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Simple Summary: Since the U.S. National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) demonstrated the efficacy of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) for early lung cancer detection, LDCT has emerged as a critical tool for identifying lung cancer in high-risk populations. This retrospective study evaluates trends in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) staging at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH) from 2011 to 2020, with a particular focus on the effects of LDCT screening, which was introduced in 2013. We examined correlations between the number of LDCT screenings and NSCLC stage distribution, emphasizing early-stage (stages 0 and I) and late-stage (stage IV) diagnoses. Additionally, we assessed histopathological differences between adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma identified via LDCT and evaluated the impact of early diagnosis on five-year survival rates. Background: Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has been widely adopted for lung cancer screening due to its proven ability to reduce lung cancer mortality, especially among high-risk populations. Methods: This retrospective study aims to evaluate the impact of LDCT screening on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) staging at Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH) from 2011 to 2020, following the introduction of LDCT in 2013. The study examines the correlation between LDCT screening volume and changes in the distribution of NSCLC stages, particularly early-stage (stages 0 and I) and late-stage (stage IV) diagnoses. Additionally, it explores the differences in histopathological subtypes, focusing on adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, and assesses the impact of early detection on five-year survival rates. Results: The results show a significant increase in early-stage NSCLC diagnoses, particularly in adenocarcinoma cases, where early-stage diagnoses rose from 10.4% in 2010 to 38.7% in 2019. However, the number of stage IV cases remained stable, indicating that LDCT may not substantially reduce late-stage diagnoses. Pearson's correlation analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between LDCT screening and early-stage NSCLC detection, particularly for adenocarcinoma (p < 0.001), though the early detection of squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma remained limited. Conclusions: The study concludes that LDCT screening plays a crucial role in improving early NSCLC detection and five-year survival rates. Future research should focus on optimizing screening strategies to capture more at-risk populations and enhance the detection of harder-to-diagnose subtypes like squamous cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses two rare cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who developed the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) and BCR::ABL fusion oncogene after treatment with hypomethylation agents (HMA) and a BCL2 inhibitor. The first patient had a relapse of AML with clonal evolution of the Ph+ chromosome and BCR::ABL fusion after receiving azacitidine and venetoclax therapy. The second patient experienced a relapse of AML with the emergence of the Ph+ clone and BCR::ABL transcription after receiving azacytidine and venetoclax therapy. These cases suggest that the acquisition of the Ph+/BCR::ABL fusion after HMA and BCL2 inhibitor treatment may contribute to disease progression and poor prognosis in AML patients. Further research is needed to develop novel strategies for these patients. [Extracted from the article]

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma characterized by distinct subtypes and heterogeneous treatment outcomes. Oxidative stress and the dysregulation of related regulatory genes are prevalent in DLBCL, prompting an investigation into the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) signaling pathway and associated genes. The present study assessed pathological specimens and clinical data from 43 newly diagnosed patients with DLBCL, comparing the associations and correlations between the expression of Nrf2, Keap1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (LC3B) and nitrotyrosine and the activated B-cell (ABC) and germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtypes of DLBCL using immunohistochemistry and digital image analysis software. Nuclear Nrf2 activation was observed in 33.3% of patients with DLBCL ABC, demonstrating a higher prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, calcium ions and significant body weight loss (P<0.05). Total Nrf2 expression was associated with the DLBCL GCB subtype and inversely correlated with Keap1 expression in the DLBCL ABC subtype. Furthermore, a positive correlation was demonstrated between Nrf2 and LC3, indicating that total Nrf2 is inhibited by Keap1 and regulates LC3 expression. The ABC subtype was also associated with lower white blood cell counts and more frequent chemotherapy courses than the GCB subtype. These findings suggest that nuclear Nrf2 could be a biomarker for DLBCL clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]