin deposits also include thin silica veins and veinlets. Trace-element distribution data may not conclusively help to clarify the processes through which the kaolin formed. On the other hand, Pb and Sr enrichment within the deposits is supportive of the magmatic origin of hydrothermal solution. This is attributed to extensive Miocene volcanic activities in western Turkey. However, the data show that corrosive solutions, which may have arisen from the magma, have played a role in the kaolinization process together with hot meteoric waters. SEM studies show that there is a phase transition from montmorillonite to kaolinite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
23. Adsorption study of cadmium ions on kaolinite modified by histidine and cysteine
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Mladenović, Nataša N., Ivanović, Marija M., Kljajević, Ljiljana M., Gulicovski, Jelena, Nenadović, Snežana S., Trivunac, Katarina, Mladenović, Nataša N., Ivanović, Marija M., Kljajević, Ljiljana M., Gulicovski, Jelena, Nenadović, Snežana S., and Trivunac, Katarina
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Continuous development of new technologies leads to increasing pollution of water, thus creating the need for new materials that could be used in the processes of its purification. Therefore, adsorbents prepared from agricultural waste, resins, silica gels, zeolites, clays, flying ash, aluminosilicates and other materials are being investigated as potential sorbents. Recently, research has focused on improving the adsorption capacity by modifying the material by binding or impregnating inorganic and organic molecules on the surface. In this paper, the kaolinite modification with amino acids, histidine and cysteine, was performed to improve the efficiency of adsorption of cadmium ion. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of raw and modified kaolinite was determined by titration with methylene blue. The influence of operating parameters, such as adsorption time, pH value of the solution, initial metal concentration and temperature, on the capacity and adsorption efficiency were examined. Better agreement of experimental results with Freundlich's adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetics model suggest that the adsorption of cadmium ions on the investigated adsorbents takes place by chemisorption mechanism. The change of Gibbs free energy has a negative value for both adsorbents, which shows that the adsorption process is spontaneous. The efficacy of cadmium removal from the aqueous solution onto histidine-modified kaolinite increased from 78.6% to 91.8%., Kontinualan razvoj novih tehnologija dovodi do povećanog zagađenja vode, čime se stvara potreba za novim materijalima koji se mogu koristiti u procesima prečišćavanja. Kao potencijalni, istražuju se adsorbenti pripremljeni od poljoprivrednog otpada, smola, silika gela, zeolita, gline, letećeg pepela, aluminosilikata i drugih materijala. Nedavna istraživanja su se fokusirala na poboljšanje adsorpcionog kapaciteta modifikovanjem materijala vezivanjem ili impregnacijom neorganskih i organskih molekula na površini. U ovom radu izvršena je modifikacija kaolinita aminokiselinama, histidinom i cisteinom, kako bi se poboljšala efikasnost adsorpcije jona kadmijuma. Kapacitet izmene katjona (CEC) sirovog i modifikovanog kaolinita određen je titracijom sa metilenskim plavim. Ispitivan je uticaj radnih parametara, kao što su vreme adsorpcije, pH vrednost rastvora, početna koncentracija metala, i temperatura, na kapacitet i efikasnost adsorpcije. Bolje slaganje eksperimentalnih rezultata sa Freundlich-ovom adsorpcionom izotermom i kinetičkim modelom pseudo-drugog reda sugeriše da se adsorpcija kadmijumovih jona na ispitivanim adsorbentima odvija putem hemisorpcionog mehanizma. Promena Gibsove slobodne energije ima negativnu vrednost za oba adsorbenta, što pokazuje da je proces adsorpcije spontan. Efikasnost uklanjanja kadmijuma iz vodenog rastvora na kaolinitu modifikovanim histidinom povećava se sa 78,6% na 91,8%.
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- 2019
24. Gevrekseydi (Kütahya) ve yakın çevresindeki kil yataklarının jeolojisi, mineralojisi, jeokimyası ve jenezi
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Işık, Cumhur Eren, Yanık, Gürsel, and Jeoloji Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
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Kil ,Jeoloji Mühendisliği ,Element Mobilitesi ,Hypogene Origin ,Acid Sulfate Hydrothermal Alteration ,Halloysite ,Element Mobility ,Hipojen Köken ,Kütahya ,Halloysit ,Geological Engineering ,Asit Sülfat Hidrotermal Alterasyon ,Alunite ,Gevrekseydi ,Kaolinit - Abstract
Batı Anadolu'da, Miyosen yaşlı riyolitik-dasitik bileşimli volkanik kayaçların hidrotermal alterasyonu ile oluşan kaolen yatakları bulunmaktadır. Bu yataklarda bulunan kil minerallerini tespit etmek, fiziksel-kimyasal özellikleri ve potansiyel endüstriyel kullanım alanları açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada; benzer volkanik kayaçların hidrotermal alterasyonu sonucunda Gevrekseydi köyü ve çevresinde (Kütahya, Türkiye) oluşmuş kaolen yataklarının jeolojisi, mineralojisi ve jeokimyasal incelemeleri yapılarak kil minerallerinin türleri, çalışma alanındaki dağılımları ve oluşum mekanizmaları saptanmıştır. Mineralizasyon ve karakterizasyon çalışmaları için X-ışınları difraksiyonu (XRD), taramalı elektron mikroskop (SEM), Fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi (FTIR), diferansiyel termal ve termogravimetrik analiz (DT/TGA) ve elementel analiz metodları kullanılmıştır. XRD çalışmalarında kil mineralleri olarak; kaolinit, halloysit, simektit, illit ve vermikülit bulunmuştur. Kil dışı mineraller olarak ise silis grubu (kuvars, kristobalit, tridimit), demir grubu (hematit, manyetit, götit), sülfat grubu (alunit, natro-alunit, minamit), silikat grubu (muskovit, biyotit, piroksen, sanidin, albit, şabazit), karbonat grubu (kalsit, dolomit, manyezit, ankerit) mineraller ve titanyum mineralleri (rutil, anataz) tespit edilmiştir. Taramalı elektron mikroskop incelemelerinde kaolinit kristallerinin altıgen yapraksı morfoloji, halloysitlerin tüp şekilli, uzamış şekilli ve kısa tüpler şekilli morfoloji, simektitlerin ise gül yapısında morfoloji gösterdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, SEM görüntülerinde kil minerallerinin ana kayaçta bulunan volkan camının ve feldispat mineralerinin çözünmesi neticesinde oluştukları, halloysitlerin ayrıca kaolinit kristallerinin transformasyonu sonucunda oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. TGA eğrilerinde, kaolinit ve halloysit'in kristal suyunun ayrılmasını gösteren 530-590 oC arasında gelişen ana endotermik reaksiyon piki ve FTIR analizlerinde kaolinit'in 3690,52 cm-1 ve 3619,91 cm-1 bantları tespit edilmiştir. İzotopik δ18O ve δD verileri ile kaolenlerin oluşum sıcaklığı 57-108 °C arasında, simektitlerin oluşum sıcaklığı ise 50-97 °C arasında hesaplanmıştır. Ana oksit, iz element ve nadir toprak element analizleri hidrotermal alterasyon sürecinde kil yataklarında elementel mobilitenin gerçekleştiğini göstermiştir. Kimyasal alterasyon indeksi (CIA) sonuçları bölgede ileri derece arjilik alterasyon gerçekleştiğini ve Ba+Sr'a karşı Ce+Y+La ile δ18O'e karşı δD diyagramları bölgedeki yatakların hipojen kökenli olduğu ortaya koymuştur. Kütle değişim diyagramı SiO2 ve Al2O3'ün ana kayaca göre kaolinitik ve simektitik zonda zenginleştiğini, Fe2O3, CaO ve Na2O'nun kaolinitik zonda yıkandığını, MgO ve K2O'nun ise simektitik zonda zenginleştiğini göstermiştir. İz elementlerden Ba+2 ve Sr+2 ana kayaca göre alunitik ve kaolinitik zonlarda önemli oranda zenginleşmişken simektitik zonda geçiş metallerinden Ni 93 kat, Zn 51 kat, Co 19 kat artmıştır. Örümcek diyagramında nadir toprak elementlerinin kaolinitik ve simektitik zonlarda ana kayaca göre azaldığı, alterasyon derecesi daha yüksek olan kaolinitik zonda ise tüketilmenin daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Gevrekseydi köyü ve çevresindeki kil yataklarının asidik, yüksek sülfidasyonlu epitermal bir sistemde oluştuğunu gösteren kökensel bir model öne sürülmüştür. Bu sistemde mineralizasyon faylar tarafından kontrol edilen hidrotermal akışkanlar ile sağlanmıştır ve yataklardaki başlıca mineralizasyon üstten alta doğru opal silis şapka, kaolinit + alunit + halloysit, kuvars + kaolinit + alunit + simektit ve alunit + kaolinit + halloysit + kuvars şeklinde gerçekleşmiştir., Western Turkey host to many kaolin and halloysite deposits which were formed from hydrothermal alteration of Miocene volcanic rocks. The determination of clay minerals in these deposits is essential in terms of their physical-chemical properties and potential industrial uses. In this study; the kaolin deposits of Gevrekseydi village and its vicinity (Kutahya, Turkey) formed as a result of hydrothermal alteration of the similar volcanic rocks were studied in terms of their geology, mineralogy and geochemistry in order to determine the types of the clay minerals as well as their distribitions and formations. For mineralisation and characterisation studies, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis (DT/TGA) and elemental analysis methods were used. The clay minerals detected in the XRD studies were kaolinite, halloysite and smectite, illite and vermiculite. As non-clay minerals; silica group (quartz, cristobalite, tridymite), iron group (hematite, magnetite, goethite), sulphate group (alunite, natro-alunite, minamide), silicate group (muscovite, biotite, pyroxene, sanidine, albite, chabazite), carbonate group (calcite, dolomite, magnesite, ankerite) minerals and titanium minerals (rutile, anatase) were determined. Scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that kaolinite crystals have hexagonal leaf morphology; halloysites have tubular shaped, stubby shaped and elongate shaped morphology; smectites have rose-like morphology. In SEM images, it was determined that clay minerals were formed as a result of the dissolution of volcanic glass and feldspar minerals in the host rock, halloysite was also formed by the transformation of kaolinite crystals. In DT/TGA analysis, the main endothermic reaction peak which shows the separation of crystal water of kaolinite and halloysite was detected between 530-590 oC and 3690,52 cm-1 and 3619,91 cm-1 bands of kaolinite were detected in FTIR analyses. According to isotopic δ18O and δD data, the formation temperature of kaolin is between 57-108 °C and the formation temperature of smectites is between 50 and 97 °C. Major oxide, trace element, and rare earth element analyses showed that elemental mobility occurred in clay deposits during the hydrothermal alteration process. The results of the chemical alteration index (CIA) showed that highly argillic alteration occurred at the region and Ce + Y + La versus Ba + Sr and δ18O versus δD diagrams revealed that the deposits in the region are hypogenous in origin. Mass change diagram showed that compared with host rock SiO2 and Al2O3 were enriched in both kaolinitic and smectitic zone, Fe2O3, CaO and Na2O were leached in the kaolinitic zone, MgO and K2O were enriched in the smectitic zone. The trace elements Ba+2 and Sr+2 were significantly enriched in the alunitic and kaolinitic zones compared to the host rock. In the smectitic zone, the transition metals enriched by Ni 93 fold, Zn 51 fold, Co 19 fold. In the spider diagram, it was found that rare earth elements decreased in the kaolinitic and smectitic zones compared to the parent rock, while the decrease in the kaolinitic zone was higher which alteration degree was also higher. A genetic model is proposed showing that the clay deposits in Gevrekseydi village and its vicinities are formed in an acidic, high sulfidation epithermal system. In this system, mineralisation is provided by hydrothermal fluids controlled by faults, and the main mineralisation in the beds is formed from top to bottom as opal silica cap, kaolinite + alunite + halloysite, quartz + kaolinite + alunite + smectite and alunite + kaolinite + halloysite + quartz.
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- 2019
25. Double bridge (Grand gedeh-Zwedru-Liberya) bölgesi altın ve kil içeren birimlerin mineralojik incelenmesi
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Demirkan, İbrahim Hakan, Çiflikli, Murat, and Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
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Jeoloji Mühendisliği ,Double Bridge ,Grand Gedeh ,Kuvars ,Kraton ,Altın ,Quartz ,Liberia ,Zwedru ,Kaolinite ,Crathon ,Geological Engineering ,Gold ,Liberya ,Kaolinit - Abstract
ÖZET "DOUBLE BRİDGE (GRAND GEDEH-ZWEDRU-LİBERYA) BÖLGESİ ALTIN VE KİL İÇEREN BİRİMLERİN MİNERALOJİK İNCELENMESİ" DEMİRKAN, İbrahim Hakan Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı Danışman : Dr.Öğr.Üyesi.Murat ÇİFLİKLİ Ağustos 2019, Bu çalışma, Double Bridge (Grand Gedeh-Zwedru-Liberya) Bölgesi'nde bulunan altın ve kil içeren Arkeen ve Paleoproterozoyik yaşlı birimlerin mineralojik-petrografik özelliklerini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır. İnceleme alnında iki farklı bölgeden toplam 11 adet numune alınmıştır. Bu numuneler üzerinde optik mikroskop incelemesi, XRD, XRF ve ICP-MS çözümlemeleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Mineraloji ve XRD çözümlemelerinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Kuvars+Plajiyoklas+Biyotit+Amfibol(Epidot)+Olivin mineral birliktelikleri belirlenmiştir. Mineralojik, petrografik çalışmaların yanı sıra Jeokimyasal olarak incelenen örneklerden hareketle bölgenin ekonomik altın üretimine uygun olduğu saptanmıştır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Double Bridge, Grand Gedeh, Zwedru, Liberya, Altın, Kuvars, Kaolinit, Kraton, SUMMARY DOUBLE BRİDGE (GRAND GEDEH-ZWEDRU-LIBERIA) MİNERALOGİCAL INVESTİGATİON OF GOLD AND CLAY UNİTS İN REGİON DEMİRKAN, İbrahim Hakan Nigde Omer Halisdemir University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Geological Engineering Supervisor : Dr.Öğr.Üyesi.Murat ÇİFLİKLİ August 2019, This study aims to determine the mineralogical-petrographical properties of Arkeen and Paleoproterozoic units containing gold and clay in the Double Bridge (Grand Gedeh-Zwedru-Liberia) region. A total of 11 samples were taken from two different regions. Optical microscope examination, XRD, XRF and ICP-MS analyzes were performed on these samples. According to the results obtained from mineralogy and XRD analyzes, quartz + plagioclase + biotite + amphibole (Epidote) + Olivine mineral associations were determined. In addition to mineralogical and petrographical studies, the region was found to be suitable for economic gold production based on geochemical samples. Keywords: Double Bridge, Grand Gedeh, Zwedru, Liberia, Gold, Quartz, Kaolinite, Crathon
- Published
- 2019
26. Tonminerale als Katalysatoren bei der Umwandlung von organischen Verbindungen.
- Author
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Birkel, Ulf and Niemeyer, Jürgen
- Abstract
Copyright of Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. KUZEYBATI ANADOLU HALLOYSİTİ’NİN İNTERKALASYONU
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Saruhan Saklar and Bülent Başara
- Subjects
lcsh:Mineralogy ,lcsh:QE351-399.2 ,Halloysit ,Kaolinite ,Intercalation ,Formamid ,Halloysite ,Dimethyl Sulfoxide ,Dimetil Sülfoksit ,İnterkalasyon ,Formamide ,Kaolinit - Abstract
Kuzeybati Anadolu Canakkale-Balikesir bolgelerinden alinan halloysit numuneleri uzerin- de interkalasyon calismalari yapilmistir. Numune tanimlama ve hazirlama islemlerini taki- ben once hidrat halloysitlerin dehidrat yapiya donusum sicaklik araliklari tespit edilmistir. Sonuclar halloysitlerin 50°C’nin altinda katmanlar arasi suyunu birakmadigini, bu islemin 70°C’ye kadar devam edebildigini gostermistir. Dehidrat yapiya donusturulmus halloysit numuneleri uzerinde etilen glikol, potasyum asetat, dimetil sulfoksit ve formamid ile in- terkalasyon calismalari yapilmistir. Etilen glikol ve potasyum asetat ile sonuc alinamamis, ancak dimetil sulfoksit ve formamid ile interkalasyon icin basarili sonuclar elde edilmis, en etkili interkalasyon reaktifinin formamid oldugu bulunmustur
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- 2015
28. Thermophysical and electrical properties of illite-based ceramics
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Csáki, Štefan, Dobroň, Patrik, Koštial, Pavol, and Labaš, Vladimír
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thermophysical and electrical properties ,termofyzikálne a eletrické vlastnosti ,illit ,acoustic emission ,ceramic ,akustická emisia ,kaolinite ,kaolinit ,keramika ,illite - Abstract
CSÁKI, Štefan: Thermophysical and electrical properties of illite-based ceramics. [Doctoral thesis]. Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra. Faculty of Natural Sciences. Charles University. Faculty of Mathematics and Physics. Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Libor Vozár, CSc. (Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra), doc. Ing. Patrik Dobroň, PhD. (Charles University). Nitra & Prague, 2018. 107 p. Illitic clays are of special importance in the ceramic industry. Therefore, a deep knowledge of the thermophysical processes, as well as the electric properties, is of special importance. The illitic clay originated in Northeastern Hungary was used in this thesis. The reactions, occurring during firing, were studied using thermal analyses (Differential thermal analysis, Thermogravimetry, Thermodilatometry) and special attention was paid to the measurement of the electrical conductivity (both DC and AC). Up to 250 řC, where the removal of the physically bond water (PBW) takes place, the dominant charge carriers were the H+ and OH- ions. After the PBW was removed, Na+ and K+ ions became the dominant charge carriers. During dehydroxylation (450 - 750 řC) H+ and OH- ions were freed from the illite structure, which supported the electrical conduction in the samples. At ~ 970 řC glassy phase appeared...
- Published
- 2018
29. Selenium Transfer between Kaolinite or Goethite Surfaces, Nutrient Solution and Oryza Sativa
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Nothstein, Alexandra Kelly and Neumann, T.
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Selenium ,Geography & travel ,Selen ,Kaolinite ,Goethite ,Adsorption ,Rice ,Reis ,Kaolinit ,Goethit ,ddc:910 - Abstract
The aim of this study was to describe and quantify Se transfer at the interface between soil and plant. For this purpose, three Se reservoirs were defined: soil, soil solution and plant, represented by kaolinite or goethite, nutrient solution and rice. First, Se transfer from solution to plant and Se partitioning in the plant was studied; then adsorption-desorption processes of Se onto kaolinite and goethite were investigated. Finally, a mass balance of the combined experiment was modelled.
- Published
- 2015
30. Vpliv vrste in koncentracije koloidov na aktivnost bakterij
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Fajfar, Nataša and Stopar, David
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nutrient adsorption ,udc:579.24.083:544.18 ,bacterial growth ,gojišča ,rast bakterij ,minerali glin ,mikroorganizmi ,kaolinit ,colloids ,bentonit ,microorganisms ,bacteria ,koloidi ,kaolinite ,bentonite ,media ,vezava hranil ,bakterije ,clay minerals ,attachment of bacteria ,Pseudoalteromonas ,aktivnost bakterij ,bacterial activity ,respiracija ,pritrjanje bakterij ,respiration - Published
- 2014
31. Fitoremediasyonla kontrollü şartlarda bazı ağır metallerin giderimi ve kinetiğinin araştırılması / Ayşe Özyer ; danışman Yüksel Ardalı
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Özyer, Ayşe, Ardalı, Yüksel, and OMÜ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çevre Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
TEZ DOK Ö99f 2014 ,Zeolitler ,Yapay sulak alan ,Kaolinit - Abstract
Tez (doktora) -- Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, 2014 Libra Kayıt No: 111042 …
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- 2014
32. Malkara (Tekirdağ) yöresindeki kömüraltı killerinin mineralojik-jeokimyasal incelemesi
- Author
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Özbay, Olcay, Çoban, Fazlı, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, and Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
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Montmorillonit ,Jeoloji Mühendisliği ,Kaolinite ,Geological Engineering ,Lignite ,Trakya Havzası ,Thrace Basin ,Underclay ,Kömüraltı Kili ,Kaolinit ,Linyit ,Montmorillonite - Abstract
Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Bu çalışmada, Malkara ilçesinin kuzeyinde yer alan Hasköy, İbrice, Pirinççeşme ve Şahin köyleri arasında ve çevresinde yer alan yaklaşık 100 km2'lik bir bölgede yer alan linyit oluşumları ile ilişkili kömüraltı kilerinin mineralojik-jeokimyasal incelemesi yapılmıştır. İnceleme alanındaki birimler Senozoyik yaşlı olup, en yaşlı birim kiltaşı, kumtaşı, miltaşı içeren Geç Eosen yaşlı Yenimuhacir Formasyonu'dur. Bu birimin üzerine uyumlu olarak kumtaşı, miltaşı, kiltaşı, çakıltaşı ve linyit içeren Erken- Orta Oligosen yaşlı Danişmen Formasyonu gelmektedir. Bölgedeki ekonomik linyit yataklarına sahip olan Danişmen Formasyonu üzerine ise uyumsuzlukla kumtaşı, çakıltaşı, kireçtaşı, miltaşı, kiltaşı içeren Orta-Geç Miyosen yaşlı Ergene Grubu gelir. Tüm birimleri uyumsuz olarak Kuvaterner alüvyonları örtmektedir. Danişmen Formasyonu içerisinde yer alan linyitlerin değişik kısımlarından derlenen kömüraltı killerinin ayrıntılı mineralojik incelemesi, X-ışınları difraksiyonu (XRD), taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), infrared (IR) spektroskopisi, diferansiyel termal analiz (DTA), termogravimetrik analiz (TG) ve kimyasal analiz incelemeleri yapılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. XRD ve IR incelemeleri kömüraltı killerindeki kil mineralleri ve kil dışı bileşenlerin tayini, DTA/TG incelemeleri termal karakteristiklerin belirlenmesi, SEM incelemeleri kil minerallerinin morfolojisi ve diğer minerallerle ilişkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Kimyasal analizler (ana oksit, iz ve nadir toprak elementleri) ile kömüraltı killerinin kimyasal bileşimi ortaya konmuştur. Mineral bileşimi esas olarak montmorillonit, illit, kaolinit ve kloritten meydana gelen bu killer, bölgelere göre farklı kimyasal özelikler göstermektedir. Ayrıca kuvars, mika, kalsit impuriteleri içerirler. Kimyasal analizlerde SiO2 oranı 45.90-53.62, Al2O3 14.74-16.52, Fe2O3 5.22-8.67 değerleri arasında değişmektedir. Toplam alkali (CaO+Na2O+K2O) miktarı 4.82-3.52 aralığında tespit edilmiştir. Kızdırma kaybı değerleri ise oldukça yüksek değerlerde olup, 14.2-25.8 arasında değişmektedir., In this study, mineralogical and geochemical charasteristics of underclays, which are located among and surrounding Hasköy-İbrice-Pirinççeşme-Şahin villages in Malkara and covering about 100 square kilometer are related to lignite deposits in this area has been investigated. In the study area, the basement Yenimuhacir Formation (Late Eocene) contains claystone, sandstone, milestone and they are confomably overlain by Early-Middle Oligocene aged Danişmen Formation that includes sandstone, milestone, claystone, conglomerate and lignite. Danişmen Formation has wide spread economic lignite deposits and is uncomformably overlain by Middle-Late Miocene aged Ergene Group containing sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, milestone and claystone. All the units are overlain by Quaternary alluviums uncomformably. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of underclays, which occurred beneath the lignite layers in Danişmen Formation and collected from several localities, were examined by using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and chemical analysis. XRD and IR studies were used for identifying clay minerals and non-clay components. DTA/TG was used to determinate thermal characteristics of underclays. SEM studies were used for determinating mineral morphologies and mineral relations. Chemical composition of underclays are exhibited by chemical analysis (major oxide, trace and rare earth elements). The clay mineral paragenesis of underclays comprise mainly montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite and chlorite and they have different chemical characteristics in different areas. Besides, they have impurities as quartz, mica, calcite. The results of whole rock chemistry analysis show that SiO2 contents are between 45.90-53.62, Al2O3 contents are between 14.74-16.52, Fe2O3 contents between 5.22-8.67 values. Total alkali (CaO+Na2O+K2O) contents are between 4.82-3.52 values. Loss of ignition values are significantly high and vary from 14.2 percent to 25.8 percent.
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- 2014
33. Çan -çanakkale Bölgesi Kaolinit Yataklarının Ve Çevresinin Petrografik minerolojik Ve Jeokimyasal İncelenmesi
- Author
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Aydin, Ayça, Ece, Ömer Işık, Jeoloji Mühendisliği, Geological Engineering, and Jeoloji Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Oksijen ,Jeoloji Mühendisliği ,Hidrojen Ve Kükürt İzotopları ,Hidrotermal Çözelti ,Epitermal Sistemler ,Epithermal Systems ,Oxygen ,Hydrotermal Solution ,Alunit ,Geological Engineering ,Kaolinite ,Alunite ,Kaolinit ,Hydrojen And Suphur Isotop - Abstract
Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2014, Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Instıtute of Science and Technology, 2014, Bu tez çalışması Kuzeybatı Anadolu’ da Biga yarımadasında Çanakkale iline bağlı Çan ilçesi civarındaki Duman, Çaltıkara, Bahadırlı ve Hamamtepe kaolinit yataklarının mineralojik, petrografik, jeokimyasal ve kökensel incelemesini konu edinmiştir. Arazi çalışmaları ile birlikte mineralojik, petrografik, jeokimyasal ve izotopik laboratuar çalışmalarını içermektedir. Çalışma alanında Oligosen-Miyosen volkanizmasına bağlı olarak oluşmuş andezitik bileşimli lavlar ve piroklastik kayaçlardır tespit edilmiştir. Bölgedeki aktif tektonizma nedeniyle birimlerde faylanma, kırık ve çatlaklar meydana gelmiştir ve bu fay, kırık ve çatlak hatları boyunca yükselen hidrotermal çözeltiler yaygın bir alterasyona neden olmaktadır. Çalışmaya konu olan kaolinit ocakları söz konusu volkanizmayla ilişkili olarak gelişen tüflerde tektonizma etkisi ile faylı kırıklı ve çatlaklı bir yapı kazanmıştır. Bu yapısal unsurlar hidrotermal çözeltinin sirkülasyonunu kolaylaştırmış ve ana kayacın alterasyonu sonucunda kaolinitlerin oluşması sürecinde önemli bir rol oynamışlardır. Çaltıkara ocağında hakim mineralin kaolinit olduğu gözlenmiştir. Silis zonunda kuvars hakimdir ve genellikle masif yapı sunmaktadır. Yapılan X-ışını difraktogramlarındaki pik çözümlemeleri neticesinde demiroksit minerallerine rastlanmıştır. Ocaklardan alınan sülfat minerali olan alünitlerden yapılan kükürt izotop analizleri δ34S +5.7 / +16.8 ‰ aralığında değişmekte olup, δ18O +10.3 / +12.2 ve δD -82 / -49 ‰ aralığındadır. Bahadırlı kaolinit yatağı Çan volkanitleri içerisinde oluşmuştur. X-ışınları difraksiyonu pik çözümlemelerinde kaolinit, halloysit, montmorillonit ve illit gibi kil minerallerine ve kuvars, natroalünit, albit, anortit, sanidin, tridimit, jips minerallerine rastlanmış, fakat demir oksit mineraline rastlanmamıştır. Bu ocaktan kükürt izotop analizi yapılacak kadar sülfür minerali elde edilememiştir. Duraylı izotop analizleri ise; δ18O +13.4 / +19.0 ve δD -345 / -70.0‰ aralığındadır. Duman kaolinit yatağı da Çan volkanitlerine ait tüf birimleri içinde oluşmuştur. X-ışınları difraksiyonu pik çözümlemelerinde kaolinit, halloysit, montmorillonit, illit, gibi kil minerallerine ve kuvars, albit, alünit minerallerine rastlanmış, demir oksit mineraline rastlanmamıştır. Ocaklardan alınan sülfat minerali olan alünitlerden yapılan kükürt izotop analizleri δ34S -17.3 / +0.9 ‰ aralığında olup; δ18O -11.8 / +17.0 ve δD -99 / -93‰ aralığındadır. Hamamtepe ocağı asidik tüfler içerisinde yeralır ayrıca yapılan incelemelerde bu ocaktaki majör mineralin kuvars olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. X-ışınları difraktogramlarında mikroklin ve muskovit gözlemlenmiştir. Ayrıca minör seviyede kaolinit, eser miktarda natroalunit varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Duraylı izotop analizlerinin sonuçları; δ18O -74 / -88 ve δD +10.3 / +14.5 ‰ şeklindedir. Bahadırlı ve Duman örneklerine ait duraylı izotop verilerine dayanarak hesaplanan paleortam sıcaklıkları kaolinleşmenin düşük sıcaklıklarda meteorik sularla gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. Düşük paleoiklim oluşum sıcaklık değerleri süperjen bir oluşumu işaret etmektedir. Çaltıkara örneklerdeki kaolinleşmenin düşük sıcaklıklarda meteorik sularla gerçekleştiğini göstermektedir. Bazı örneklerin kökenin magmatik su olduğu ve oluşum sıcaklığının yüksek olduğunu gözlenmiştir ki bu kaolinitlerin hidrotermal alterasyon koşullarında oluşmuştur. Paleoortam model oluşum sıcaklıkları epitermal alterasyon sıcaklık aralığında yer almaktadır. Bu ortamlar sıcak-su çıkışlarınında bulunduğu buhar ısıtmalı ortamlardır ve H2S’ce zengin buharın yüzeye yakın noktalar olan vadoz zonda yeraltı sularıyla ile karışarak soğuyup oksidize olması, ortamı asidikleştirip, çökelmesiyle oluştuğu kabul edilmiştir., Duman, Çaltıkara, Bahadırlı and Hamamtepe kaolinite deposits located in the Çan Volcanics (Oligo-Miocen), which composed of lavas and tuffs and as a result of hydrotermal alteration of these lavas and tuffs kaolinit deposits were formed. Development of hydrothermal alteration is related to Miocene tectonism and magmatism. Geodynamic evolution of the Aegean Region began with the first closure of the Neotethys along the Aegean-Cyprus subduction zone. During this episode, the Afro-Arabian and Anatolian plates started to collide in the Eastern Anatolia. During Oligocene, Biga Peninsula tectonically uplifted and then erosion was started. On the Early-Middle Miocene, calc-alkaline volcanism began and magmatic activity affected during the beginning of new regional tectonic stress. During Late Upper Miocene, extension of the Biga Peninsula started as a result of right-lateral movement of North Anatolian Fault and has continued to the present day. As a result of tectonic activites, many fractures and fault zones formed and simultaneously widespread magmatism in the region. Geothermal waters have been ascending up through the fractures and faults which related to magmatism and regional tectonism. Because of these ascending acidic waters; tuffs, feldspars, micas and volcanic rocks strongly altered into clay minerals especially kaolinite. Tuffs can be altered easily due to their amorphous structure and having more porosity and permeability than other volcanic rocks. Dissolved silica in ascending geothermal waters precipitate when they reach to the surface as the result of increasing of PH and decreasing of temperature. With the changes of the temperatures, the accumulation of silica started in the fault zones, fractures and pores of the rocks and/or formed on the surface of silica cap-rocks. Kaolinite samples were analyzed by XRD to determine their mineralogical compositions, which are as follows; - Bahadırlı deposit minerals are kaolinite, alunite, halloysite, illite montmorillonite and quartz, albite, tridymite, sanidine, microcline, cristobalite. - Çaltıkara kaolinit deposits minerals are mainly quartz kaolinite, natroalunite, tridymite and rhomboklase. - Duman kaolinite deposits minerals are kaolinit, illite montmorillonite, natroalunite, halloysite quartz, albite, dolomite, tridymite, sanidine, microcline, and anorthite. - Hamamtepe tuff deposits minerals are quartz, kaolinite, natroalunite, and microcline. Micro-morphology Çaltıkara kaolinite deposit and Hamamtepe tuff deposit was determined from FE-SEM studies. There are two different type of kaolinite minerals especially determined in Çaltıkara kaolinite deposit; randomly scattered kaolinites and book-shaped kaolinites. Also quartz minerals are seen as scattered on the other mineral surfaces. For the samples which belong to Hamamtepe tuff deposits have very little alteration; as seen non-altered feldispar minerals on electron microscopy micrographs. Geochemical analysis revealed that Al2O3 values are very high but the other values of major oxides (CaO, Na2O, K2O, TiO2, P2O5 and MnO) are very low, compared to fresh volcanic rocks. This is a characteristic feature of alteration and kaolinitization due to acid-sulphate chemical leaching. Some kaolinit samples have high TiO2 and Fe2O3 values because of the presence of Fe-oxide minerals (rhomboclase ext.). While the feldspar altered, K+ leaves the system and, alunite minerals were formed by the presence of SO42- and K+ in micro-environments. Alteration mineral assemblages give idea about alteration stages and types. Quartz, alunite, phyrophillite/kaolinite and dickite mineral assemblages are indicating advanced argillite alteration. Vuggy quartz and quartz form are found in the center of the alteration zones and they have erosion-resistant. Quartz–alunite and quartz–kaolinite associations located near the quartz zone. This mineral associations reflect the gradually neutralization of acidic solutions when ascended through fracture zones. These deposits include iron oxide minerals. According to mineralogical composition of the deposits, geothermal solutions change from acidic to neutral when it getting away from the fault zones and through time. Sillitoe (1999) distinguished deep and shallow epithermal systems using mineral composition of the deposits. He identified shallow epithermal systems with quartz+ alunite+vuggy quartz and silicifications, but this system is poor for metals and sulphide minerals. Alunite group minerals occur highly acidic and oxidized conditions. Quartz+alunite+kaolinite+pyrite composed of geothermal waters in environments where pH is usually between 2 and 3. Alunite, kaolinite and sulphide can give information on the ambient temperature. Kaolinite, silica minerals and alunite are characteristic minerals of the advanced argillitic alteration. These formations around the world have been considered to be a steam-heated environment if it is in the vadose zone and it considered to supergene environment if it above the water table. Kaolinite-alunite system is defined as high-sulphidation and sulphide minerals are defined as low-sulphidation. S-O-H stable isotopes were analyzed from the Bahadırlı, Çaltıkara, Duman and Hamamtepe deposits. The sulfur isotope values of 6 alunite samples were determined from Duman and Çaltıkara deposits. Duman δ34S isotopic values range from -17.0 to +0.9 ‰ and these values reflect its formation from magmatic-hydrothermal derived sulfur. Çaltıkara δ34S isotopic values range from +8.6 to +16.8 ‰ and these values reflect its formation from magmatic-hydrothermal derived sulfur. The O and H isotopic values of Duman kaolinite deposit range from δ18O +13.4 / +19.0 ‰ and from δD -70 / -345 ‰ which are very close to the line of S/H which indicates low temperature. Isotopes data suggest that original geothermal waters were meteoric waters and these datas reflect genesis of supergene origin and enriched regarding δ18O values. These very low values of δD should be related with the affect of organic component contribution and bacteria on the Duman kaolinite deposit. Coal can be seen on study area as small size lines also some samples are collected from under these coal lines. O and H isotopic values of the Çaltıkara kaolinite deposit are between δ18O values 10.3 / 11.4 ‰ and δD values -77 / -82 ‰ which data reflect genesis of supergene origin and enriched regarding δ18O values. Certain number of values shows thet meteoric water effects kaolinitization, others indicates original geothermal waters were magmatic waters which means this deposit formed due to hydrotermal alteration. The O and H isotopic values of Bahadırlı kaolinite deposit range from δ18O 11.8 to 17.0 ‰ and from δD - 93 to -99 ‰ which is very close to the line of S/H which indicates low temperature. Isotopes data suggest that original geothermal waters were meteoric waters and these datas reflect genesis of supergene origin and enriched regarding δ18O values. According to model paleo-temperature calculation, which is depending to kaolinite-water oxygen isotope fractionation, formation temperatures of Duman deposit range from 32°C to 61°C and formation temperatures of Çaltıkara deposit range from 69°C to 84°C, formation temperature of Bahadırlı deposit is 72°C. The results are based on datas from mineralogical, geochemical and S-H-O isotopes analyses., Yüksek Lisans, M.Sc.
- Published
- 2014
34. Removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from aqueous solutions by organically modified clayey sediments
- Author
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Mubarak, Dalia Mohamed Fahmy
- Subjects
Metalaxyl-m ,Sedimente ,Bentonit ,kaolinite ,organic pollutants ,dichromate ,Organischer Schadstoff ,bentonite ,organische Schadstoffe ,Blei ,Dichromat ,inorganic pollutants ,Agriculture ,organic modifiers ,Cd ,anorganische Schadstoffe ,ddc:630 ,organische Substanzen ,Anorganischer Schadstoff ,Sediment ,clay sediments ,Kaolinit ,Pb ,Cadmium - Abstract
Re-use of agricultural drainage water and industrial wastewater is one of the adopted strategies in different countries to close the gap between water resources and water demands. Drainage and industrial wastewater contain varieties of toxic pollutants that can potentially cause hazard on humans and environment. Although adsorption techniques are considered one of the proper methods for the wastewater treatments, economic aspect is a crucial factor for the broad application of such technique. Addressing this, the thesis concerns on proposing sorbents having the potential to remove heterogeneous pollutants simultaneously, particularly taken in consideration the limited resources in developing and emerging countries, in this study exemplified for Egypt. For this purpose, natural clayey sediments as cheap and environmentally friendly materials were used in combination with various organic modifiers to produce of organically modified clayey sediments (OMCs). In contrast to the natural clayey sediments, OMCs are expected to have the ability to remove heterogeneous pollutants including anionic and cationic as well as organic and inorganic pollutants. The sorbability and desorbability characteristics of OMCs were investigated for Cd2+ and Pb2+ (cationic ), Cr2O72- (anionic-) and metalaxyl m (MM; organic-pollutants). The basic clay materials in OMCs were naturally occurring kaolinitic (kao sediment) and bentonitic (bent sediment) clayey sediments distributed widely in Egypt. Different concentrations of the organic modifiers L-Carnitine (Carnitin), L Cystine dimethyl ester (Cys_ester), Methyltriphenyl-phosphonium (MTP) or Hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium (HDTM) were employed. The modification of natural clayey sediments with organic modifiers increased the organic carbon contents of OMCs following the order Carnitin < Cys_ester < MTP < HDTM. OMCs based on bent sediments had a higher loading of the organic modifiers than those based on kao sediments and the loading increased with increasing the used concentrations of the organic modifiers. To characterize and confirm the modification of OMCs, the prepared materials were analyzed by mid infrared spectroscopy (MIRS). The obtained spectra showed shifting of the vibration bands of the natural clayey sediments, and depicted the characteristic vibrations bands of the organic modifiers, indicating the interaction between the natural clayey sediments with the organic modifiers and the successful loading. Further analysis by X ray diffraction showed that the modification of OMCs based bent sediments with MTP or HDTM caused an expansion of the interlayer spacing of the clay from 14.5 Å to 17.1 or 19.7 Å, respectively; reflecting a bilayer or pseudo-trimolecular arrangements of MTP or HDTM, respectively, in the clays interlayer. The loading ratios of the organic modifiers on OMCs as a percentage of the CEC of the natural clayey sediments were also calculated. Following the characterization of OMCs, screening experiments were conducted to select the suitable concentration of each organic modifier to be loaded in order to achieve the highest removal of heavy metals. The results showed that loading of OMCs based on kao sediments by HDTM and Carnitin at concentrations equal to or higher than 71and 8 % of the CEC of the natural kao sediment, respectively, caused no relevant differences in the sorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+ compared to natural kao sediment. However, the loading of Cys_ester and MTP at concentrations equal to 38 and 21 % of the CEC or higher increased the sorption of those metal ions. Remarkable enhancements in the sorption of Cr2O72- were obtained by the modification of OMCs based kao sediments with HDTM and Cys_ester. The outcome from these screening experiments with OMCs based bent sediments can be concluded as follow: HDTM and MTP at loading concentrations > 50 % of the CEC of the natural bent sediments were able to remove all Cd2+ and Pb2+ from the solutions. However, increasing the loading concentration of Cys_ester decreased the sorption of those metal ions as compared to natural bent sediment. OMC modified with Carnitin at loading concentration up to 21 % of the CEC was able to remove 84 % of Cd2+ and 100 % of Pb2+ from the solutions but a further increase of Carnitin loading decreased the sorption of the metal ions. The OMCs modified with HDTM and Cys_ester were very efficient in removing Cr2O72- from the solutions and the removal increased with increasing loading concentrations of the organic modifiers. The OMCs based on bent sediments loaded with HDTM, MTP, Carnitin and Cys_ester at loading concentrations equal to 102, 79, 18 and 66 % of CEC of the natural bent sediments, respectively, and in addition OMC loaded with Humic acid (HA), were selected as promising sorbents to test the sorbability and desorbability of OMCs with respect to the pollutants. The sorption processes were investigated as function of the metal concentration, sorption time, the initial solution pH and the electrolyte concentration. OMCs modified with HDTM, MTP, HA and Carnitin showed high sorbability for Cd2+ and Pb2+. However, OMCs modified with Cys_ester displayed the best sorbent for Cr2O72-. OMCs were successful to remove almost all Cd2+, Pb2+ from the solutions at wide ranges of pH; 4-8 and 4-6, respectively, while the optimum for the sorption of Cr2O72- was pH 4. The Langmuir model described adequately the observed sorption data of Cd2+ and Pb2+ on all sorbents and Cr2O72- on OMC modified with Cys_ester better than the Freundlich model. The sorption followed the pseudo second order kinetics with the rate constants demonstrating faster sorption on OMCs with Carnitin and HA for Cd2+ and Pb2+ and faster sorption on OMCs with MTP and Cys_ester for Cr2O72-. Sorption of Cd2+ and Pb2+, particularly on OMCs with Carnitin and HA, were decreased with increasing electrolyte concentrations. Whereas, increasing the electrolyte concentrations enhanced the sorption of Cr2O72- to OMC with Cys_ester. OMCs showed ability to release the sorbed heavy metals, which shows the potential for re-using. The presence of other solutes in the binary and ternary component systems strengthened the sorption of Cr2O72- on OMCs based bent sediments with HDTM and MTP and enhanced the sorption of MM on OMCs with Cys_ester and MTP. Competition phenomena were recorded for the sorption of Cd2+ and MM on OMC with HDTM. No competition behaviours were observed in the sorption of the tested pollutants on OMC with Cys_ester. OMCs with HDTM, MTP and Cys_ester were able to remove Cd2+, Cr2O72- and MM simultaneously from the binary and ternary component systems. The results indicate the prospective application of the OMCs in the treatments of natural agricultural drainage water and industrial wastewater. In verschiedenen Ländern ist die Nutzung landwirtschaftlichen Dränagewassers und industriellem Abwasser eine etablierte Methode um die Diskrepanz zwischen Wasserressourcen und -verbrauch zu überbrücken. Diese Wasserquellen enthalten eine Vielzahl toxischer Schadstoffe die die menschliche Gesundheit sowie die Umwelt beeinträchtigen können. Auch wenn Sorptionsverfahren als für die Aufbereitung dieser Wasserquellen geeignet betrachtet werden, ist der ökonomische Faktor ausschlaggebend für den Einsatz dieser Verfahren. Die vorgelegte Arbeit beschreibt, unter Berücksichtigung der begrenzten Ressourcen in Entwicklungs- und Schwellenländern, Sorptionsmittel, die die Fähigkeit aufweisen verschiedene Schadstoffe gleichzeitig dem Wasser zu entziehen. Zur Herstellung der Sorptionsmittel wurden natürliche tonige Sedimente, als kostengünstige und umweltfreundliche Materialien, in Kombination mit verschiedenen organischen Modifikatoren verwendet um ‟organisch modifizierte tonige Sedimente? (organically modified clayey sediments: OMCs) zu erzeugen. Im Vergleich zu natürlichen tonigen Sedimenten sollen OMCs die Eigenschaft aufweisen verschiedenartige organische Schadstoffe, einschließlich anionischer, kationischer, organischer und anorganischer Schadstoffe zu sorbieren. Die Sorptions- und Desorptionseigenschaften der OMCs wurden für Cd2+, Pb2+ (kationisch ), Cr2O72- (anionisch) and Metalaxyl -m (MM; organisch) untersucht. Die tonigen Sedimente, die zur Herstellung der OMCs verwendet wurden, sind in Ägypten natürlich vorkommende kaolinitische (kao sediment) und bentonitische (bent sediment) tonige Sedimente. Verschiedene Konzentrationen der organischen Modifikatoren L-Carnitine (Carnitin), L-Cystine dimethyl ester (Cys_ester), Methyltriphenyl-phosphonium (MTP) oder Hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium (HDTM) wurden verwendet. Die organische Modifikation der natürlichen tonigen Sedimente führte zu einem ansteigendem Gehalt an organischem Kohlenstoff, der folgenden Reihenfolge entsprechend: Carnitin < Cys_ester < MTP < HDTM. Die auf bentonitischen Sedimenten basierenden OMCS wiesen höhere Gehalte an organischem Kohlenstoff auf als die auf kaolinitischen Sedimenten basierenden OMCs. Ebenso stiegen die Gehalte an organischem Kohlenstoff mit steigenden Konzentrationen der organischen Modifikatoren. Zur Charakterisierung und Bestätigung der Modifikation der OMCs wurden die Proben mittels Mittlerer Infrarot Spektroskopy (MIRS) untersucht. Die Spektralanalyse zeigte eine Verschiebung der der Schwingungsspektren natürlicher toniger Sedimente, und wies charakteristische Schwingungsspektren der organischen Modifikatoren auf. Dies weist auf eine Interaktion zwischen den natürlichen tonigen Sedimenten und den organischen Modifikatoren, sowie auf eine erfolgreiche Beladung der tonigen Sedimente hin. Die Analyse mittles Röntgendiffraktion zeigte dass die Modifikation bentonitischer Sedimente mit MTP oder HDTM den Abstand der Tonzwischenschichten von 14.5 Å auf 17.1, bzw. 19.7 Å vergrößerte; dies deutet auf eine Doppelschicht, bzw. Pseudo-trimolekulare Anordnung von MTP, bzw. HDTM in den Tonzwischenschichten hin. Des weiteren wurden die Beladungskonzentrationen der organischen Modifikatoren als Prozentanteil der Kationen Austausch Kapazität der natürlichen tonigen Sedimente berechnet. Im Anschluss an die Charakterisierung der OMCs wurden Screening-Experimente durchgeführt um die geignete Konzentration der einzelnen organischen Modifikatoren mit Hinblick auf die Entfernung von Schwermetallen auszuwählen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen dass, im Vergleich zu natürlichen kaolinitischen Sedimenten, die Beladung von auf kaolinitischen Sedimenten basierenden OMCs mit HDTM und Carnitin in Konzentrationen größer gleich 71 % und 8 % der natürlichen KAK der kaolinitischen Sedimente keine Unterschiede in der Sorption von Cd2+ und Pb2+ bewirkte. Allerdings bewirkte die Beladung mit Cys_ester und MTP mit Konzentrationen größer gleich 38 und 21 % der KAK eine erhöhte Sorption dieser Schwermetalle. Eine beachtlich erhöhte Sorption von Cr2O72- wurde durch die Modifikation der af kaolinitischen Sedimenten basierenden OMCs mit HDTM und Cys_ester beobachtet. Das Ergebnis der Screening-Experimente mit auf bentonitischen Sedimenten basierenden OMCs kann wie folgt zusammengefasst werden: Bei Konzentrationen > 50 % der KAK natürlicher bentonitischer Sedimente bewirkten HDTM und MTP die vollständige Entfernung von Cd2+ and Pb2+ aus der Lösung; allerdings führte eine erhöhte Beladung mit Cys_ester zu einer verringerten Sorption dieser Schwermetalle, verglichen mit natürlichen bentonitischen Sedimenten. OMC, welches mit einer Konzentration von bis zu 21 % Carnitin modifiziert wurde, entfernte 84 % des Cd2+ und 100 % des Pb2+ aus der Lösung, allerdings führte die weitere Erhöhung der Carnitin-Konzentration zu einer verringerten Sorption der Metalle. OMCs die mit HDTM und Cys_ester modifiziert wurden entfernten effektiv Cr2O72- aus der Lösung, und die Sorptionsrate nahm mit steigender Konzentration der Modifikatoren zu. Auf bentonitischen Sedimenten basierende OMCs, die mit HDTM-, MTP-, Carnitin- und Cys_esterkonzentrationen gleich jeweils 102, 79, 18 and 66 % der KAK natürlicher bentonitischer Sedimente beladen waren, sowie mit Huminsäure (HA) beladenes OMC, wurden als geignete Sorbenten ausgewählt um die Sorption und Desorption von Schadstoffen zu untersuchen. Die Sorptionsprozesse wurden als Funktion der Metallkonzentration, der Sorptionszeit, des Ausgangs-pH der Lösung sowie der Elektrolyt-konzentration untersucht. OMCs die mit HDTM, MTP, HA und Carnitin modifiziert wurden, wiesen eine hohe Sorption von Cd2+ and Pb2+ auf. Jedoch zeigte mit Cys_ester modifiziertes OMC die höchste Sorption von Cr2O72-. OMCs entfernten Cd2+ und Pb2+ fast vollständig von Lösungen mit einem pH-Bereich von 4-8, bzw. 4-6. Das Sorptionsmaxima von Cr2O72- lag bei pH 4. Das Langmuir-Model eignete sich besser als das Freundlich-Model zur Beschreibung der Sorptionsrate aller Sorbenten für Cd2+ und Pb2+, sowie für die Sorption von Cr2O72- durch mit Cys_ester modifiziertes OMC. Die Sorption folgte einer Kinetik pseudo-zweiter Ordnung; die Absorptionskonstanten weisen auf eine schnellere Sorption von Cd2+ und Pb2+ durch OMCs mit Carnitin und HA, sowie auf eine schnellere Sorption von Cr2O72- durch OMCs mit MTP und Cys_ester hin. Die Sorption von Cd2+ und Pb2+ wurde durch höhere Elektrolyt-Konzentrationen beeinträchtigt, insbesondere für OMC mit Carnitin und HA, während eine eine Erhöhung der Elektrolyt-Konzentration zu einer erhöhten Sorption von Cr2O72- durch OMC mit Cys_ester führte. Des weiteren können OMCs die sorbierten Schwermetalle desorbieren, wodurch die Wiedervertbarkeit der Materialen möglich wird. Die Präsenz anderer gelöster Stoffe in Systemen mit zwei oder drei Komponenten verstärkt die Sorption von Cr2O72- durch mit HDTM und MTP modifizierten OMCs die auf bentonitischen Sedimenten basieren, und führt zu einer größeren Sorption von MM durch mit Cys_ester und MTP modifizierten OMCs. Es wurde eine Konkurrenz für die Sorption von Cd2+ and MM durch OMC mit HDTM beobachtet, allerdings wurde keine Konkurrenz zwischen den untersuchten Schadstoffen für mit Cys_ester modifizierten OMCs beobachtet. Mit HDTM, MTP und Cys_ester modifzierte OMCs konnten simulatan Cd2+, Cr2O72- und MM von den Systemen mit zwei und drei Komponenten sorbieren. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf die Möglichkeit eines erfolgreichen Einsatzes organisch modifizierter toniger Sedimente für die Aufbereitung landwirtschaftlichen Dränagewassers, sowie industrieller Abwassers hin.
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- 2012
35. Utvrđivanje učinkovitosti uklanjanja teških metala iz modificiranih otpadnih voda metodama koprecipitacije i adsorpcije
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Glavić, Aleksandra and Strmić Palinkaš, Sabina
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iron(III) oxide-hydroxide ,leachate ,procjedna voda ,željezni hidroksid ,kalcijev karbonat ,kaolinit ,bentonit ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Biologija ,kaolinite ,bentonite ,calcium carbonate ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Biology - Abstract
Ovo istraživanje bazirano je na procjednoj vodi odlagališta komunalnog otpada i modificiranoj otpadnoj vodi. Voda je modificirana metodom standardnog dodatka slijedećih metala: Ba, Cu, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn i Zn. Metali su uklonjeni iz modificirane otpadne vode metodom koprecipitacije sa željeznim hidroksidom i kalcijevim karbonatom te metodom adsorpcije na kaolinit, bentonit i kalcijev karbonat. Cilj istraživanja bio je objasniti i usporediti najčešće korištene metode za pročišćavanje otpadnih voda koristeći jeftine i široko dostupne materijale. Učinkovitost metoda utvrđena je nakon statističke analize prikupljenih podataka. This research was based on leachate water from landfill of municipal waste and on modified wastewater. Water was modified by the Method of Standard Addition of the following metals: Ba, Cu, Cd, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn. Metals have been removed from the modified wastewater by method of co-precipitation with iron(III) oxide-hydroxide and with calcium carbonate and by adsorption to kaolinite, bentonite and calcium carbonate. The goal of the research was to explain and compare mechanisms of the most common processes for purification of wastewater by using low cost materials. Effectiveness of the processes was determined after the statistical analysis of the gathered data.
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- 2012
36. Eskişehir-Mihalıçcık kaolenlerinin elektrokinetik özellikleri
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Dikmen, Sedef, Ersoy, Bahri, Akpınar, Süleyman, Bircan, Hasan, Orhun, Önder, Ersoy, Bahri, Akpınar, Süleyman, and Anadolu Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Fizik Böl.,Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Maden Müh. Böl., Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Malzeme Bil. & Müh. Böl., Dumlupınar Üniversitesi, Fen Fakültesi, Fizik Böl.
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Iso Electrical Point ,Kaolinite ,Electrolyte ,Kaolen, Kaolinit, Zeta Potansiyel, Sıfır Yük Noktası, Elektrolit ,Sıfır Yük Noktası ,Kaolen ,Elektrolit ,Zeta Potential ,Kaolinit ,Zeta Potansiyel - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, Eskişehir-Mihalıçcık ilçesi Ahırözü ve Üçbaşlı köylerindeki kil yataklarından temin edilen kaolen numuneleri karakterize edilerek, su içerisinde elektrokinetik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, her iki kaolen numunesinin de pH’ya, tek, çift ve üç değerlikli elektrolit türüne ve bu elektrolitlerin konsantrasyonuna bağlı olarak zeta potansiyel (ZP) ölçümleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ahırözü kaoleninin sıfır yük noktası ~pH 4,2 iken, Üçbaşlı kaoleninin sıfır yük noktası ~pH 3,2 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan 2-11 pH aralığında Üçbaşlı kaoleninin, Ahırözü kaolenine göre daha negatif yüke sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu farklılık kaolen numunelerinin mineralojik ve kimyasal bakımdan farklılığından kaynaklanmaktadır. Ancak her iki yörenin kaoleni de, farklı elektrolitler varlığında benzer yük davranışı sergilemiştir. NaCl ve KCl gibi tek değerlikli elektrolitler kaolenlerin zeta potansiyelini negatif yönde artırırken, bunun aksine iki (CaCl 2 ve MgCl 2 ) ve üç (Al(NO 3 ) ) değerlikli elektrolitler zeta potansiyeli (mutlak değer olarak) azaltmıştır. Kaolenlerin yüzey işaretinin negatiften pozitife dönüşebilmesi ise ancak Al(NO 3 ) 3 varlığında Al +3 3 gibi +3 değerlikli katyonların kaolen tabaka kenar yüzeylerine spesifik adsorplanmasıyla mümkün olabilmiştir. In this study, two kaolin samples collected from clay deposits in the villages Ahırözü and Üçbaşlı of Mihalıçcık (Eskişehir) have been characterized and their electrokinetic properties in water were investigated. In this scope, zeta potential measurements have been performed to determine the effect of pH, mono-, di- and trivalent electrolyte type and concentrations of these electrolytes on the zeta potential of the two kaolin samples. Isoelectric point of Ahırözü kaolin was determined as ~pH 4.2, while that of Üçbaşlı kaolin was determined as ~pH 3.2. Üçbaşlı kaolin has a more negatively charged surface than Ahırözü kaolin in the pH range of 2-11. This difference probably results from the differences in their mineralogical and chemical contents. However, both of the two kaolin samples showed the similar surface charge behavior against mono-, di- and trivalent electrolytes. Monovalent electrolytes such as NaCl and KCl make the ZP of the kaolins more negative, whereas divalent (CaCl2 and MgCl2) and trivalent (Al(NO3)3 ) electrolytes decreases the ZP as its absolute value. Change in the surface sign of the kaolins from negative to the positive is only possible in the presence of trivalent electrolytes (Al-nitrate) due to specific adsorption of Al3+ cations on the edge surface of the kaolin layers. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu / 041061
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- 2011
37. Mineralogy, geochemistry, isotopic characterisation and origin of the Karaçayir and Hallaçlar (Uşak) kaolinite deposits
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Erkoyun, Hülya, Kadir, Selahattin, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, and ESOGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
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Uşak ,Geochemistry ,Jeoloji Mühendisliği ,Geological Engineering ,Kaolinite ,Isotope analysis ,Mikromorfoloji ,Stable-İsotope Geochemistry ,Hidrotermal Alterasyon ,Mineralogy ,Hydrothermal Alteration ,Kaolinit ,Hydrothermal alteration - Abstract
Karaçayır ve Hallaçlar kaolinit yatakları, Türkiye'nin batısındaki Uşak bölgesinde yer alan Orta Miyosen yaşlı Dikendere volkanitleri (riyolit ve andezit), Paleozoyik yaşlı muskovit şist, glokofan şist, talk şist, klorit şist ve Üst Miyosen yaşlı Karaboldere volkanitleri (dasit, andezit ve silisli kayaçlar) içinde oluşmuştur. Kaolenleşmeyle ile silisleşmenin ilişkisi, demir oksitleşme, pirit, kalkopirit ve jipsin bulunması volkanitlerde ve şistlerdeki hidrotermal alterasyonun faylar tarafından kontrol edildiğini göstermektedir. Kaolinit yataklarının merkezindeki baskın olan kaolinite kuvars, simektit, illit, alunit ve opal-CT eşlik etmekte, yanlara ve yukarı doğru simektit, illit, klorit ve Fe-oksit/hidroksit fazları (götit, lepidokrosit, hematit, pirit, kalkopirit, jarosit, jips/anhidrit) artmaktadır. Dokusal olarak riyolit, dasit ve andezitteki sanidin ve plajiyoklas, şistlerdeki muskovit, klorit ve feldispat mineralleri serisitleşmiş ve kaolenleşmiştir. Karaçayır ve Hallaçlarda SiO2/Al2O3 oranları sırasıyla 2.8-2.9 ve 1.04 ile 1.45 arasında değişmektedir. Karaçayır ve Hallaçlar kaolinit yataklarında Sr zenginleşmesi, Rb+Ba, Ti'nın tüketilmesi, ağır nadir toprak elementlerinin hafif nadir toprak elementlerine göre tüketilmesi ile negatif Eu anomalisi feldispat ve hornblendin hidrotermal sıvılarla fraksiyonlaşmasını göstermektedir. Karaçayır ve Hallaçlar kaolinitlerinin ? 18O ve ? D değerleri hipojen kökenli olduğu ve oluşum sıcaklıkları da ? 18O değerlerinden yararlanılarak sırasıyla 65.7-131.7°C, 134.1-183.4°C ve simektit için 68.7-148.9°C, 65.6°C, arasında tespit edilmiştir. Pirit, kaolkopirit ve jipsin negatif ? 34S değerleri hidrotermal aktivite sonucunda oluşumu yansıtmaktadır, bunu pirit-kalkopirit çiftinden hesaplanan izotopik denge sıcaklığı 80-125°C bunu desteklemekte ve sülfürün jeotermal sulardan geldiğini göstermektedir. Karaçayır ve Hallaçlar kaolinit yatakları, volkanitlerdeki feldispat, hornblend ve volkanik camın, şistlerdeki muskovit, klorit ve feldispatın epitermal alterasyonuyla asidik ortamsal koşullarda Miyosen volkanizması boyunca tektonik aktivitelerle kontrollü olarak oluşmuştur. The Karaçayır and Hallaçlar kaolinite deposits of the Uşak Province (western Turkey) are hosted by Middle Miocene Dikendere volcanites (rhyolite and andesite), Paleozoic muscovite schist, glaucophane schist, talc schist, chlorite schist and Upper Miocene Karaboldere volcanites (dacite, andesite and siliceous materials). Association of kaolinization with silicification, Fe-oxidation, presence of pyrite, chalcopyrite and gypsum reveal that hydrothermal alteration processes in volcanites and schists controlled by faults. Thus, mineralogical zonation, such as the prevalent kaolinite is associated with quartz, smectite, illite, alunite, opal-CT in center of the kaolinite deposist, and relative increase of smectite, illite, chlorite, and Fe-oxide/-hydroxide and S-phases (goethite, lepidocrocite, hematite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, jarosite gypsum/anhydrite) outward and upward in these deposits, demonstrate that hydrothermal-alteration processes resulted in kaolinization. Texturally, sanidine and plagioclase crystals are sericitizied and kaolinized in rhyolite, dacite and andesite, muscovite, chlorite and feldspar in schists. The SiO2/Al2O3 ratio in Karaçayır and Hallaçlar is between 2.8-2.9 and 1.04-1.45, respectively. Enrichment of Sr and depletion of Rb+Ba, Ti, and HREE relative to LREE, with a distinct negative Eu anomaly, are responses to the fractionation of feldspar and hornblende by the hydrothermal fluid in Karaçayır and Hallaçlar kaolinite deposits. ? 18O ve ? D values of Karaçayır and Hallaçlar kaolinite reveal that hypogen origin and the formation temperatures of based on ? 18O values yielded 65.7 -131.7°C, 134.1-183.4°C and smectite 68.7-148.9°C, 65.6°C, respectively. The negative ? 34S values of pyrite, chalcopyrite and gypsum/anhydrite reflects formation under hydrothermal activity, this assumption is supported by pyrite-chalcopyrite pairs calculated isotope equilibrium temperature of 80-125°C and reflects formation from geothermal-water-derived sulphur. Thus, Karaçayır and Hallaçlar kaolinite deposit formed under acidic environmental conditions by epithermal alteration of feldspar, hornblende and volcanic glass in volcanites and muscovite, chlorite and feldspar in schists controlled by tectonic activities during Miocene volcanism. 160
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- 2011
38. Kil/polivinil türevleri nanokompozitlerinin sentezi ve karakterizasyonu
- Author
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Turhan, Yasemin, Doğan, Mehmet, Kimya Anabilim Dalı, and Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Subjects
PVT ,Nanocomposite ,PVP ,Solution Intercalation Method ,Sepiolite ,Kimya ,Nanocomposites ,PVC ,Chemistry ,Sepiyolit ,Kaolinite ,Çözelti Ortamında Etkileştirme Yöntemi ,Kaolinit ,Nanokompozit - Abstract
Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Ana Bilim Dalı, Bu çalışmada polivinil türevi polimerlerin nanokompozitleri doğal/modifiye kaolinit ve sepiyolit killeri kullanılarak çözelti ortamında etkileştirme yöntemi ile sentezlenmiştir. Nanokompozitlerin hazırlanmasında; poli(vinil klorür), poli(vinil toluen) ve poli(vinil pirolidon) matriks olarak, kaolinit ve sepiyolit dolgu maddesi olarak seçilmiştir. 1:1 tabakalı yapıya sahip olan kaolinit; DMSO, SDS, SİM, GA, HDTMAK ve CPC bileşikleri ile modifiye edilerek kullanılmıştır. 2:1 tabakalı yapıya sahip sepiyolit ise [3-(2-aminoetilamino)propil]trimetoksisilan ile organomodifiye edilerek, HCl ile asit aktive edilerek ve 150, 400 ve 900 oC sıcaklıklarda termal aktive edilerek kullanılmıştır. Hazırlanan polimer/kil nanokompozitlerin yapı karakterizasyonu; X-ışınları kırınımı (XRD), taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ve geçirimli elektron mikroskobu (TEM) ile yapılmıştır. Kil ve polimer arasındaki etkileşimler, ATR Fourier Transform İnfrared Spektrofotometresi (FTIR-ATR) ile belirlenmiştir. Polimer ve nanokompozitlerin termal özellikleri, termogravimetre (TG), diferansiyel termogravimetre (d[TG]), ve diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre (DSC) ile tayin edilmiştir. XRD analizlerinden genel olarak PVC, PVT ve PVP matrikslerinde kaolinit, sepiyolit ve ara bileşiklerinin dağıldığı ve oluşan nanokompozitlerin interkale yada eksfoliye türde olduğu belirlenmiştir. XRD analizleri, yapılan SEM ve TEM analizleri ile doğrulanmıştır. TEM analizleri sepiyolit ve kaolinit ile hazırlanan polivinil türevi nanokompozitlerin morfojilerinin farklı olduğunu ve bu killerin polimer matriksi içinde nano boyutta dağıldığını göstermiştir. FTIR-ATR analizleri polimer matriksler ile killer arasında önemli etkileşimlerin meydana geldiğini göstermiştir. TG/d[TG] analizlerinden sentezlenen nanokompozitlerin genel olarak saf polimerlerden termal olarak daha kararlı olduğu bulunmuştur., In this study, the nanocomposites of polyvinyl derivatives have been synthesized by solution intercalation method using natural/modified kaolinite and sepiolite clays. The poly(vinyl chloride), poly(vinyl toluene) and poly(vinyl pyrolidone) polymers were choosed as matrix, kaolinite and sepiolite as filler on the preparation of nanocomposites. Kaolinite, which has 1:1 layered structure, was modified with DMSO, SDS, SIM, GA, HDTMA and CPC compounds. Sepiolite, which has 2:1 layered structure, was used as organo-modified with [3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane; acid-activated with HCl; and thermally activated at at 150, 400, 900 oC. The structural characterization of polymer/clay nanocomposites has been evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The interactions between clay and polymer were also determined by ATR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR). The thermal properties of polymers and nanocomposites were determined by thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermogravimetry (d[TG]) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). From XRD analyses, it was determined that kaolinite, sepiolite and their modified products were generally dispersed in PVC, PVT and PVP matrixes; and synthesized nanocomposites were intercalated- or exfloited-types. XRD analyses were also confirmed with SEM and TEM analyses. TEM analyses have showed that morphology of polyvinly derivative nanocomposites, which have been prepared with sepiolite and kaolinite, were different from each other and these clays were dispersed in polymer matrix at nanoscale. FTIR-ATR analyses have showed that there were important interactions between polymer matrixes and clays. From TG/d[TG] analyses, in general, it was found that nanocomposites were thermally more stable than its pure polymers.
- Published
- 2010
39. Investigation of rheological properties of kaolinite/silicone oil pastes
- Author
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Gündüz, Zürriye, Doğan, Mehmet, Alkan, Mahir, and Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Subjects
Silicone Oil ,Silikon Yağı ,Pasta ,Kaolinite ,Rheological Model ,Paste ,Reoloji ,Reometre ,Rheology ,Rheometers ,Kaolinit ,Reolojik Model - Abstract
Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Ana Bilim Dalı, Kaolinit ve farklı viskoziteli silikon yağları kullanarak farklı şartlar altında hazırlanan pastalar XRD, DTA/TG, BET ve SEM ile karakterize edildikten sonra reolojik özellikleri üzerine katı:sıvı oranı, tane boyutu, sıcaklık, L/D oranı ve katkı maddesinin etkileri, yüksek basınçlı kapiler reometre ile incelendi. Pasta durumunda XRD, kaolinitin tabakalar arası uzaklığının arttığını ve tabakalı yapısının kısmen bozulduğunu; DTA/TG analizi, kaolinit ve silikon yağlarından kaynaklanan karakteristik endotermik ve ekzotermik DTA piklerinin varlığını ve SEM fotoğrafları ise kaolinit taneciklerinin silikon yağları matrisinde disperse olduğunu gösterdi. Reolojik ölçüm sonuçlarından; 1) kaolinit-silikon yağı pastalarının non-Newtonian, pseudoplastik ve kesme incelmesi davranışı sergiledikleri, 2) pastaların kesme gerilimi ve viskozitelerinin artan katı:sıvı oranı; ve azalan sıcaklık, tane boyutu ve L/D oranı ile arttığı, 3) katkı maddesi ilavesi sonucunda pastaların reolojik özelliklerinde önemli bir değişikliğin olmadığı, 4) deneysel verilerin Herschel-Bulkley modeli ile oldukça iyi bir uyum içerisinde oldukları, 5) pastaların akması için kritik bir kesme geriliminin gerekli olduğu, 6) aktivasyon enerjisi değerinin uygulanan kesme hızına bağlı olarak değiştiği ve artan kesme hızı ile azaldığı, 7) pastaların duvar kayma hızını belirlemek için Mooney metodunun uygun olduğu, 8) pastaların oldukça homojen oldukları ve çok yüksek kesme gerilimi değerleri hariç duvar kayma hızlarının çok düşük ve ihmal edilebilir olduğu, ve 9) pastaların oldukça iyi akış özellikleri gösterdikleri bulundu., Pastes, which were prepared using kaolinite and different viscosity silicone oils under different conditions, were characterized by XRD, DTA/TG, BET and SEM, and then, the effects of parameters such as solid:liquid ratio, particle size, temperature, L/D ratio and additive material on the rheological properties were investigated by using high pressure capillary rheometer. In the paste case, XRD showed that the distance between layers of kaolinite increased and its layer structure partially destroyed; the characteristics endothermic and exothermic DTA peaks occured due to both kaolinite and silicon oils; and SEM micrographs show the dispersing of kaolinite particles into silicone oil matrix. From the rheological measurements, we found that 1) all pastes exhibited non-Newtonian, pseudo-plastic, shear thinning behaviour under all experimental conditions; 2) the shear stresses and viscosities of pastes increased with increase in solid:liquid ratio and with decrease in particle size, temperature and L/D ratio; 3) the additive material didn't affect significantly the rheological properties of the pastes; 4) the experimental data were properly described by the Herschel-Bulkley model; 5) it was necessary to a yield shear stress to flow of pastes; 6) activation energy value changed depending on the applying shear rate and decreased with increase in shear rate; 7) Mooney method was suitable to determine the wall slip velocity of pastes; 8) pastes were very well homogenized and the wall slip velocities are very low except for very high shear rate values and it can be neglected; 9) pastes have very well flow properties.
- Published
- 2010
40. Determination of hydraulic characteristcs of clay suspensions
- Author
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Petrová, Markéta, Mls, Jiří, and Handová, Zdena
- Subjects
volumetric flux density of the solid phase ,propustnost ,objemová hustota toku pevné fáze ,proudění dvoufázového systému ,hydromechanical characteristics of clay suspensions ,flow of two-phase system ,kaolinit ,permeability ,hydromechanické charakteristiky jílových suspensí - Abstract
This thesis is focused on determining the hydromechanical characteristics of clay suspensions, permeability and compressibility, where is the effective stress, the concentration of suspension and is the permeability. Because the compressibility or permeability can't be measured directly, I use Darcian mechanics of two-phase systems to compute the characteristics I wanted from a well- measurable quantities, measured in appropriate experiments. Work has been solved with the support of the project : Hydromechanical characteristics of clay suspensions. The first part deals with a mineralogical characteristics fylosilicates, characterization of kaolin deposits in the Bohemian Massif, physical chemistry of colloidal systems, electric double layers and electro kinetic potential. Experimental section follows later, which proceed from the assumption that the same concentration of kaolin suspension and an identical colloidal state, exposed to the same pressure-temperature conditions, exhibit the same values of hydro mechanical characteristics such as their evolution in time can be described as a continuous function. As the model, I chose the coagulated kaolin suspension. Coagulation are achieved by adding weight percent of solids . Suspension settles in a vertical cylinder of high with an inner diameter of , which...
- Published
- 2010
41. Kütahya bölgesi kaolen ve diğer kil minerallerinin dağılımı, mineralojisi, jeokimyası ile kökenlerinin irdelenmesi
- Author
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Erman, Hande, Kadir, Selahattin, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, and ESOGÜ, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Jeoloji Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Jeokimya ,Mineraloji ,Kütahya ,Jeoloji Mühendisliği ,Geological Engineering ,Hidrotermal Alterasyon ,Clay mineralogy ,Kaolinit - Abstract
Kütahya kaolinite deposits formed by alteration of dacitic and andesitic tuffs related to the Miocene volcanism. The kaolinite deposit contains silica- and Fe-Ti bearing phases (pyrite, goethite and rutile) in vertical and subvertical veins that diminish and then disappear upward. Mineralogical zonation outward from the main kaolinite deposit is as follows: kaolinite + opal-CT + smectite + illite + feldspar; feldspar + kaolinite + quartz + smectite + illite; quartz + feldspar + volcanic glass. These veins and mineral distributions demonstrate that hydrothermal alteration was the main process in the development of the kaolinite deposits of the region. Petrographically, sanidine, quartz, plagioclase phenocrysts, biotite, amphibole, hornblende and opaque minerals in volcanic rocks are determined. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) results show that most of feldspar minerals are abraded so much, and related to altered minerals as kaolinite, smectite and illite. Kaolinization occurred by the alteration of feldspar minerals through hydrothermal fluids. Mineralogical determinations indicate that kaolinite is the dominant mineral. According to the XRD results, the very sharp, intense diagnostic basal reflections at 7.2 and 3.57 A indicate well-ordered kaolinite. However, DTA-TG curves for the kaolinite samples show symmetrical endothermic and sharp exothermic peaks attributed to well-crystallized kaolinite. Based on the geochemical results lateral increase in SiO2 and decrease in Al2O3 and Fe2O3 from the center of the kaolinite deposit. These results show that kaolinit deposits were formed by hydrothermal alteration. Also, the negative Eu anomaly suggests the alteration of feldspar through hydrothermal fluids. Kütahya bölgesindeki kaolen yatakları, Miyosen volkanizmasına bağlı olarak riyodasit, dasit, andezit ve trakiandezitlerin hidrotermal alterasyonları sonucu oluşmuştur. Çalışma sahasındaki kaolen yatakları, ocağın üst kısımlarına doğru gittikçe azalıp kaybolan dik veya dike yakın silika ve demir oksit (pirit, götit ve rutil) damarları içerir. XRD verileri sonucunda, bölgede bulunan kaolen yataklarındaki mineralojik zonlanma içten dışa doğru: kaolinit + opal-CT + smektit + illit + feldispat; feldispat + kaolinit + kuvars + smektit + illit; kuvars + feldispat + volkanik cam seklindedir. Bu damarlar ve mineralojik dağılımlar, bölgedeki kaolen yataklarının gelişiminin hidrotermal alterasyona bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Petrografik olarak, volkanik kayaçlarda sanidin, kuvars, plajiyoklaz, biyotit, amfibol, hornblend ile opak mineraller belirlenmiştir. Taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) incelemelerinde feldispat minerallerinin bir çoğu aşırı derecede aşınmış olup, kaolinit, smektit ve illit gibi altere ürünler ile ilişkilidir. Hidrotermal çözeltilerin etkisi ile ana kayaçtaki feldispatların bozuşması sonucu kaolenleşme meydana gelmiştir. Mineralojik determinasyon incelemelerinde, bölge genelinde baskın kil minerali, kaolinittir. XRD verilerine göre kaolinit 7.2 ve 3.58 A’lık keskin ve şiddetli pikler vermektedir. Bununla birlikte, kaolinit örneklerine ait DTA-TG eğrilerinde, endotermik piklerin simetrik olması ve ekzotermik piklerin de keskin olması, kaolinitin iyi kristalli olduğunu göstermektedir. Jeokimyasal verilere dayanarak, kaolen ocağının merkezinden yanal yönde dışarıya doğru gidildikçe SiO2 miktarı artmakta, buna karşılık Al2O3 ve Fe2O3 miktarları azalmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, kaolen ve kil yataklarının hidrotermal alterasyonla oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca belirgin bir negatif Eu anomalisi görülmesi, hidrotermal çözeltilerin feldispatları bozunmaya uğratması ile açıklanabilir.
- Published
- 2009
42. Bazı polimetakrilat türevi/kil nanokompozitlerinin hazırlanması ve karakterizasyonu
- Author
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Benlikaya, Ruhan, Alkan, Mahir, Kimya Anabilim Dalı, and Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü
- Subjects
Kil ,Polimer ,Polialkil Metakrilatlar ,Sepiolite ,Poly(Alkyl Methacrylate) ,Kimya ,Nanocomposites ,Chemistry ,Polimer Bilim ve Teknolojisi ,Polyethylmethacrylate ,Sepiyolit ,Polymer Science and Technology ,Polyhydroxy ethyl methacrylate ,Kaolinite ,Clay ,Polymer materials ,Polymer ,Kaolinit ,Nanokompozit - Abstract
Balıkesir Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Kimya Ana Bilim Dalı, Sepiyolit ve kaolinitin polialkil metakrilatlarla (PaMA) nanokompozitleri çözelti ortamında etkileştirme yöntemi ile hazırlandı. Nanokompozit örneklerini hazırlamada matriks olarak poli(metil metakrilat) (PMMA), poli(etil metakrilat) (PEMA), poli(2-hidroksietil metakrilat) (PHEMA), poli(bütil metakrilat) (PBMA), poli(benzil metakrilat) (PBzMA), poli(siklohekzil metakrilat) (PCHMA) ve poli(isobornil metakrilat) (PIBOMA) polimerleri seçildi. Elde edilen nanokompozitler X-ışını kırınımı (XRD), Fourier dönüşümlü infrared spektrofotometre (FTIR), termogravimetre (TG), diferansiyel termogravimetre (DTG) ve diferansiyel taramalı kalorimetre (DSC) ölçümleri ile karakterize edildi. Seçilen bazı nanokompozit örneklerinin yapıları geçirimli elektron mikroskobu (TEM) ve taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM) ile incelendi. Hazırlanan nanokompozit örneklerinin termal özellikleri üzerine çözücü ve kil morfolojisi, modifikasyonu ve yüzdesinin etkileri incelendi. SEM görüntülerinde nanokompozit sisteminde homojen bir sistemin oluştuğu doğrulanırken, TEM görüntülerinde sepiyolit-PaMA nanokompozitleri için sepiyolit lif demetlerinin polimerde nanometre boyutunda dağıldığı, kaolinit-PaMA nanokompozitleri için kil tabakalarının polimerde aralanmış ve dağılmış yapıda bulunduğu görüldü. Bu sonuçların genelde XRD desenlerinden elde edilen verilerle uyum içinde olduğu belirlendi. Sepiyolit-PaMA ve kaolinit-PaMA nanokompozitlerinin çoğu için TG ve DSC eğrilerinde, termal kararlılık ve camsı geçiş sıcaklığında artış meydana geldiği gözlendi. Kil yüzdesi ile bu artışlar arasında nanokompozitlerin tümü için anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamadı. Kaolinit modifikasyonlarının nanokompozitlerin termal özelliklerinde önemli değişiklikler meydana getirirken, sepiyolitin 3-APTS ile modifikasyonunun PBMA ve PBzMA polimerleri dışında anlamlı bir farklılık oluşturmadığı görüldü. DTG eğrileri, polimerlerin çoğunun termal bozunma mekanizmalarında, sepiyolit ve kaolinit varlığında bazı değişiklikler meydana geldiğini gösterdi. Çözücü ortamı, kil morfolojisi ve kil modifikasyonun, PaMA nanokompozitlerinin çoğunun termal kararlılığı, camsı geçiş sıcaklığı ve bozunma mekanizması üzerine etkisinin olduğu bulundu., Polyalkylmethacrylates' (PaMA) nanocomposites with sepiolite and kaolinite were prepared using the solvent casting method. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA), poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (PHEMA), poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA), poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA), poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) (PCHMA) and poly(isobornyl methacrylate) (PIBOMA) were selected as matrix to prepare the nanocomposites. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized by the measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimety (DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were performed on some selected nanocomposite samples. The effects of solvent medium, morphology, modification and loading percent of clay on the thermal properties of the nanocomposites were examined. It was concluded from TEM micrographs of the nanocomposites that the fiber bundles of sepiolite dispersed at nano scale and kaolinite layers exfoliated and intercalated in PaMAs, as confirmed by the existence of homogenous system in their SEM micrographs. These results regarding SEM and TEM micrographs were usually in agreement with the data obtained from XRD patterns. The increase in the thermal stabiliy and glass transition temperature was observed for most of sepiolite-PaMA and kaolinite-PaMA nanocomposites in their TG and DSC curves. No relationship between the increase and loading percent of clay was found for all nanocomposite samples. While modification of sepiolite with 3-APTS had a slight influence on the thermal properties of the nanocomposites except PBMA and PBzMA, kaolinite modifications caused significant differences for most of the nanocomposites. The DTG curves revealed that some changes occured in the thermal degradation mechanism of most of the polymers in existence of sepiolite and kaolinite. It was found that morphology of clay, modification of clay and solvent medium had effect on thermal stabilities, glass transiton temperatures and degradation mechanisms of the most of the PaMAs nanocomposites, Bu çalışma TÜBİTAK tarafından TBAG-HD/186-106T453 ve Balıkesir Üniversitesi Rektörlüğü Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından BAP 2006/01 Kodlu Projeler ile desteklenmiştir.
- Published
- 2009
43. Mineralni sastav miocenskih tufova iz okolice Sinja
- Author
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Živković, Domagoj
- Subjects
tufovi ,gline ,rendgenska difrakcija ,kaolinit ,smektit - Abstract
Predmet istraživanja ovog završnog rada su tufovi neogenske starosti u okolici Sinja. Cilj ovoga rada bio je odrediti mineralni sastav navedenih tufova. Svrha rada bila je pokušati opisati okoliše taloženja tufova. Mineralni sastav tufova određen je rendgenskom difrakcijskom analizom na 16 originalnih uzoraka. Minerali glina u uzorcima su određeni na frakciji uzorka čestica manjih od 2 mikrometra. Utvrđeno je da se tufovi uglavnom sastoje od minerala glina, i to kaloinita i/ili smektita i ponegdje illitičnog materijala. Minerali glina su sekundarni i nastali su alteracijom tufova. Osim minerala glina u tufovima se nalaze i primarni vulkanski minerali K-feldspati i plagioklasi, te sekundarni minerali kalcit, gips i pirit. Kvarc se također nalazi u većini uzoraka i može biti primarani i sekudnaran. Prisustvo kaolinita ukazuje na slatkovodnu sredinu taloženja. Smektit može ukazivati na nepotpunu alteraciju u slatkovodnoj sredini, kao i na marinske uvjete sedimentacije
- Published
- 2009
44. Mikrovlnná kalcinace kaolinu
- Author
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Beck, Martin and Beck, Martin
- Abstract
Cílem této bakalářské práce bylo provést studii kalcinace kaolinu pomocí mikrovlnného ohřevu. Při experimentech mikrovlnné kalcinace kaolinu byly sledovány ztráty žíháním vzorků a teplota v mikrovlnné troubě. Výsledný produkt byl analyzován infračervenou spektroskopií pro ověření funkčnosti experimentu., Purpose of this bachelor thesis was to carry out a study about preparation of metakaoline by microwave heating of kaolin. During experiments were observed loss on ignition of sam-ples and temperature in microwave oven. Final product was analysed by infrared spectros-copy for certification of experiment functionality., Ústav inženýrství ochrany životního prostředí, obhájeno
- Published
- 2013
45. Využití jílových surovin pro výrobu keramických materiálů
- Author
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Topinková, Michaela, Schreierová, Jana, Topinková, Michaela, and Schreierová, Jana
- Abstract
Práce je rozdělena do čtyř hlavních kapitol. První část práce je věnována stručné charakteristice, struktuře a rozdělení křemičitanů do jednotlivých skupin. Druhá hlavní kapitola popisuje jílové minerály, jejich vznik a strukturu. Pro keramický průmysl jsou používány především čtyři jílové minerály (kaolinit, montmorillonit, illit a halloysit). Třetí část je věnována vysokoteplotním reakcím jílových minerálů. Při vysoké teplotě prodělávají minerály četné mechanické a strukturní změny. Poslední kapitola popisuje kaolin (důležitá surovina pro výrobu keramiky) a stručně charakterizuje jednotlivé druhy keramiky na bázi jílových surovin (porcelán, pórovina, poloporcelán, kamenina, cihlářské výrobky a šamot)., The bachelor thesis is divided in four main chapters. The first part deals with a brief characterization, structure and silicates distribution in some groups. The second main chapter describes the clay minerals, their formation and structure. Four clay minerals are primary used in the ceramic industry (kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite and halloysit). The third part of thesis pursues high-temperature reactions of clay minerals. The minerals go through many mechanical and structural changes during high-temperature reactions. The last chapter describes kaolin (an important material for the production of ceramics) and it briefly describes the various types of ceramics based on clay materials (porcelain, brick products, fire clay etc.)., Ve zpracování, Import 21/10/2013
- Published
- 2013
46. Úpravnické technologie používané při těžbě a zpracování kaolinu
- Author
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Hummel, Martin, Holub, Karol, Hummel, Martin, and Holub, Karol
- Abstract
Předložená práce představuje historii i současnost těžby keramické suroviny - kaolinu a úpravnické technologie používané při jeho zpracování. V práci jsou stručně popsány základní vlastnosti kaolinu a kaolinitu, jejich chemické a fyzikální vlastnosti a možnosti použití. V další části je uveden stručný přehled výskytu těžebních lokalit kaolinu v ČR a ve světě s popisem geologických a úložních poměrů a způsobem dobývání. Součástí této práce je i srovnání různých úpravnických metod, které se používali v minulosti, nebo i v současnosti. V závěrečné části jsou zhodnoceny současné technologie a možné trendy vývoje těchto technologií, realizované a navrhované projekty modernizace., Presented thesis introduce the mining and the processing of ceramic raw materials - kaolin in the past and present time. The thesis briefly describes the basic properties of kaolin and kaolinite, their chemical and physical properties and possibility of applications. The second section provides a brief overview of kaolin mining sites in the Czech Republic and in the World with a description of geological and deposit conditions and method of mining. Part of this thesis is the comparison of different processing methods, that were used in the past or in the present time. The final section describe the current technology trends and possible developments of these technologies. The thesis describes implemented projects and possibility of solutions for modernizations., Import 26/06/2013
- Published
- 2013
47. Farklı konsantrasyonlardaki kimyasallarla konsolide edilmiş kil zeminlerin kayma mukavemeti ve konsolidasyon davranışlarının incelenmesi
- Author
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Olgun, Murat, Yıldız, Mustafa, Enstitüler, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and İnşaat Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Van der Walls çekim kuvveti ,Diffüz çift tabaka itme kuvveti ,Chemicals fluids ,Flocculation ,Konsolidasyon ,Diffuse double layer repulsive force ,İnşaat Mühendisliği ,Kimyasal sıvılar ,Dielektrik sabiti ,Civil Engineering ,Montmorillonit ,Kayma mukavemeti ,Shear strength ,Flokülasyon ,Kaolinite ,Van der Walls attraction force ,Dielectric constant ,Kaolinit ,Consolidation ,Montmorillonite - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, değişik kimyasal ortamlarda çökelen kil tabakalarının mukavemet ve konsolidasyon davranışlarında meydana gelen değişimin boşluk sıvısının dielektrik sabitine bağlı olarak belirlenmesi için bir çalışma yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla iki farklı ucu temsil etmesi açısından biri kaolinit diğeri ise montmorillonit ağırlıklı olan iki kil türü seçilmiştir. Kimyasal sıvılar olarak ise dielektrik sabiti değişiminin geniş bir aralığını yansıtması amacıyla 4 farklı sıvı (methanol, ethanol, izo-propil alkol ve asetik asit) kullanılmıştır. Bu sıvıların değişik konsantrasyonları (%20, %40, %60 ve %80) kullanılarak Atterberg limit deneyleri yapılmış, elde edilen likit limit değerlerinin iki katı su muhtevasında olacak şekilde hazırlanan karışımlar 100 kPa ön konsolide basıncı altında konsolide edilmiştir. Ön konsolide edilen bu karışımdan alınan numuneler üzerinde ise serbest basınç, üç eksenli basınç, kesme kutusu, vane (kanatlı kesme) ve konsolidasyon deneyleri yapılmıştır. Ayrıca kimyasal sıvılar varlığında tanecikler arasındaki etkileşimin doğasını anlamak amacıyla killerin optik mikroskop (OM) görüntüleri alınmıştır. Laboratuar şartlarında yapılan deneyler sonucunda killerin kayma mukavemeti ve sıkışma davranışlarının tanecikler arasındaki boşluk sıvılarının değişimi ve buna bağlı olarak fiziko-kimyasal kuvvetlerin değişiminden önemli ölçüde etkilendiği görülmüştür. Boşluk sıvısının azalan dielektrik sabiti ve artan kimyasal sıvı konsantrasyonu ile birlikte bazı özel durumlar haricinde her iki kil türünde de mukavemet artışları gerçekleşmiş, sıkışma ve şişme indisi değerleri ise azalmıştır. Kaolinitin davranışı üzerinde Van der Walls çekim kuvvetleri etkili olurken, montmorillonitik ağırlıklı Aksaray kilinin davranışı diffüz çift tabaka itme kuvvetleri tarafından kontrol edilmiştir. Optik mikroskopla elde edilen ve taneciklerin flokülasyonunu net bir şekilde gösteren fotoğraf görüntüleri, bulunan mukavemet ve konsolidasyon deney sonuçlarıyla örtüşmüştür. Ayrıca literatürde değişik araştırmacılarca yapılan çalışmalarda elde edilen sonuçların tez çalışmasının deneysel sonuçlarıyla uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür., This study is an investigation conducted on determining the strength and the consolidation behaviors of the clay layers settled under various chemical conditions in which the dielectric constant of the pore liquid was varying. For this objective, two different clay types are chosen, one of which was kaolinite and the other mostly montmorillonite to represent the two different extreme ends of clays. Four different liquids (methanol, ethanol, iso-propyl alcohol and acidic acid) were used as the chemical liquids to represent the wide variation interval of the dielectric constant. Atterberg limit tests were performed with various concentrations of these liquids (20%, 40%, 60% and 80%), and the mixtures were prepared with the water content of two times of the obtained liquid limit which were consolidated under 100 kPa pre-consolidation pressure. Then, the pre-consolidated specimens were subjected to free compression, triaxial compression, shear box, vane shear and consolidation tests. Additionally, the optical microscope (OM) views of the clays were taken to determine the nature of the interaction between the grains subjected to chemical liquids. At the end of the tests performed under laboratory conditions, the shear strength and the compression behaviors of the clays were found to be considerably affected from the variation of the pore liquids between the grains which cause to have changes in physico-chemical forces. The increase in strength values and the decrease in compression and swelling indexes were observed for both of the clay types under the condition of decreasing dielectric constant and increasing chemical liquid concentration except some special conditions. Van der Walls attraction forces influenced the behavior of kaolinite and the behavior of the mostly montmorillonite Aksaray clay was controlled by the repulsive forces of the diffused dual-layer. The optical microscope views clearly displaying the flocculation of the grains overlapped with the results obtained in the strength and consolidation tests that were also in accordance with the results determined by former researches of the literature.
- Published
- 2008
48. Kaolinit kilinin Mössbauer spektroskopisiyle incelenmesi
- Author
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Özaydın, Emre Tevfik, Küçükçelebi, Hayrettin, Fizik Anabilim Dalı, and Enstitüler, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Fizik Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Yüzey demiri ,Mössbauer spectroscopy ,Fizik ve Fizik Mühendisliği ,Kaolinite ,Surface iron ,Yapısal demir ,Mössbauer spektroskopisi ,Physics and Physics Engineering ,Kaolinit ,Structural iron - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, alışılmış kaolinit minerallerine göre demir içeriği bakımından zengin olan (%1,5) nadir bir kaolinit kilindeki demir oksitlerin, yapısal veya yüzey demiri olup olmadığı Mössbauer spektroskopisi ile incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla numunenin üç farklı sıcaklıkta (298K, 80K, 15K) Mössbauer spektrumları alınmıştır. Numunenin düşük sıcaklıklarda magnetik bir düzenlenim sergilediği saptanmış, izomer kayması, kuadrupol yarılma ve magnetik yarılma özellikleri kullanılarak ilgili demirin Fe+3 formundaki yapısal demir olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar numunenin, XRD desenindeki piklerin konumları incelenerek ve kimyasal analiz sonuçlarından kilin birim hücre formülü hesaplanarak da desteklenmiştir., In this work, a rare kaolinite iron oxides, which are richer as iron (% 1,5) than accustomed kaolinite minerals, are examined whether they are structural or surface iron by Mössbauer spectroscopy. For this aim, the sample?s three different heats (298K, 80K, 15K) of Mössbauer spectrums have been taken. It is determined that the sample exhibits a magnetic ordering at low temperatures and it is obtained that the iron is the structural iron, which is at form Fe+3 by using the features of isomer shift, quadrupol splitting and magnetic splitting. The obtained results have been supported by examining of the sample?s peaks positions at XRD pattern and by calculating of clay unit cell formula from the results af checical analysis.
- Published
- 2008
49. Formation and origin of clay minerals in the Eastern Black Sea Region
- Author
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KARAKAYA, Necati, KARAKAYA, Muazzez Çelik, and FAURE, Kevin
- Subjects
Doğu Karadeniz ,Kil ,Hidrotermal alterasyon ,hidrotermal alterasyon ,illit ,kil ,kaolinit ,montmorillonit ,Black Sea ,clay minerals ,hydrothermal alteration ,illite ,kaolinite ,montmorillonite ,İllit ,Black Sea,clay minerals,hydrothermal alteration,illite,kaolinite,montmorillonite ,Hydrothermal alteration ,Montmorillonit ,Clay minerals ,Kaolinite ,Doğu Karadeniz,hidrotermal alterasyon,illit,kil,kaolinit,montmorillonit ,Illite ,Kaolinit ,Montmorillonite - Abstract
URL: http://sujest.selcuk.edu.tr/sumbtd/article/view/89, Doğu Karadeniz provensi boyunca volkanojenik masif ve damar tip sülfit yatakları ile ilişkili durumda yaygın ve yoğun hidrotermal alterasyon gözlenmektedir. İnceleme alanından derlenen numuneler üzerinde tüm kaya ve kil numunelerinin X-ışınları difraksiyonu (XRD), taramalı elektron mikroskop (SEM) ve enerji dispersiv spektrometre (EDS) çalışmaları ve kimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Kil mineral toplulukları Geç Kretase volkanik kayaçları (bazaltik, andezitik, dasitik, riyodasitik ve riyolitik lavlar ve piroklastikler) içerisinde gözlenmiştir ve özellikle de Geç Kretase-Paleosen intrüzyonları ile ilişkilidir. Geç Kretase volkanizması den oluşmuştur. Volkanik kayaçların hidrotermal alterasyonu; propillitik, fillitik (serisitik) alterasyonlar, hematitleşme, silisleşme ve alunitleşme şeklinde gelişmiştir. Alunit, kaolinit, jips ve nabit sülfür yüksek sülfitleşme zonlarında, kaolinit ve silis polimorfları killeşme zonlarında ve serisit (illit) ise fillitik zonda gözlenmiştir. Bazı kaolinit oluşumları silis polimorfları ve kısmen illit içerirken, bazıları kaolinitler saf olup 5-30 cm lik bantlar halinde, beyazaçık yeşil renklidirler. İllit genellikle 2M politipinde olup kristalinitesi iyidir. İllitlerin oksijen izotop değerleri ‰ 6-8 (VSMOW) arasında olup, deniz suyundan yüksek sıcaklıklarda (200-300oC) oluştuğunu göstermektedir. Volkanik kayaçları içinde gözlenen, bindirme fayına paralel olarak gelişmiş 1-2 m genişlikteki bir zonda gözlenen hidrotermal, beyazımsı- çık yeşil renkli kaolinitin oksijen izotop değerleri ‰ 16-17 arasındadır ve bu değerlere göre muhtemelen deniz suyunun benzer değerleri ile denge halindeki 75- 100oC arasındaki sıcaklıklarda oluşmuştur. Alterasyon zonlarında genellikle Ca-montmorillonitten oluşan iki tür bentonit oluşumu belirlenmiştir. Yeşilimsi-sarımsı yeşil renkli olan birinci tür bentonit oluşumu hemen hemen saf montmorillonitten oluşurken, ikinci tür beyazımsı-pembe renkli olanlar az miktarda (%5-10) silis polimorfları içerir. Her iki tür bentonit oluşumunun oksijen izotop değerleri (‰ 23-29), bu bentonitlerin halmrolizle oluştuğunu gösterir. Ca-montmorillonit türü simektitlerde tabaka aralarında Na veya K bulunmasında bölgeler arasında bir farklılık gözlenmemiştir., Widespread and intensive hydrothermal alteration is associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide and vein type sulfide deposits are generally observed thought the Eastern Black Sea province. Samples were collected from many localities in the province for bulk-rock and clay fraction Xray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), dry chemical analyses were made. Clay mineral assemblages are observed in and around of Late Cretaceous volcanic rocks composed of basaltic, andesitic, dacitic, rhyodacitic and rhyolitic lavas and pyroclastics are often spatially associated with Late Cretaceous-Paleocene granitoid intrusion. Hydrothermal alteration of the volcanic rocks resulted in the formation of propylitic, phyllitic (seritic) and, argillic alteration along with hematite, silica polymorphs and, alunite mineralization. Alunite, kaolinite, gypsum, pyrite and native sulfur are abundant in high sulfidation zones, kaolinite and silica are abundant in the argillic alteration and sericite (illite) dominates in the phyllic alteration. Some of kaolinite occurrences are composed of kaolinite, silica polymorpps and partly illite. Other kaolinites were seen as veins and their thickness are between 5 to 30 cm and white to light green in color. Illite minerals are generally 2M polytype and their crystalinity are good. Oxygen isotope values of illite minerals range between 6 and 8 ‰ (V-SMOW) and suggest deposition from seawater at elevated temperatures (200-300 oC). Oxygen isotope values of the kaolinite veins range between 16 and 17 ‰. The veins were most likely formed at temperatures of 75 to 100 oC in equilibrium with water that has values similar to those of seawater (0 ‰). Two type of bentonite occurrences in the alteration were defined zones and generally contain Ca-montmorillonite. First type of the bentonite deposits which are greenish yellow colored consists of nearly pure montmorillonite whereas second type which is white to purple ones contain minor amounts of silica polymorphs (% 5-10) besides to Ca-montmorillonite. Oxygen isotope values of montmorillonite from the bentonite deposits range between 23 and 29 ‰ clear evidence of formation by halmyrolysis. Na and K are found in Ca-montmorillonites in generally all of bentonite occurrences.
- Published
- 2007
50. Investigation of Central Anatolia Aksaray-Guzelyurt region kaolinitic clays by FT-IR spectroscopy
- Author
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Davarcıoğlu, Burhan, Kayalı, Refik, and Sabire Yazıcı Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi
- Subjects
FT-IR ,Kaolinite ,Aksaray-Güzelyurt killeri ,Kaolinit ,Aksaray-Guzelyurt clays - Abstract
Orta Anadolu Bölgesi Aksaray ilinin güney doğusunda bulunan Güzelyurt çalışma alanından alınan kil örnekleri FT-IR spektroskopisi ile incelenmiştir. İlk önce, standart killer olan illit, karışık tabakalı illit-smektit, baydelit, kaolinit, klorit (ripidolit), nontronit, montmorillonit ve daha sonra standart killerle birlikte bulunabilecek diğer illit+kuvars+feldispat, kuvars+feldispat mineral topluluklarının infrared spektrumları alınmıştır. Alınan bu spektrumlar, Güzelyurt kil örnekleri için alınan spektrumlarla karşılaştırılarak her bir kil örneğinin içerdiği mineraller tespit edilmiştir. Buna göre, Güzelyurt kil profilinin alt, orta ve üst seviyeye ait örneklerinin FT-IR spektrumunda O-H, Al-Al- OH, Si-O-Al ve Si-O-Si grupları gözlenmiştir. Bunlara ilaveten, bu örneklerin kuvars, illit (T-O-T), kaolinit, amorf silis içerdikleri ve kil iskeletinin T-O ya da O-T yapılı oldukları saptanmıştır. Kil örneklerinin karışımmdaki ana kil minerali ise kaolinit olarak belirlenmiştir. Alt ve üst seviyelere ait killerde kaolinit mineralinin 3679, 3655, 3623, 942 ve 754 cm−1 deki karakteristik bandları gözlenirken, orta seviyeye ait killerde illit mineralinin 1030 ve 914 cm−1 deki karakteristik bandları gözlenmiştir., The clay specimens taken from Aksaray-Guzelyurt studied area taking place in the southeast part of Aksaray province in the Central Anatolia Region have been investigated by means of FT-IR spectroscopy. Firstly, the FT-IR spectra of the clays known as standard clays such as illite, mixed layered illite-smectite, beidellite, kaolinite, chlorite (ripidolite), nontronite, montmorillonite have been taken, and then the spectra of illite+quartz+feldspar, quartz+feldspar mineral associations have been taken together with the standard clays. Minerals in every clay sample have been determined by comparing the spectra of the samples mentioned above with the spectra of the clay samples taken from studied area. It has been observed that the existence of the O-H A1-A1-OH, Si-O-Al and Si-O-Si groups in the FT-IR spectrum measurements of the samples belonging to the lower, middle and upper levels of Güzelyurt clay profiles. In addition, it has been found that Güzelyurt clay samples included quartz, illite (T-O-T), kaolinite and amorf silica, and they have T-O or O-T structure. The main clay mineral in the clay samples is kaolinite. Characteristic bands of illite mineral in middle level clays have been observed at 1030 and 914 cm−1 while characteristic bands of kaolinite mineral in lower and upper levels clays are being observed at 3679, 3655, 3623, 942 and 754 cm−1.
- Published
- 2007
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