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922 results on '"Kao, P.-C."'

1. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering explained: role of many-body correlation and mixed-valence fluctuations

Author

Kim, Beom Hyun, Lee, Sang-Jun, Huang, H., Lu, D., Hong, S. S., Lee, S., Abbamonte, P., Joe, Y. I., Szypryt, P., Doriese, W. B., Swetz, D. S., Ullom, J. N., Kao, C. -C., Lee, J. -S., and Kim, Bongjae

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering with magnetic circular dichroism (RIXS-MCD) provide unparalleled insights into the electronic and magnetic dynamics of complex materials. Yet, their spectra remain challenging to interpret due to intricate many-body interactions. Here, we introduce a theoretical framework based on the Anderson impurity model, fully incorporating charge transfer (CT) and core-valence exchange correlation (CVEC) effects. Using epitaxial ferromagnetic La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 film as a model system, we capture elusive spectral features, demonstrating the necessity of CT inclusion for resolving XMCD subpeaks and revealing the profound impact of CVEC on RIXS-MCD spectra. Our approach not only successfully mirrors experimental results but also opens new avenues for exploring spin, orbital, and charge excitations in 3d transition metals and other correlated materials.

Published
2024

2. Shared Autonomy with IDA: Interventional Diffusion Assistance

Author

McMahan, Brandon J., Peng, Zhenghao, Zhou, Bolei, and Kao, Jonathan C.

Subjects
Computer Science - Human-Computer Interaction, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Robotics
Abstract

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has unearthed the potential to assist humans in controlling advanced technologies. Shared autonomy (SA) facilitates control by combining inputs from a human pilot and an AI copilot. In prior SA studies, the copilot is constantly active in determining the action played at each time step. This limits human autonomy and may have deleterious effects on performance. In general, the amount of helpful copilot assistance can vary greatly depending on the task dynamics. We therefore hypothesize that human autonomy and SA performance improve through dynamic and selective copilot intervention. To address this, we develop a goal-agnostic intervention assistance (IA) that dynamically shares control by having the copilot intervene only when the expected value of the copilot's action exceeds that of the human's action across all possible goals. We implement IA with a diffusion copilot (termed IDA) trained on expert demonstrations with goal masking. We prove a lower bound on the performance of IA that depends on pilot and copilot performance. Experiments with simulated human pilots show that IDA achieves higher performance than pilot-only and traditional SA control in variants of the Reacher environment and Lunar Lander. We then demonstrate that IDA achieves better control in Lunar Lander with human-in-the-loop experiments. Human participants report greater autonomy with IDA and prefer IDA over pilot-only and traditional SA control. We attribute the success of IDA to preserving human autonomy while simultaneously offering assistance to prevent the human pilot from entering universally bad states., Comment: 10 pages, 4 main figures, 2 appendix figures

Published
2024

3. Reciprocal Reward Influence Encourages Cooperation From Self-Interested Agents

Author

Zhou, John L., Hong, Weizhe, and Kao, Jonathan C.

Subjects
Computer Science - Multiagent Systems, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Cooperation between self-interested individuals is a widespread phenomenon in the natural world, but remains elusive in interactions between artificially intelligent agents. Instead, naive reinforcement learning algorithms typically converge to Pareto-dominated outcomes in even the simplest of social dilemmas. An emerging literature on opponent shaping has demonstrated the ability to reach prosocial outcomes by influencing the learning of other agents. However, such methods differentiate through the learning step of other agents or optimize for meta-game dynamics, which rely on privileged access to opponents' learning algorithms or exponential sample complexity, respectively. To provide a learning rule-agnostic and sample-efficient alternative, we introduce Reciprocators, reinforcement learning agents which are intrinsically motivated to reciprocate the influence of opponents' actions on their returns. This approach seeks to modify other agents' $Q$-values by increasing their return following beneficial actions (with respect to the Reciprocator) and decreasing it after detrimental actions, guiding them towards mutually beneficial actions without directly differentiating through a model of their policy. We show that Reciprocators can be used to promote cooperation in temporally extended social dilemmas during simultaneous learning. Our code is available at https://github.com/johnlyzhou/reciprocator/., Comment: NeurIPS 2024

Published
2024

4. What Are Large Language Models Mapping to in the Brain? A Case Against Over-Reliance on Brain Scores

Author

Feghhi, Ebrahim, Hadidi, Nima, Song, Bryan, Blank, Idan A., and Kao, Jonathan C.

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
Abstract

Given the remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs), there has been a growing interest in evaluating their similarity to the human brain. One approach towards quantifying this similarity is by measuring how well a model predicts neural signals, also called "brain score". Internal representations from LLMs achieve state-of-the-art brain scores, leading to speculation that they share computational principles with human language processing. This inference is only valid if the subset of neural activity predicted by LLMs reflects core elements of language processing. Here, we question this assumption by analyzing three neural datasets used in an impactful study on LLM-to-brain mappings, with a particular focus on an fMRI dataset where participants read short passages. We first find that when using shuffled train-test splits, as done in previous studies with these datasets, a trivial feature that encodes temporal autocorrelation not only outperforms LLMs but also accounts for the majority of neural variance that LLMs explain. We therefore use contiguous splits moving forward. Second, we explain the surprisingly high brain scores of untrained LLMs by showing they do not account for additional neural variance beyond two simple features: sentence length and sentence position. This undermines evidence used to claim that the transformer architecture biases computations to be more brain-like. Third, we find that brain scores of trained LLMs on this dataset can largely be explained by sentence length, position, and pronoun-dereferenced static word embeddings; a small, additional amount is explained by sense-specific embeddings and contextual representations of sentence structure. We conclude that over-reliance on brain scores can lead to over-interpretations of similarity between LLMs and brains, and emphasize the importance of deconstructing what LLMs are mapping to in neural signals., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures in the main paper

Published
2024

5. Control of feeding by a bottom-up midbrain-subthalamic pathway

Author

Reis, Fernando M. C. V., Maesta-Pereira, Sandra, Ollivier, Matthias, Schuette, Peter J., Sethi, Ekayana, Miranda, Blake A., Iniguez, Emily, Chakerian, Meghmik, Vaughn, Eric, Sehgal, Megha, Nguyen, Darren C. T., Yuan, Faith T. H., Torossian, Anita, Ikebara, Juliane M., Kihara, Alexandre H., Silva, Alcino J., Kao, Jonathan C., Khakh, Baljit S., and Adhikari, Avishek

Published
2024
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7. A pilot study of closed-loop neuromodulation for treatment-resistant post-traumatic stress disorder.

Author

Gill, Jay L, Schneiders, Julia A, Stangl, Matthias, Aghajan, Zahra M, Vallejo, Mauricio, Hiller, Sonja, Topalovic, Uros, Inman, Cory S, Villaroman, Diane, Bari, Ausaf, Adhikari, Avishek, Rao, Vikram R, Fanselow, Michael S, Craske, Michelle G, Krahl, Scott E, Chen, James WY, Vick, Merit, Hasulak, Nicholas R, Kao, Jonathan C, Koek, Ralph J, Suthana, Nanthia, and Langevin, Jean-Philippe

Subjects
Amygdala, Animals, Humans, Pilot Projects, Emotions, Affect, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Male, Gastropoda, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Anxiety Disorders, Behavioral and Social Science, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Mind and Body, Neurosciences
Abstract

The neurophysiological mechanisms in the human amygdala that underlie post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remain poorly understood. In a first-of-its-kind pilot study, we recorded intracranial electroencephalographic data longitudinally (over one year) in two male individuals with amygdala electrodes implanted for the management of treatment-resistant PTSD (TR-PTSD) under clinical trial NCT04152993. To determine electrophysiological signatures related to emotionally aversive and clinically relevant states (trial primary endpoint), we characterized neural activity during unpleasant portions of three separate paradigms (negative emotional image viewing, listening to recordings of participant-specific trauma-related memories, and at-home-periods of symptom exacerbation). We found selective increases in amygdala theta (5-9 Hz) bandpower across all three negative experiences. Subsequent use of elevations in low-frequency amygdala bandpower as a trigger for closed-loop neuromodulation led to significant reductions in TR-PTSD symptoms (trial secondary endpoint) following one year of treatment as well as reductions in aversive-related amygdala theta activity. Altogether, our findings provide early evidence that elevated amygdala theta activity across a range of negative-related behavioral states may be a promising target for future closed-loop neuromodulation therapies in PTSD.

Published
2023

8. Characterization of photoinduced normal state through charge density wave in superconducting YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6.67}$

Author

Jang, H., Song, S., Kihara, T., Liu, Y., Lee, S. -J., Park, S. -Y., Kim, M., Kim, H. -D., Coslovich, G., Nakata, S., Kubota, Y., Inoue, I., Tamasaku, K., Yabashi, M., Lee, H., Song, C., Nojiri, H., Keimer, B., Kao, C. -C., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

The normal state of high-Tc cuprates has been considered one of the essential topics in high-temperature superconductivity research. However, compared to the high magnetic fields study of it, understanding a photoinduced normal state remains elusive. Here, we explore a photoinduced normal state of YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{6.67}$ (YBCO) through a charge density wave (CDW) with time-resolved resonant soft x-ray scattering, as well as a high-magnetic field x-ray scattering. In the non-equilibrium state in which people predict a quenched superconducting state based on the previous optical spectroscopies, we experimentally observed a similar analogy to the competition between superconductivity and CDW shown in the equilibrium state. We further observe that the broken pairing states in the superconducting CuO$_2$ plane via the optical pump lead to nucleation of three-dimensional CDW precursor correlation, revealing that the photoinduced CDW is similar to phenomena shown under magnetic fields. Ultimately, these findings provide a critical clue that the characteristics of the photoinduced normal state show a solid resemblance to those under magnetic fields in equilibrium conditions., Comment: 22 pages, 5 figures and Supplementary Materials with 6 pages, 9 figures

Published
2022
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9. Enhanced charge density wave with mobile superconducting vortices in La$_{1.885}$Sr$_{0.115}$CuO$_4$

Author

Wen, J. -J., He, W., Jang, H., Nojiri, H., Matsuzawa, S., Song, S., Chollet, M., Zhu, D., Liu, Y. -J., Fujita, M., Jiang, J. M., Rotundu, C. R., Kao, C. -C., Jiang, H. -C., Lee, J. -S., and Lee, Y. S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

Superconductivity in the cuprates is found to be intertwined with charge and spin density waves. Determining the interactions between the different types of order is crucial for understanding these important materials. Here, we elucidate the role of the charge density wave (CDW) in the prototypical cuprate La$_{1.885}$Sr$_{0.115}$CuO$_4$, by studying the effects of large magnetic fields ($H$) up to 24 Tesla. At low temperatures ($T$), the observed CDW peaks reveal two distinct regions in the material: a majority phase with short-range CDW coexisting with superconductivity, and a minority phase with longer-range CDW coexisting with static spin density wave (SDW). With increasing magnetic field, the CDW first grows smoothly in a manner similar to the SDW. However, at high fields we discover a sudden increase in the CDW amplitude upon entering the vortex-liquid state. Our results signify strong coupling of the CDW to mobile superconducting vortices and link enhanced CDW amplitude with local superconducting pairing across the $H-T$ phase diagram., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures

Published
2021

10. How Long-Term English Learners Perform on an English Language Proficiency Assessment during Grades 2 through 5: An Examination of Assessment Tasks and Features

Author

Shin, Nami, Kao, Jenny C., Keum, Eunhee, Sato, Edynn, and Choi, Kilchan

Abstract

Using two states' longitudinal data, this study tracked long-term English learner (LTEL) students' performance on an annual English language proficiency (ELP) assessment (the ELPA21) from their pre-LTEL period. We followed English learner (EL) students who were initially classified as EL students in Kindergarten or in Grade 1 until they reached Grade 5. We defined LTEL students as EL students who have not achieved English language proficiency after five years of their initial EL classification. We examined LTEL students' overall-, domain-, task-, and item-level performance in the ELPA21 and compared how their performances differed from non-LTEL students. We also identified features of items in the Grades 2 through 5 ELPA21 that were particularly challenging for LTEL students. LTEL students showed significantly lower proficiency and slower development in reading and writing than in listening and speaking domains in Grades 2 through 5, suggesting the need for strengthening elementary EL services and targeting instruction for EL students at risk of becoming LTEL students. In addition, findings suggest variability of task types and item features across grade levels that presented more challenges for LTEL students. The findings have implications for EL policies, programs, and instruction, especially for elementary EL students at risk of becoming LTEL students.

Published
2023
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11. GABAergic CA1 neurons are more stable following context changes than glutamatergic cells

Author

Schuette, Peter J, Ikebara, Juliane M, Maesta-Pereira, Sandra, Torossian, Anita, Sethi, Ekayana, Kihara, Alexandre H, Kao, Jonathan C, Reis, Fernando MCV, and Adhikari, Avishek

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Animals, CA1 Region, Hippocampal, Female, GABAergic Neurons, Hippocampus, Interneurons, Male, Mice, Pyramidal Cells
Abstract

The CA1 region of the hippocampus contains both glutamatergic pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons. Numerous reports have characterized glutamatergic CAMK2A cell activity, showing how these cells respond to environmental changes such as local cue rotation and context re-sizing. Additionally, the long-term stability of spatial encoding and turnover of these cells across days is also well-characterized. In contrast, these classic hippocampal experiments have never been conducted with CA1 GABAergic cells. Here, we use chronic calcium imaging of male and female mice to compare the neural activity of VGAT and CAMK2A cells during exploration of unaltered environments and also during exposure to contexts before and after rotating and changing the length of the context across multiple recording days. Intriguingly, compared to CAMK2A cells, VGAT cells showed decreased remapping induced by environmental changes, such as context rotations and contextual length resizing. However, GABAergic neurons were also less likely than glutamatergic neurons to remain active and exhibit consistent place coding across recording days. Interestingly, despite showing significant spatial remapping across days, GABAergic cells had stable speed encoding between days. Thus, compared to glutamatergic cells, spatial encoding of GABAergic cells is more stable during within-session environmental perturbations, but is less stable across days. These insights may be crucial in accurately modeling the features and constraints of hippocampal dynamics in spatial coding.

Published
2022

12. Synovial Sarcoma in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Report From the Children's Oncology Group ARST0332 Study

Author

Venkatramani, Rajkumar, Xue, Wei, Randall, R Lor, Wolden, Suzanne, Anderson, James, Lopez-Terrada, Dolores, Black, Jennifer, Kao, Simon C, Shulkin, Barry, Ostrenga, Andrew, Pappo, Alberto, and Spunt, Sheri L

Subjects
Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Patient Safety, Pediatric, Orphan Drug, Clinical Research, Rare Diseases, Cancer, Pediatric Research Initiative, Pediatric Cancer, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 4.2 Evaluation of markers and technologies, 6.5 Radiotherapy and other non-invasive therapies, Detection, screening and diagnosis, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Infant, Male, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Sarcoma, Synovial, Survival Rate, Young Adult, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract

PurposeSynovial sarcoma (SS) is the second most common malignant soft tissue tumor in children. ARST0332 evaluated a risk-based treatment strategy for young patients with soft tissue sarcoma designed to limit therapy for low-risk (LR) disease and to test neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for unresected higher-risk disease.MethodsNewly diagnosed patients with SS age < 30 years were assigned to four treatment arms based on disease features: A (surgery only), B (55.8 Gy radiotherapy [RT]), C (ifosfamide and doxorubicin [ID] chemotherapy plus 55.8 Gy RT), and D (neoadjuvant ID and 45 Gy RT, then surgery and RT boost based on margins followed by adjuvant ID). Patients treated in Arms A and B were considered LR, arms C and D without metastases as intermediate-risk (IR), and those with metastases as high-risk (HR).ResultsOf the 146 patients with SS enrolled, 138 were eligible and evaluable: LR (46), IR (71), and HR (21). Tumors were 80% extremity, 70% > 5 cm, 70% high-grade, 62% invasive, 95% deep, and 15% metastatic. Treatment was on arm A (29.7%), B (3.6%), C (16.7%), and D (50%). There were no toxic deaths and four unexpected grade 4 adverse events. By risk group, at a median follow-up of 6.8 years, estimated 5-year event-free survival was LR 82%, IR 70%, and HR 8%, and overall survival was LR 98%, IR 89%, and HR 13%. After accounting for the features that defined risk category, none of the other patient or disease characteristics (age, sex, tumor site, tumor invasiveness, and depth) improved the risk stratification model.ConclusionThe risk-based treatment strategy used in ARST0332 produced favorable outcomes in patients with nonmetastatic SS relative to historical controls despite using RT less frequently and at lower doses. The outcome for metastatic SS remains unsatisfactory and new therapies are urgently needed.

Published
2021

13. Two-dimensional superconducting fluctuations associated with charge density wave stripes in La$_{1.87}$Sr$_{0.13}$Cu$_{0.99}$Fe$_{0.01}$O$_4$

Author

Huang, H., Lee, S. -J., Ikeda, Y., Taniguchi, T., Takahama, M., Kao, C. -C., Fujita, M., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

The presence of a small concentration of in-plane Fe dopants in La$_{1.87}$Sr$_{0.13}$Cu$_{0.99}$Fe$_{0.01}$O$_4$ is known to enhance stripe-like spin and charge density wave (SDW and CDW) order, and suppress the superconducting $T_c$. Here, we show that it also induces highly two-dimensional (2D) superconducting correlations that have been argued to be signatures of a new form of superconducting order, so-called pair-density-wave (PDW) order. In addition, using the resonant soft x-ray scattering, we find that the 2D superconducting fluctuation is strongly associated with the CDW stripe. In particular, the PDW signature first appears when the correlation length of the CDW stripe grows over eight times the lattice unit ($\sim$ 8$a$). These results provide critical conditions for the formation of PDW order., Comment: Supplemental Material is available from the corresponding author (J.-S. Lee) upon request

Published
2021
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14. Usable Information and Evolution of Optimal Representations During Training

Author

Kleinman, Michael, Achille, Alessandro, Idnani, Daksh, and Kao, Jonathan C.

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Information Theory, Statistics - Machine Learning
Abstract

We introduce a notion of usable information contained in the representation learned by a deep network, and use it to study how optimal representations for the task emerge during training. We show that the implicit regularization coming from training with Stochastic Gradient Descent with a high learning-rate and small batch size plays an important role in learning minimal sufficient representations for the task. In the process of arriving at a minimal sufficient representation, we find that the content of the representation changes dynamically during training. In particular, we find that semantically meaningful but ultimately irrelevant information is encoded in the early transient dynamics of training, before being later discarded. In addition, we evaluate how perturbing the initial part of training impacts the learning dynamics and the resulting representations. We show these effects on both perceptual decision-making tasks inspired by neuroscience literature, as well as on standard image classification tasks., Comment: ICLR 2021

Published
2020

15. Detection of the Chiral Spin Structure in Ferromagnetic SrRuO$_3$ Thin Film

Author

Huang, H., Lee, S. -J., Kim, B., Sohn, B., Kim, C., Kao, C. -C., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

A SrRuO$_3$ (SRO) thin film and its heterostructure have brought much attention because of the recently demonstrated fascinating properties, such as topological Hall effect and skyrmions. Critical to the understanding of those SRO properties is the study of the spin configuration. Here, we conduct resonant soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) at oxygen K-edge to investigate the spin configuration of a 4 unit-cell SRO film that was grown epitaxially on a single crystal SrTiO$_3$. The RSXS signal under a magnetic field (~0.4 Tesla) clearly shows a magnetic dichroism pattern around the specular reflection. Model calculations on the RSXS signal demonstrate that the magnetic dichroism pattern originates from a N\'eel-type chiral spin structure in this SRO thin film. We believe that the observed spin structure of the SRO system is a critical piece of information for understanding its intriguing magnetic and transport properties.

Published
2020
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17. Local Control For High-Grade Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma Assigned to Radiation Therapy on ARST0332: A Report From the Childrens Oncology Group

Author

Million, Lynn, Hayes-Jordan, Andrea, Chi, Yueh-Yun, Donaldson, Sarah S, Wolden, Suzanne, Morris, Carol, Terezakis, Stephanie, Laurie, Fran, Morano, Karen, Fitzgerald, TJ, Yock, Torunn I, Rodeberg, David A, Anderson, James R, Speights, Rose Anne, Black, Jennifer O, Coffin, Cheryl, McCarville, Mary Beth, Kao, Simon C, Hawkins, Douglas S, Spunt, Sheri L, and Randall, R Lor

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Rare Diseases, Clinical Research, Patient Safety, Pediatric, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Pediatric Cancer, Cancer, 6.5 Radiotherapy and other non-invasive therapies, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Male, Neoplasm Grading, Research Design, Soft Tissue Neoplasms, Young Adult, Other Physical Sciences, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis, Theoretical and computational chemistry, Medical and biological physics
Abstract

PurposeThe ARST0332 trial for pediatric and young adults with nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS) used risk-based treatment including primary resection with lower-than-standard radiation doses to optimize local control (LC) while minimizing long-term toxicity in those requiring radiation therapy (RT). RT for high-grade NRSTS was based on extent of resection (R0: negative margins, R1: microscopic margins, R2/U: gross disease/unresectable); those with >5 cm tumors received chemotherapy (CT; ifosfamide/doxorubicin). This analysis evaluates LC for patients assigned to RT and prognostic factors associated with local recurrence (LR).Methods and materialsPatients aged 5 cm tumor (arm C); or neoadjuvant RT (45 Gy)/CT plus delayed surgery, CT, and postoperative boost to 10.8 Gy R0

Published
2021

18. Shared Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray Activation Patterns during Exposure to Innate and Conditioned Threats.

Author

Reis, Fernando MCV, Liu, Jinhan, Schuette, Peter J, Lee, Johannes Y, Maesta-Pereira, Sandra, Chakerian, Meghmik, Wang, Weisheng, Canteras, Newton S, Kao, Jonathan C, and Adhikari, Avishek

Subjects
Behavioral and Social Science, Mental Health, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Fear, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Periaqueductal Gray, anxiety, calcium imaging, decoding, fear, periaqueductal gray, predator, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract

The brainstem dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) has been widely recognized as being a vital node orchestrating the responses to innate threats. Intriguingly, recent evidence also shows that the dPAG mediates defensive responses to fear conditioned contexts. However, it is unknown whether the dPAG displays independent or shared patterns of activation during exposure to innate and conditioned threats. It is also unclear how dPAG ensembles encode and predict diverse defensive behaviors. To address this question, we used miniaturized microscopes to obtain recordings of the same dPAG ensembles during exposure to a live predator and a fear conditioned context in male mice. dPAG ensembles encoded not only distance to threat, but also relevant features, such as predator speed and angular offset between mouse and threat. Furthermore, dPAG cells accurately encoded numerous defensive behaviors, including freezing, stretch-attend postures, and escape. Encoding of behaviors and of distance to threat occurred independently in dPAG cells. dPAG cells also displayed a shared representation to encode these behaviors and distance to threat across innate and conditioned threats. Last, we also show that escape could be predicted by dPAG activity several seconds in advance. Thus, dPAG activity dynamically tracks key kinematic and behavioral variables during exposure to threats, and exhibits similar patterns of activation during defensive behaviors elicited by innate or conditioned threats. These data indicate that a common pathway may be recruited by the dPAG during exposure to a wide variety of threat modalities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) is critical to generate defensive behaviors during encounters with threats of multiple modalities. Here we use longitudinal calcium transient recordings of dPAG ensembles in freely moving mice to show that this region uses shared patterns of activity to represent distance to an innate threat (a live predator) and a conditioned threat (a shock grid). We also show that dPAG neural activity can predict diverse defensive behaviors. These data indicate the dPAG uses conserved population-level activity patterns to encode and coordinate defensive behaviors during exposure to both innate and conditioned threats.

Published
2021

19. Coordination of escape and spatial navigation circuits orchestrates versatile flight from threats

Author

Wang, Weisheng, Schuette, Peter J, Nagai, Jun, Tobias, Brooke Christine, Cuccovia V Reis, Fernando Midea, Ji, Shiyu, de Lima, Miguel AX, La-Vu, Mimi Q, Maesta-Pereira, Sandra, Chakerian, Meghmik, Leonard, Saskia J, Lin, Lilly, Severino, Amie L, Cahill, Catherine M, Canteras, Newton S, Khakh, Baljit S, Kao, Jonathan C, and Adhikari, Avishek

Subjects
Animals, Escape Reaction, Female, Hypothalamus, Posterior, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neural Pathways, Periaqueductal Gray, Rats, Rats, Long-Evans, Spatial Navigation, Thalamus, Dorsal premammillary nucleus, Dorsolateral periaqueductal gray, Escape, Fear, Panic, Predator, anterior medial ventral thalamus, calcium imaging, hypercapnia, optogenetics, Neurosciences, Psychology, Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract

Naturalistic escape requires versatile context-specific flight with rapid evaluation of local geometry to identify and use efficient escape routes. It is unknown how spatial navigation and escape circuits are recruited to produce context-specific flight. Using mice, we show that activity in cholecystokinin-expressing hypothalamic dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd-cck) cells is sufficient and necessary for context-specific escape that adapts to each environment's layout. In contrast, numerous other nuclei implicated in flight only induced stereotyped panic-related escape. We reasoned the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) can induce context-specific escape because it projects to escape and spatial navigation nuclei. Indeed, activity in PMd-cck projections to thalamic spatial navigation circuits is necessary for context-specific escape induced by moderate threats but not panic-related stereotyped escape caused by perceived asphyxiation. Conversely, the PMd projection to the escape-inducing dorsal periaqueductal gray projection is necessary for all tested escapes. Thus, PMd-cck cells control versatile flight, engaging spatial navigation and escape circuits.

Published
2021

20. Exploring Career-Readiness Features in High School Test Items through Cognitive Laboratory Interviews. CRESST Report 857

Author

National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST), Madni, Ayesha, Kao, Jenny C., Rivera, Nichole M., Baker, Eva L., and Cai, Li

Abstract

This report is the first in a series of five reports considering career-readiness features within high school assessments. Utilizing feature analysis and cognitive lab interviews, the primary objective of this study was to verify and validate the existence of specific career-readiness features in select math and English language arts (ELA) test items. Feature analysis is a method to characterize items and tasks by components, so that item design, revision, and instruction may benefit. Seventeen students representing three high schools in Southern California participated. Results from the preliminary feature analysis on four math and two ELA items indicated that each test item contained between eight and 13 career-readiness features. Results from the cognitive labs supported the presence of these features. That is, these features were either part of the problem-solving process, and/or were necessary to solve the problem correctly.

Published
2018

21. Validating Career-Readiness Features in High School Assessments. CRESST Report 860

Author

National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST), Kao, Jenny C., Rivera, Nichole M., Clemens, Brettany, and Cai, Li

Abstract

This report is the fourth in a series considering career-readiness factors within existing high school assessments. The primary goal of this study was to provide a preliminary validation of the career-readiness features identified in prior reports by exploring how different participant groups with different levels of experience in the career/vocational world perform on a selection of test items with high numbers of career-readiness features. Two exemplar careers, emergency medical technician (EMT) and web developer, were targeted for participation in this study. A total of 103 high school students, 111 community college students studying to become either EMTs or web developers, and 84 working EMTs or web developers participated in the study. A selection of ELA and math test items rated for career-readiness features were adapted into an 18-item test booklet. As expected, results indicated that workforce individuals scored significantly higher on the test than community college students, who in turn scored significantly higher on the test than high school students. These results suggest that having added experience in their field may lead to refining certain career-readiness skills found in high-school-level content-based assessments. Preparation for such assessments can help high school students prepare for college and/or a career, and inferences for both college and career readiness can be drawn from test performance.

Published
2018

22. Using Feature Analysis to Examine Career Readiness in High School Assessments. CRESST Report 858

Author

National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST), Kao, Jenny C., Choi, Kilchan, Rivera, Nichole M., Madni, Ayesha, and Cai, Li

Abstract

This report is the second in a series considering career-readiness features within high school assessments. Experts in English language arts and math were trained to rate a selection of active Grade 8 and Grade 11 Smarter Balanced items using feature set lists that were refined within the items' respective content areas (30 features for ELA items; 22 features for math items). A total of 264 ELA items and 186 math items were rated. ELA items contained between three and 13 career-readiness features, with an average of 6.0. The most frequent features were importance of being exact or accurate, written comprehension, time sharing, deductive reasoning, and reading comprehension. Math items contained between two and 15 career-readiness features, with an average of 7.8. The most frequent features were deductive reasoning, analyzing data or information, reading comprehension, number facility, and processing information. Feature ratings of the target items were analyzed with item metadata difficulty parameters in order to explore relationships between features and item difficulty. A number of career-readiness features showed associations with item difficulty, notably, reading comprehension for Grade 8 math and deductive reasoning for Grade 11 ELA. Because career-readiness features can be used to explain item difficulty, results suggest that such features are prevalent in content-based assessments, and inferences for career readiness can thus be drawn from test performance.

Published
2018

23. Career-Readiness Features in Korean Assessment Items. CRESST Report 859

Author

National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing (CRESST), Choi, Kilchan, Kao, Jenny C., Rivera, Nichole M., and Cai, Li

Abstract

This report is the third in a series considering career-readiness features within high school assessments. The goal of this study was to explore international comparisons by applying feature analysis to Korean assessment items. Twenty math test items from the Gyeonggi Province in South Korea along with performance data from roughly 4,000 Grade 12 examinees were obtained. We applied the process of feature rating and analyses explained in the first two reports in this series to the Korean assessment items. Math test items were translated and rated using the same scheme as the American items by the same math expert raters. While the mathematics content differed from the American test, career-readiness features were also found in this small set of items. Korean math items shared similar patterns of feature representation with Smarter Balanced items, with the exception of a couple of features (e.g., critical thinking and visualization were rated more frequently among Korean items). Critical thinking was positively associated with item difficulty. It is possible that the type of math content (e.g., calculus) plays a role, which should be explored in future studies with larger sets of test items, different math content, and other international data sets.

Published
2018

24. Dorsal premammillary projection to periaqueductal gray controls escape vigor from innate and conditioned threats

Author

Wang, Weisheng, Schuette, Peter J, La-Vu, Mimi Q, Torossian, Anita, Tobias, Brooke C, Ceko, Marta, Kragel, Philip A, Reis, Fernando MCV, Ji, Shiyu, Sehgal, Megha, Maesta-Pereira, Sandra, Chakerian, Meghmik, Silva, Alcino J, Canteras, Newton S, Wager, Tor, Kao, Jonathan C, and Adhikari, Avishek

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Adult, Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain Mapping, Cholecystokinin, Conditioning, Psychological, Escape Reaction, Fear, Female, Humans, Hypothalamus, Posterior, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Neural Pathways, Optogenetics, Periaqueductal Gray, Photic Stimulation, Rats, Long-Evans, Time Factors, Video Recording, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Mice, Rats, periaqueductal gray, dorsal premammillary nucleus, predator, panic, fear, escape, Mouse, mouse, neuroscience, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

Escape from threats has paramount importance for survival. However, it is unknown if a single circuit controls escape vigor from innate and conditioned threats. Cholecystokinin (cck)-expressing cells in the hypothalamic dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd) are necessary for initiating escape from innate threats via a projection to the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG). We now show that in mice PMd-cck cells are activated during escape, but not other defensive behaviors. PMd-cck ensemble activity can also predict future escape. Furthermore, PMd inhibition decreases escape speed from both innate and conditioned threats. Inhibition of the PMd-cck projection to the dlPAG also decreased escape speed. Intriguingly, PMd-cck and dlPAG activity in mice showed higher mutual information during exposure to innate and conditioned threats. In parallel, human functional magnetic resonance imaging data show that a posterior hypothalamic-to-dlPAG pathway increased activity during exposure to aversive images, indicating that a similar pathway may possibly have a related role in humans. Our data identify the PMd-dlPAG circuit as a central node, controlling escape vigor elicited by both innate and conditioned threats.

Published
2021

25. Dorsal Periaqueductal gray ensembles represent approach and avoidance states

Author

Reis, Fernando MCV, Lee, Johannes Y, Maesta-Pereira, Sandra, Schuette, Peter J, Chakerian, Meghmik, Liu, Jinhan, La-Vu, Mimi Q, Tobias, Brooke C, Ikebara, Juliane M, Kihara, Alexandre Hiroaki, Canteras, Newton S, Kao, Jonathan C, and Adhikari, Avishek

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Prevention, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Animals, Avoidance Learning, Elevated Plus Maze Test, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Periaqueductal Gray, behavioral states, calcium imaging, elevated plus maze, fear, mouse, neuroscience, periaqueductal gray, predator, Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

Animals must balance needs to approach threats for risk assessment and to avoid danger. The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) controls defensive behaviors, but it is unknown how it represents states associated with threat approach and avoidance. We identified a dPAG threatavoidance ensemble in mice that showed higher activity farther from threats such as the open arms of the elevated plus maze and a predator. These cells were also more active during threat avoidance behaviors such as escape and freezing, even though these behaviors have antagonistic motor output. Conversely, the threat approach ensemble was more active during risk assessment behaviors and near threats. Furthermore, unsupervised methods showed that avoidance/approach states were encoded with shared activity patterns across threats. Lastly, the relative number of cells in each ensemble predicted threat avoidance across mice. Thus, dPAG ensembles dynamically encode threat approach and avoidance states, providing a flexible mechanism to balance risk assessment and danger avoidance.

Published
2021

26. Redundant Information Neural Estimation

Author

Kleinman, Michael, Achille, Alessandro, Soatto, Stefano, and Kao, Jonathan C

Subjects
Mathematical Sciences, Physical Sciences, Neurosciences, redundant information, usable information, Partial Information Decomposition, Fluids & Plasmas, Mathematical sciences, Physical sciences
Abstract

We introduce the Redundant Information Neural Estimator (RINE), a method that allows efficient estimation for the component of information about a target variable that is common to a set of sources, known as the "redundant information". We show that existing definitions of the redundant information can be recast in terms of an optimization over a family of functions. In contrast to previous information decompositions, which can only be evaluated for discrete variables over small alphabets, we show that optimizing over functions enables the approximation of the redundant information for high-dimensional and continuous predictors. We demonstrate this on high-dimensional image classification and motor-neuroscience tasks.

Published
2021

27. Long-term characterization of hippocampal remapping during contextual fear acquisition and extinction

Author

Schuette, Peter J, Reis, Fernando MCV, Maesta-Pereira, Sandra, Chakerian, Meghmik, Torossian, Anita, Blair, Garrett J, Wang, Weisheng, Blair, Hugh T, Fanselow, Michael S, Kao, Jonathan C, and Adhikari, Avishek

Subjects
Mental Health, Neurosciences, Behavioral and Social Science, Neurological, Animals, Avoidance Learning, Behavior, Animal, CA1 Region, Hippocampal, Calcium Signaling, Extinction, Psychological, Fear, Female, Hippocampus, Male, Mice, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Neurons, calcium imaging, contextual fear conditioning, hippocampus, miniaturized microscope, place cell, remapping, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery
Abstract

Hippocampal CA1 place cell spatial maps are known to alter their firing properties in response to contextual fear conditioning, a process called "remapping." In the present study, we use chronic calcium imaging to examine remapping during fear retrieval and extinction of an inhibitory avoidance task in mice of both sexes over an extended period of time and with thousands of neurons. We demonstrate that hippocampal ensembles encode space at a finer scale following fear memory acquisition. This effect is strongest near the shock grid. We also characterize the long-term effects of shock on place cell ensemble stability, demonstrating that shock delivery induces several days of high fear and low between-session place field stability, followed by a new, stable spatial representation that appears after fear extinction. Finally, we identify a novel group of CA1 neurons that robustly encode freeze behavior independently from spatial location. Thus, following fear acquisition, hippocampal CA1 place cells sharpen their spatial tuning and dynamically change spatial encoding stability throughout fear learning and extinction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The hippocampus contains place cells that encode an animal's location. This spatial code updates, or remaps, in response to environmental change. It is known that contextual fear can induce such remapping; in the present study, we use chronic calcium imaging to examine inhibitory avoidance-induced remapping over an extended period of time and with thousands of neurons and demonstrate that hippocampal ensembles encode space at a finer scale following electric shock, an effect which is enhanced by threat proximity. We also identify a novel group of freeze behavior-activated neurons. These results suggest that, more than merely shuffling their spatial code following threat exposure, place cells enhance their spatial coding with the possible benefit of improved threat localization.

Published
2020

28. Pathological response in children and adults with large unresected intermediate-grade or high-grade soft tissue sarcoma receiving preoperative chemoradiotherapy with or without pazopanib (ARST1321): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial

Author

Weiss, Aaron R, Chen, Yen-Lin, Scharschmidt, Thomas J, Chi, Yueh-Yun, Tian, Jing, Black, Jennifer O, Davis, Jessica L, Fanburg-Smith, Julie C, Zambrano, Eduardo, Anderson, James, Arens, Robin, Binitie, Odion, Choy, Edwin, Davis, Justin W, Hayes-Jordan, Andrea, Kao, Simon C, Kayton, Mark L, Kessel, Sandy, Lim, Ruth, Meyer, William H, Million, Lynn, Okuno, Scott H, Ostrenga, Andrew, Parisi, Marguerite T, Pryma, Daniel A, Randall, R Lor, Rosen, Mark A, Schlapkohl, Mary, Shulkin, Barry L, Smith, Ethan A, Sorger, Joel I, Terezakis, Stephanie, Hawkins, Douglas S, Spunt, Sheri L, and Wang, Dian

Subjects
Pediatric, Pediatric Cancer, Cancer, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Clinical Research, Adolescent, Adult, Antineoplastic Agents, Chemoradiotherapy, Chemotherapy, Adjuvant, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Indazoles, Male, Middle Aged, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Pyrimidines, Radiotherapy, Adjuvant, Sarcoma, Soft Tissue Neoplasms, Sulfonamides, Young Adult, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract

BackgroundOutcomes for children and adults with advanced soft tissue sarcoma are poor with traditional therapy. We investigated whether the addition of pazopanib to preoperative chemoradiotherapy would improve pathological near complete response rate compared with chemoradiotherapy alone.MethodsIn this joint Children's Oncology Group and NRG Oncology multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial, we enrolled eligible adults (aged ≥18 years) and children (aged between 2 and 16 years) performance status score of at least 70. Patients received ifosfamide (2·5 g/m2 per dose intravenously on days 1-3 with mesna) and doxorubicin (37·5 mg/m2 per dose intravenously on days 1-2) with 45 Gy preoperative radiotherapy, followed by surgical resection at week 13. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using a web-based system, in an unmasked manner, to receive oral pazopanib (if patients

Published
2020

29. MR Imaging Correlates for Molecular and Mutational Analyses in Children with Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma

Author

Jaimes, C, Vajapeyam, S, Brown, D, Kao, P-C, Ma, C, Greenspan, L, Gupta, N, Goumnerova, L, Bandopahayay, P, Dubois, F, Greenwald, NF, Zack, T, Shapira, O, Beroukhim, R, Ligon, KL, Chi, S, Kieran, MW, Wright, KD, and Poussaint, TY

Subjects
Cancer, Brain Disorders, Brain Cancer, Rare Diseases, Biomedical Imaging, Clinical Research, Neurosciences, Adolescent, Brain Stem Neoplasms, Child, Child, Preschool, DNA Mutational Analysis, Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma, ErbB Receptors, Female, Histones, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mutation, Neuroimaging, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Clinical Sciences, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging
Abstract

Background and purposeRecent advances in molecular techniques have characterized distinct subtypes of diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas. Our aim was the identification of MR imaging correlates of these subtypes.Materials and methodsInitial MRIs from subjects with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas recruited for a prospective clinical trial before treatment were analyzed. Retrospective imaging analyses included FLAIR/T2 tumor volume, tumor volume enhancing, the presence of cyst and/or necrosis, median, mean, mode, skewness, kurtosis of ADC tumor volume based on FLAIR, and enhancement at baseline. Molecular subgroups based on EGFR and MGMT mutations were established. Histone mutations were also determined (H3F3A, HIST1H3B, HIST1H3C). Univariate Cox proportional hazards regression was used to test the association of imaging predictors with overall and progression-free survival. Wilcoxon rank sum, Kruskal-Wallis, and Fisher exact tests were used to compare imaging measures among groups.ResultsFifty patients had biopsy and MR imaging. The median age at trial registration was 6 years (range, 3.3-17.5 years); 52% were female. On the basis of immunohistochemical results, 48 patients were assigned to 1 of 4 subgroups: 28 in MGMT-/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-, 14 in MGMT-/EGFR+, 3 in MGMT+/EGFR-, and 3 in MGMT+/EGFR+. Twenty-three patients had histone mutations in H3F3A, 8 in HIST1H3B, and 3 in HIST1H3C. Enhancing tumor volume was near-significantly different across molecular subgroups (P = .04), after accounting for the false discovery rate. Tumor volume enhancing, median, mode, skewness, and kurtosis ADC T2-FLAIR/T2 were significantly different (P ≤ .048) between patients with H3F3A and HIST1H3B/C mutations.ConclusionsMR imaging features including enhancement and ADC histogram parameters are correlated with molecular subgroups and mutations in children with diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas.

Published
2020

30. Mean field theory of short range order in strongly correlated low dimensional electronic systems

Author

Rosenstein, Baruch, Li, Dingping, Ma, Tianxing, and Kao, H. C.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

Mean field approach, although a generally reliable tool that captures major short range correlations, often fails in symmetric low dimensional strongly correlated electronic systems like those described by the Hubbard model. In these situations a symmetry is \almost broken". The problem is linked to the restoration of the symmetry due to strong uctuations (both quantum and thermal) on all scales. The restoration of symmetry in statistical models of scalar \order parameter" fields was treated recently successfully on the gaussian approximation level by symmetrization of the correlators. Here the idea is extended to fermionic systems in which the order parameter is composite. Furthermore the precision of the correlators can be improved perturbatively. Such a scheme (based on covariant gaussian approximation) is demonstrated on the 1D and 2D one band Hubbard models by comparison of the correlator with exact diagonalization and MC simulations respectively., Comment: 18 pages, 8 figures

Published
2019
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31. Observation of two types of charge density wave orders in superconducting La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$

Author

Wen, J. -J., Huang, H., Lee, S. -J., Jang, H., Knight, J., Lee, Y. S., Fujita, M., Suzuki, K. M., Asano, S., Kivelson, S. A., Kao, C. -C., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

The discovery of charge- and spin-density-wave (CDW/SDW) orders in superconducting cuprates has altered our perspective on the nature of high-temperature superconductivity (SC). However, it has proven difficult to fully elucidate the relationship between the density wave orders and SC. Here using resonant soft X-ray scattering we study the archetypal cuprate, La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ (LSCO) over a broad doping range. We reveal the existence of two types of CDW orders in LSCO, namely CDW stripe order and CDW short-range order (SRO). While the CDW-SRO is suppressed by SC, it is partially transformed into the CDW stripe order with developing SDW stripe order near the superconducting $T_{\rm c}$. These findings indicate that the stripe orders and SC are inhomogeneously distributed in the superconducting CuO$_2$ planes of LSCO. This further suggests a new perspective on the putative pair-density-wave order that coexists with SC, SDW, and CDW orders., Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures

Published
2018
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32. Coincident onset of charge density wave order at a quantum critical point in underdoped YBCO

Author

Jang, H., Lee, W. -S., Song, S., Nojiri, H., Matsuzawa, S., Yasumura, H., Huang, H., Liu, Y. -J., Porras, J., Minola, M., Keimer, B., Hastings, J., Zhu, D., Devereaux, T. P., Shen, Z. -X., Kao, C. -C., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity
Abstract

The recently demonstrated x-ray scattering approach using a free electron laser with a high field pulsed magnet has opened new opportunities to explore the charge density wave (CDW) order in cuprate high temperature superconductors. Using this approach, we substantially degrade the superconductivity with magnetic fields up to 33 T to investigate the onset of CDW order in YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_x$ at low temperatures near a putative quantum critical point (QCP) at $p_1\sim $ 0.08 holes per Cu. We find no CDW can be detected in a sample with a doping concentration less than $p_1$. Our results indicate that the onset of the CDW ground state lies inside the zero-field superconducting dome, and broken translational symmetry is associated with the putative QCP at $p_1$, Comment: 4 figures

Published
2018
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33. Understanding Spin Configuration in the Geometrically Frustrated Magnet TbB$_{4}$: a Resonant Soft X-ray Scattering Study

Author

Huang, H., Jang, H., Kang, B. Y., Cho, B. K., Kao, C-C, Liu, Y. -J., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

The frustrated magnet has been regarded as a system that could be a promising host material for the quantum spin liquid (QSL). However, it is difficult to determine the spin configuration and the corresponding mechanism in this system, because of its geometrical frustration (i.e., crystal structure and symmetry). Herein, we systematically investigate one of the geometrically frustrated magnets, the TbB$_{4}$ compound. Using resonant soft x-ray scattering (RSXS), we explored its spin configuration, as well as Tb's quadrupole. Comprehensive evaluations of the temperature and photon energy / polarization dependences of the RSXS signals reveal the mechanism of spin reorientation upon cooling down, which is the sophisticated interplay between the Tb spin and the crystal symmetry rather than its orbit (quadrupole). Our results and their implications would further shed a light on the search for possible realization of QSL.

Published
2018
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34. A risk-based treatment strategy for non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcomas in patients younger than 30 years (ARST0332): a Children's Oncology Group prospective study

Author

Spunt, Sheri L, Million, Lynn, Chi, Yueh-Yun, Anderson, James, Tian, Jing, Hibbitts, Emily, Coffin, Cheryl, McCarville, M Beth, Randall, R Lor, Parham, David M, Black, Jennifer O, Kao, Simon C, Hayes-Jordan, Andrea, Wolden, Suzanne, Laurie, Fran, Speights, Roseanne, Kawashima, Ellen, Skapek, Stephen X, Meyer, William, Pappo, Alberto S, and Hawkins, Douglas S

Subjects
Clinical Research, Patient Safety, Pediatric Cancer, Cancer, Digestive Diseases, Rare Diseases, Pediatric, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, 6.5 Radiotherapy and other non-invasive therapies, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Adolescent, Adult, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Chemoradiotherapy, Adjuvant, Child, Child, Preschool, Combined Modality Therapy, Doxorubicin, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Ifosfamide, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Prognosis, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sarcoma, Surgical Procedures, Operative, Survival Rate, Young Adult, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis
Abstract

BackgroundTumour grade, tumour size, resection potential, and extent of disease affect outcome in paediatric non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcoma (NRSTS), but no risk stratification systems exist and the standard of care is poorly defined. We developed a risk stratification system from known prognostic factors and assessed it in the context of risk-adapted therapy for young patients with NRSTS.MethodsIn this prospective study, eligible patients enrolled in 159 hospitals in three countries were younger than 30 years, had a Lansky (patients ≤16 years) or Karnofsky (patients >16 years) performance status score of at least 50, and a new diagnosis of a WHO (2002 criteria) intermediate (rarely metastasising) or malignant soft-tissue tumour (apart from tumour types eligible for other Children's Oncology Group studies and tumours for which the therapy in this trial was deemed inappropriate), malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour, non-metastatic and grossly resected dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver, or unclassified malignant soft-tissue sarcoma. Each patient was assigned to one of three risk groups and one of four treatment groups. Risk groups were: low (non-metastatic R0 or R1 low-grade, or ≤5 cm R1 high-grade tumour); intermediate (non-metastatic R0 or R1 >5 cm high-grade, or unresected tumour of any size or grade); or high (metastatic tumour). The treatment groups were surgery alone, radiotherapy (55·8 Gy), chemoradiotherapy (chemotherapy and 55·8 Gy radiotherapy), and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (chemotherapy and 45 Gy radiotherapy, then surgery and radiotherapy boost based on margins with continued chemotherapy). Chemotherapy included six cycles of ifosfamide 3 g/m2 per dose intravenously on days 1-3 and five cycles of doxorubicin 37·5 mg/m2 per dose intravenously on days 1-2 every 3 weeks with sequence adjusted on the basis of timing of surgery or radiotherapy. The primary outcomes were event-free survival, overall survival, and the pattern of treatment failure. Analysis was done per protocol. This study has been completed and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00346164.FindingsBetween Feb 5, 2007, and Feb 10, 2012, 550 eligible patients were enrolled, of whom 21 were treated in the incorrect group and excluded from this analysis. 529 evaluable patients were included in the analysis: low-risk (n=222), intermediate-risk (n=227), high-risk (n=80); surgery alone (n=205), radiotherapy (n=17), chemoradiotherapy (n=111), and neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (n=196). At a median follow-up of 6·5 years (IQR 4·9-7·9), 5-year event-free survival and overall survival were: 88·9% (95% CI 84·0-93·8) and 96·2% (93·2-99·2) in the low-risk group; 65·0% (58·2-71·8) and 79·2% (73·4-85·0) in the intermediate-risk group; and 21·2% (11·4-31·1) and 35·5% (23·6-47·4) in the high-risk group, respectively. Risk group predicted event-free survival and overall survival (p

Published
2020

35. Clinical features and outcomes of young patients with epithelioid sarcoma: an analysis from the Children's Oncology Group and the European paediatric soft tissue Sarcoma Study Group prospective clinical trials

Author

Spunt, Sheri L, Francotte, Nadine, De Salvo, Gian Luca, Chi, Yueh-Yun, Zanetti, Ilaria, Hayes–Jordan, Andrea, Kao, Simon C, Orbach, Daniel, Brennan, Bernadette, Weiss, Aaron R, van Noesel, Max M, Million, Lynn, Alaggio, Rita, Parham, David M, Kelsey, Anna, Randall, R Lor, McCarville, M Beth, Bisogno, Gianni, Hawkins, Douglas S, and Ferrari, Andrea

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer, Pediatric, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Clinical Research, Patient Safety, 6.5 Radiotherapy and other non-invasive therapies, 6.4 Surgery, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Adolescent, Adult, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols, Child, Child, Preschool, Combined Modality Therapy, Disease-Free Survival, Doxorubicin, Female, Humans, Ifosfamide, Male, Neoadjuvant Therapy, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Prospective Studies, Retrospective Studies, Sarcoma, Soft Tissue Neoplasms, Young Adult, Epithelioid sarcoma, Paediatric, Soft tissue sarcoma, Public Health and Health Services, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Oncology and carcinogenesis
Abstract

BackgroundData on the clinical features, optimal treatment and outcomes of paediatric patients with epithelioid sarcoma (ES) are limited and mostly retrospective.MethodsA subset analysis of ES patients

Published
2019

36. Superconductivity-insensitive order at $q$~1/4 in electron doped cuprates

Author

Jang, H., Asano, S., Fujita, M., Hashimoto, M., Lu, D. H., Burns, C. A., Kao, C. -C., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

One of the central questions in the cuprate research is the nature of the "normal state" which develops into high temperature superconductivity (HTSC). In the normal state of hole-doped cuprates, the existence of charge density wave (CDW) is expected to shed light on the mechanism of HTSC. With evidence emerging for CDW order in the electron-doped cuprates, the CDW would be thought to be a universal phenomenon in high-$T_c$ cuprates. However, the CDW phenomena in electron-doped cuprate are quite different than those in hole-doped cuprates. Here we study the nature of the putative CDW in an electron-doped cuprate through direct comparisons between as-grown and post-annealed Nd$_{1.86}$Ce$_{0.14}$CuO$_4$ (NCCO) single crystals using Cu $L_3$-edge resonant soft x-ray scattering (RSXS) and angle resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). The RSXS result reveals that the non-superconducting NCCO shows the same reflections at the wavevector (~1/4, 0, $l$) as like the reported superconducting NCCO. This superconductivity-insensitive signal is quite different with the characteristics of the CDW reflection in hole-doped cuprates. Moreover, the ARPES result suggests that the fermiology cannot account for such wavevector. These results call into question the universality of CDW phenomenon in the cuprates., Comment: 18 pages, 4 figures, 5 pages of Supplemental Material

Published
2017
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37. Modification of structural disorder by hydrostatic-pressure in superconducting YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{6.73}$ cuprate

Author

Huang, H., Jang, H., Fujita, M., Nishizaki, T., Lin, Y., Wang, J., Ying, J., Smith, J. S., Kenney-Benson, C., Shen, G., Mao, W., Kao, C. -C., Liu, Y. -J., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

Compelling efforts to improve the critical temperature ($T_{c}$) of superconductors have been made through high-pressure application. Understanding the underlying mechanism behind such improvements is critically important, however, much remains unclear. Here we studied ortho-III YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{6.73}$ (YBCO) using x-ray scattering under hydrostatic-pressure (HP) up to ~6.0 GPa. We found the reinforced oxygen order (OO) of YBCO under HP, revealing an oxygen rearrangement in the Cu-O layer, which evidently shows the charge transfer phenomenon between the CuO$_{2}$ plane and Cu-O layer. Concurrently, we also observed no disorder-pinned charge density wave (CDW) signature in CuO$_{2}$ plane under HP. This indicates that the oxygen rearrangement modifies the quenched disorder state in the CuO$_{2}$ plane. Using these results, we appropriately explain why pressure-condition can achieve higher $T_{c}$ compared with the optimal $T_{c}$ under ambient pressure in YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{6+x}$. As an implication of these results, finally, we have discussed that the change in disorder could make it easier for YBa$_{2}$Cu$_{3}$O$_{6+x}$ to undergo a transition to the nematic order under an external magnetic field., Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures

Published
2017
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38. Publisher Correction: Brain-machine interface cursor position only weakly affects monkey and human motor cortical activity in the absence of arm movements

Author

Stavisky, Sergey D, Kao, Jonathan C, Nuyujukian, Paul, Pandarinath, Chethan, Blabe, Christine, Ryu, Stephen I, Hochberg, Leigh R, Henderson, Jaimie M, and Shenoy, Krishna V

Subjects
Information and Computing Sciences, Machine Learning
Abstract

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.

Published
2019

39. Inferring single-trial neural population dynamics using sequential auto-encoders

Author

Pandarinath, Chethan, O’Shea, Daniel J, Collins, Jasmine, Jozefowicz, Rafal, Stavisky, Sergey D, Kao, Jonathan C, Trautmann, Eric M, Kaufman, Matthew T, Ryu, Stephen I, Hochberg, Leigh R, Henderson, Jaimie M, Shenoy, Krishna V, Abbott, LF, and Sussillo, David

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Bioengineering, Networking and Information Technology R&D (NITRD), Neurosciences, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, 1.1 Normal biological development and functioning, Action Potentials, Algorithms, Animals, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Neurological, Motor Cortex, Neurons, Population Dynamics, Primates, Technology, Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental Biology, Biological sciences
Abstract

Neuroscience is experiencing a revolution in which simultaneous recording of thousands of neurons is revealing population dynamics that are not apparent from single-neuron responses. This structure is typically extracted from data averaged across many trials, but deeper understanding requires studying phenomena detected in single trials, which is challenging due to incomplete sampling of the neural population, trial-to-trial variability, and fluctuations in action potential timing. We introduce latent factor analysis via dynamical systems, a deep learning method to infer latent dynamics from single-trial neural spiking data. When applied to a variety of macaque and human motor cortical datasets, latent factor analysis via dynamical systems accurately predicts observed behavioral variables, extracts precise firing rate estimates of neural dynamics on single trials, infers perturbations to those dynamics that correlate with behavioral choices, and combines data from non-overlapping recording sessions spanning months to improve inference of underlying dynamics.

Published
2018

40. Physician Perception of Pay Fairness and its Association with Work Satisfaction, Intent to Leave Practice, and Personal Health

Author

Kao, Audiey C, Jager, Andrew J, Koenig, Barbara A, Moller, Arlen C, Tutty, Michael A, Williams, Geoffrey C, and Wright, Scott M

Subjects
Health Services and Systems, Public Health, Health Sciences, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Behavioral and Social Science, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Aging, Clinical Research, Career Choice, Female, Health Status, Humans, Job Satisfaction, Male, Perception, Personnel Turnover, Physicians, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, Surveys and Questionnaires, pay fairness, physician well-being, physician workforce, Clinical Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Clinical sciences, Health services and systems, Public health
Abstract

BackgroundPrimary care physicians generally earn less than specialists. Studies of other occupations have identified perception of pay fairness as a predictor of work- and life-related outcomes. We evaluated whether physicians' pay fairness perceptions were associated with their work satisfaction, turnover intention, and personal health.MethodsThree thousand five hundred eighty-nine physicians were surveyed. Agreement with "my total compensation is fair" was used to assess pay fairness perceptions. Total compensation was self-reported, and we used validated measures of work satisfaction, likelihood of leaving current practice, and health status. Hierarchical logistic regressions were used to assess the associations between pay fairness perceptions and work/life-related outcomes.ResultsA total of 2263 physicians completed surveys. Fifty-seven percent believed their compensation was fair; there was no difference between physicians in internal medicine and non-primary care specialties (P = 0.58). Eighty-three percent were satisfied at work, 70% reported low likelihood of leaving their practice, and 77% rated their health as very good or excellent. Higher compensation levels were associated with greater work satisfaction and lower turnover intention, but most associations became statistically non-significant after adjusting for pay fairness perceptions. Perceived pay fairness was associated with greater work satisfaction (OR, 4.90; 95% CI, 3.94-6.08; P

Published
2018

42. Erratum to: Searches for long-lived charged particles in pp collisions at s = 7 and 8 TeV

Author

Chatrchyan, S., Khachatryan, V., Sirunyan, A. M., Tumasyan, A., Adam, W., Bergauer, T., Dragicevic, M., Erö, J., Fabjan, C., Friedl, M., Frühwirth, R., Ghete, V. M., Hörmann, N., Hrubec, J., Jeitler, M., Kiesenhofer, W., Knünz, V., Krammer, M., Krätschmer, I., Liko, D., Mikulec, I., Rabady, D., Rahbaran, B., Rohringer, C., Rohringer, H., Schöfbeck, R., Strauss, J., Taurok, A., Treberer-Treberspurg, W., Waltenberger, W., Wulz, C.-E., Mossolov, V., Shumeiko, N., Suarez Gonzalez, J., Alderweireldt, S., Bansal, M., Bansal, S., Cornelis, T., De Wolf, E. A., Janssen, X., Knutsson, A., Luyckx, S., Mucibello, L., Ochesanu, S., Roland, B., Rougny, R., Van Haevermaet, H., Van Mechelen, P., Van Remortel, N., Van Spilbeeck, A., Blekman, F., Blyweert, S., D’Hondt, J., Kalogeropoulos, A., Keaveney, J., Maes, M., Olbrechts, A., Tavernier, S., Van Doninck, W., Van Mulders, P., Van Onsem, G. P., Villella, I., Clerbaux, B., De Lentdecker, G., Favart, L., Gay, A. P. R., Hreus, T., Léonard, A., Marage, P. E., Mohammadi, A., Perniè, L., Reis, T., Seva, T., Thomas, L., Vander Velde, C., Vanlaer, P., Wang, J., Adler, V., Beernaert, K., Benucci, L., Cimmino, A., Costantini, S., Dildick, S., Garcia, G., Klein, B., Lellouch, J., Marinov, A., Mccartin, J., Ocampo Rios, A. A., Ryckbosch, D., Sigamani, M., Strobbe, N., Thyssen, F., Tytgat, M., Walsh, S., Yazgan, E., Zaganidis, N., Basegmez, S., Beluffi, C., Bruno, G., Castello, R., Caudron, A., Ceard, L., Delaere, C., du Pree, T., Favart, D., Forthomme, L., Giammanco, A., Hollar, J., Jez, P., Lemaitre, V., Liao, J., Militaru, O., Nuttens, C., Pagano, D., Pin, A., Piotrzkowski, K., Popov, A., Selvaggi, M., Vizan Garcia, J. M., Beliy, N., Caebergs, T., Daubie, E., Hammad, G. H., Alves, G. A., Correa Martins Junior, M., Martins, T., Pol, M. E., Souza, M. H. G., Aldá Júnior, W. L., Carvalho, W., Chinellato, J., Custódio, A., Da Costa, E. M., De Jesus Damiao, D., De Oliveira Martins, C., Fonseca De Souza, S., Malbouisson, H., Malek, M., Matos Figueiredo, D., Mundim, L., Nogima, H., Prado Da Silva, W. L., Santoro, A., Sznajder, A., Tonelli Manganote, E. J., Vilela Pereira, A., Bernardes, C. A., Dias, F. A., Fernandez Perez Tomei, T. R., Gregores, E. M., Lagana, C., Marinho, F., Mercadante, P. G., Novaes, S. F., Padula, Sandra S., Genchev, V., Iaydjiev, P., Piperov, S., Rodozov, M., Sultanov, G., Vutova, M., Dimitrov, A., Hadjiiska, R., Kozhuharov, V., Litov, L., Pavlov, B., Petkov, P., Bian, J. G., Chen, G. M., Chen, H. S., Jiang, C. H., Liang, D., Liang, S., Meng, X., Tao, J., Wang, J., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Xiao, H., Xu, M., Asawatangtrakuldee, C., Ban, Y., Guo, Y., Li, W., Liu, S., Mao, Y., Qian, S. J., Teng, H., Wang, D., Zhang, L., Zou, W., Avila, C., Carrillo Montoya, C. A., Gomez, J. P., Gomez Moreno, B., Sanabria, J. C., Godinovic, N., Lelas, D., Plestina, R., Polic, D., Puljak, I., Antunovic, Z., Kovac, M., Brigljevic, V., Duric, S., Kadija, K., Luetic, J., Mekterovic, D., Morovic, S., Tikvica, L., Attikis, A., Mavromanolakis, G., Mousa, J., Nicolaou, C., Ptochos, F., Razis, P. A., Finger, M., Finger, Jr., M., Assran, Y., Ellithi Kamel, A., Mahmoud, M. A., Mahrous, A., Radi, A., Kadastik, M., Müntel, M., Murumaa, M., Raidal, M., Rebane, L., Tiko, A., Eerola, P., Fedi, G., Voutilainen, M., Härkönen, J., Karimäki, V., Kinnunen, R., Kortelainen, M. J., Lampén, T., Lassila-Perini, K., Lehti, S., Lindén, T., Luukka, P., Mäenpää, T., Peltola, T., Tuominen, E., Tuominiemi, J., Tuovinen, E., Wendland, L., Korpela, A., Tuuva, T., Besancon, M., Choudhury, S., Couderc, F., Dejardin, M., Denegri, D., Fabbro, B., Faure, J. L., Ferri, F., Ganjour, S., Givernaud, A., Gras, P., Hamel de Monchenault, G., Jarry, P., Locci, E., Malcles, J., Millischer, L., Nayak, A., Rander, J., Rosowsky, A., Titov, M., Baffioni, S., Beaudette, F., Benhabib, L., Bianchini, L., Bluj, M., Busson, P., Charlot, C., Daci, N., Dahms, T., Dalchenko, M., Dobrzynski, L., Florent, A., Granier de Cassagnac, R., Haguenauer, M., Miné, P., Mironov, C., Naranjo, I. N., Nguyen, M., Ochando, C., Paganini, P., Sabes, D., Salerno, R., Sirois, Y., Veelken, C., Zabi, A., Agram, J.-L., Andrea, J., Bloch, D., Bodin, D., Brom, J.-M., Chabert, E. 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A., Sonnenschein, L., Steggemann, J., Teyssier, D., Thüer, S., Weber, M., Cherepanov, V., Erdogan, Y., Flügge, G., Geenen, H., Geisler, M., Haj Ahmad, W., Hoehle, F., Kargoll, B., Kress, T., Kuessel, Y., Lingemann, J., Nowack, A., Nugent, I. M., Perchalla, L., Pooth, O., Stahl, A., Aldaya Martin, M., Asin, I., Bartosik, N., Behr, J., Behrenhoff, W., Behrens, U., Bergholz, M., Bethani, A., Borras, K., Burgmeier, A., Cakir, A., Calligaris, L., Campbell, A., Costanza, F., Diez Pardos, C., Dooling, S., Dorland, T., Eckerlin, G., Eckstein, D., Flucke, G., Geiser, A., Glushkov, I., Gunnellini, P., Habib, S., Hauk, J., Hellwig, G., Jung, H., Kasemann, M., Katsas, P., Kleinwort, C., Kluge, H., Krämer, M., Krücker, D., Kuznetsova, E., Lange, W., Leonard, J., Lipka, K., Lohmann, W., Lutz, B., Mankel, R., Marfin, I., Melzer-Pellmann, I.-A., Meyer, A. B., Mnich, J., Mussgiller, A., Naumann-Emme, S., Novgorodova, O., Nowak, F., Olzem, J., Perrey, H., Petrukhin, A., Pitzl, D., Placakyte, R., Raspereza, A., Ribeiro Cipriano, P. M., Riedl, C., Ron, E., Sahin, M. Ö., Salfeld-Nebgen, J., Schmidt, R., Schoerner-Sadenius, T., Sen, N., Stein, M., Walsh, R., Wissing, C., Blobel, V., Enderle, H., Erfle, J., Gebbert, U., Görner, M., Gosselink, M., Haller, J., Heine, K., Höing, R. S., Kaussen, G., Kirschenmann, H., Klanner, R., Kogler, R., Lange, J., Marchesini, I., Peiffer, T., Pietsch, N., Rathjens, D., Sander, C., Schettler, H., Schleper, P., Schlieckau, E., Schmidt, A., Schröder, M., Schum, T., Seidel, M., Sibille, J., Sola, V., Stadie, H., Steinbrück, G., Thomsen, J., Troendle, D., Vanelderen, L., Barth, C., Baus, C., Berger, J., Böser, C., Chwalek, T., De Boer, W., Descroix, A., Dierlamm, A., Feindt, M., Guthoff, M., Hackstein, C., Hartmann, F., Hauth, T., Heinrich, M., Held, H., Hoffmann, K. H., Husemann, U., Katkov, I., Komaragiri, J. R., Kornmayer, A., Lobelle Pardo, P., Martschei, D., Mueller, S., Müller, Th., Niegel, M., Nürnberg, A., Oberst, O., Ott, J., Quast, G., Rabbertz, K., Ratnikov, F., Röcker, S., Schilling, F.-P., Schott, G., Simonis, H. J., Stober, F. M., Ulrich, R., Wagner-Kuhr, J., Wayand, S., Weiler, T., Zeise, M., Anagnostou, G., Daskalakis, G., Geralis, T., Kesisoglou, S., Kyriakis, A., Loukas, D., Markou, A., Markou, C., Ntomari, E., Gouskos, L., Mertzimekis, T. J., Panagiotou, A., Saoulidou, N., Stiliaris, E., Aslanoglou, X., Evangelou, I., Flouris, G., Foudas, C., Kokkas, P., Manthos, N., Papadopoulos, I., Paradas, E., Bencze, G., Hajdu, C., Hidas, P., Horvath, D., Radics, B., Sikler, F., Veszpremi, V., Vesztergombi, G., Zsigmond, A. J., Beni, N., Czellar, S., Molnar, J., Palinkas, J., Szillasi, Z., Karancsi, J., Raics, P., Trocsanyi, Z. L., Ujvari, B., Beri, S. B., Bhatnagar, V., Dhingra, N., Gupta, R., Kaur, M., Mehta, M. Z., Mittal, M., Nishu, N., Saini, L. K., Sharma, A., Singh, J. B., Kumar, Ashok, Kumar, Arun, Ahuja, S., Bhardwaj, A., Choudhary, B. C., Malhotra, S., Naimuddin, M., Ranjan, K., Saxena, P., Sharma, V., Shivpuri, R. K., Banerjee, S., Bhattacharya, S., Chatterjee, K., Dutta, S., Gomber, B., Jain, Sa., Jain, Sh., Khurana, R., Modak, A., Mukherjee, S., Roy, D., Sarkar, S., Sharan, M., Abdulsalam, A., Dutta, D., Kailas, S., Kumar, V., Mohanty, A. K., Pant, L. M., Shukla, P., Topkar, A., Aziz, T., Chatterjee, R. M., Ganguly, S., Ghosh, S., Guchait, M., Gurtu, A., Kole, G., Kumar, S., Maity, M., Majumder, G., Mazumdar, K., Mohanty, G. B., Parida, B., Sudhakar, K., Wickramage, N., Banerjee, S., Dugad, S., Arfaei, H., Bakhshiansohi, H., Etesami, S. M., Fahim, A., Hesari, H., Jafari, A., Khakzad, M., Mohammadi Najafabadi, M., Paktinat Mehdiabadi, S., Safarzadeh, B., Zeinali, M., Grunewald, M., Abbrescia, M., Barbone, L., Calabria, C., Chhibra, S. S., Colaleo, A., Creanza, D., De Filippis, N., De Palma, M., Fiore, L., Iaselli, G., Maggi, G., Maggi, M., Marangelli, B., My, S., Nuzzo, S., Pacifico, N., Pompili, A., Pugliese, G., Selvaggi, G., Silvestris, L., Singh, G., Venditti, R., Verwilligen, P., Zito, G., Abbiendi, G., Benvenuti, A. C., Bonacorsi, D., Braibant-Giacomelli, S., Brigliadori, L., Campanini, R., Capiluppi, P., Castro, A., Cavallo, F. R., Cuffiani, M., Dallavalle, G. M., Fabbri, F., Fanfani, A., Fasanella, D., Giacomelli, P., Grandi, C., Guiducci, L., Marcellini, S., Masetti, G., Meneghelli, M., Montanari, A., Navarria, F. L., Odorici, F., Perrotta, A., Primavera, F., Rossi, A. M., Rovelli, T., Siroli, G. P., Tosi, N., Travaglini, R., Albergo, S., Chiorboli, M., Costa, S., Giordano, F., Potenza, R., Tricomi, A., Tuve, C., Barbagli, G., Ciulli, V., Civinini, C., D’Alessandro, R., Focardi, E., Frosali, S., Gallo, E., Gonzi, S., Gori, V., Lenzi, P., Meschini, M., Paoletti, S., Sguazzoni, G., Tropiano, A., Benussi, L., Bianco, S., Fabbri, F., Piccolo, D., Fabbricatore, P., Musenich, R., Tosi, S., Benaglia, A., De Guio, F., Di Matteo, L., Fiorendi, S., Gennai, S., Ghezzi, A., Govoni, P., Lucchini, M. T., Malvezzi, S., Manzoni, R. A., Martelli, A., Menasce, D., Moroni, L., Paganoni, M., Pedrini, D., Ragazzi, S., Redaelli, N., Tabarelli de Fatis, T., Buontempo, S., Cavallo, N., De Cosa, A., Fabozzi, F., Iorio, A. O. M., Lista, L., Meola, S., Merola, M., Paolucci, P., Azzi, P., Bacchetta, N., Bisello, D., Branca, A., Carlin, R., Checchia, P., Dorigo, T., Dosselli, U., Galanti, M., Gasparini, F., Gasparini, U., Giubilato, P., Gozzelino, A., Gulmini, M., Kanishchev, K., Lacaprara, S., Lazzizzera, I., Margoni, M., Maron, G., Meneguzzo, A. T., Pazzini, J., Pozzobon, N., Ronchese, P., Simonetto, F., Torassa, E., Tosi, M., Vanini, S., Zotto, P., Zucchetta, A., Zumerle, G., Gabusi, M., Ratti, S. P., Riccardi, C., Vitulo, P., Biasini, M., Bilei, G. M., Fanò, L., Lariccia, P., Mantovani, G., Menichelli, M., Nappi, A., Romeo, F., Saha, A., Santocchia, A., Spiezia, A., Androsov, K., Azzurri, P., Bagliesi, G., Boccali, T., Broccolo, G., Castaldi, R., D’Agnolo, R. T., Dell’Orso, R., Fiori, F., Foà, L., Giassi, A., Kraan, A., Ligabue, F., Lomtadze, T., Martini, L., Messineo, A., Palla, F., Rizzi, A., Serban, A. T., Spagnolo, P., Squillacioti, P., Tenchini, R., Tonelli, G., Venturi, A., Verdini, P. 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C., Park, S., Ryu, G., Choi, Y., Choi, Y. K., Goh, J., Kim, M. S., Kwon, E., Lee, B., Lee, J., Lee, S., Seo, H., Yu, I., Grigelionis, I., Juodagalvis, A., Castilla-Valdez, H., De La Cruz-Burelo, E., Heredia-de La Cruz, I., Lopez-Fernandez, R., Martínez-Ortega, J., Sanchez-Hernandez, A., Villasenor-Cendejas, L. M., Carrillo Moreno, S., Vazquez Valencia, F., Salazar Ibarguen, H. A., Casimiro Linares, E., Morelos Pineda, A., Reyes-Santos, M. A., Krofcheck, D., Bell, A. J., Butler, P. H., Doesburg, R., Reucroft, S., Silverwood, H., Ahmad, M., Asghar, M. I., Butt, J., Hoorani, H. R., Khalid, S., Khan, W. A., Khurshid, T., Qazi, S., Shah, M. A., Shoaib, M., Bialkowska, H., Boimska, B., Frueboes, T., Górski, M., Kazana, M., Nawrocki, K., Romanowska-Rybinska, K., Szleper, M., Wrochna, G., Zalewski, P., Brona, G., Bunkowski, K., Cwiok, M., Dominik, W., Doroba, K., Kalinowski, A., Konecki, M., Krolikowski, J., Misiura, M., Wolszczak, W., Almeida, N., Bargassa, P., David, A., Faccioli, P., Ferreira Parracho, P. G., Gallinaro, M., Rodrigues Antunes, J., Seixas, J., Varela, J., Vischia, P., Bunin, P., Gavrilenko, M., Golutvin, I., Gorbunov, I., Kamenev, A., Karjavin, V., Konoplyanikov, V., Kozlov, G., Lanev, A., Malakhov, A., Matveev, V., Moisenz, P., Palichik, V., Perelygin, V., Shmatov, S., Skatchkov, N., Smirnov, V., Zarubin, A., Evstyukhin, S., Golovtsov, V., Ivanov, Y., Kim, V., Levchenko, P., Murzin, V., Oreshkin, V., Smirnov, I., Sulimov, V., Uvarov, L., Vavilov, S., Vorobyev, A., Vorobyev, An., Andreev, Yu., Dermenev, A., Gninenko, S., Golubev, N., Kirsanov, M., Krasnikov, N., Pashenkov, A., Tlisov, D., Toropin, A., Epshteyn, V., Erofeeva, M., Gavrilov, V., Lychkovskaya, N., Popov, V., Safronov, G., Semenov, S., Spiridonov, A., Stolin, V., Vlasov, E., Zhokin, A., Andreev, V., Azarkin, M., Dremin, I., Kirakosyan, M., Leonidov, A., Mesyats, G., Rusakov, S. V., Vinogradov, A., Belyaev, A., Boos, E., Bunichev, V., Dubinin, M., Dudko, L., Ershov, A., Gribushin, A., Klyukhin, V., Kodolova, O., Lokhtin, I., Markina, A., Obraztsov, S., Savrin, V., Snigirev, A., Azhgirey, I., Bayshev, I., Bitioukov, S., Kachanov, V., Kalinin, A., Konstantinov, D., Krychkine, V., Petrov, V., Ryutin, R., Sobol, A., Tourtchanovitch, L., Troshin, S., Tyurin, N., Uzunian, A., Volkov, A., Adzic, P., Ekmedzic, M., Krpic, D., Milosevic, J., Aguilar-Benitez, M., Alcaraz Maestre, J., Battilana, C., Calvo, E., Cerrada, M., Chamizo Llatas, M., Colino, N., De La Cruz, B., Delgado Peris, A., Domínguez Vázquez, D., Fernandez Bedoya, C., Fernández Ramos, J. P., Ferrando, A., Flix, J., Fouz, M. C., Garcia-Abia, P., Gonzalez Lopez, O., Goy Lopez, S., Hernandez, J. M., Josa, M. I., Merino, G., Navarro De Martino, E., Puerta Pelayo, J., Quintario Olmeda, A., Redondo, I., Romero, L., Santaolalla, J., Soares, M. S., Willmott, C., Albajar, C., de Trocóniz, J. F., Brun, H., Cuevas, J., Fernandez Menendez, J., Folgueras, S., Gonzalez Caballero, I., Lloret Iglesias, L., Piedra Gomez, J., Brochero Cifuentes, J. A., Cabrillo, I. J., Calderon, A., Chuang, S. H., Duarte Campderros, J., Fernandez, M., Gomez, G., Gonzalez Sanchez, J., Graziano, A., Jorda, C., Lopez Virto, A., Marco, J., Marco, R., Martinez Rivero, C., Matorras, F., Munoz Sanchez, F. J., Rodrigo, T., Rodríguez-Marrero, A. Y., Ruiz-Jimeno, A., Scodellaro, L., Vila, I., Vilar Cortabitarte, R., Abbaneo, D., Auffray, E., Auzinger, G., Bachtis, M., Baillon, P., Ball, A. H., Barney, D., Bendavid, J., Benitez, J. F., Bernet, C., Bianchi, G., Bloch, P., Bocci, A., Bonato, A., Bondu, O., Botta, C., Breuker, H., Camporesi, T., Cerminara, G., Christiansen, T., Coarasa Perez, J. A., Colafranceschi, S., d’Enterria, D., Dabrowski, A., De Roeck, A., De Visscher, S., Di Guida, S., Dobson, M., Dupont-Sagorin, N., Elliott-Peisert, A., Eugster, J., Funk, W., Georgiou, G., Giffels, M., Gigi, D., Gill, K., Giordano, D., Girone, M., Giunta, M., Glege, F., Gomez-Reino Garrido, R., Gowdy, S., Guida, R., Hammer, J., Hansen, M., Harris, P., Hartl, C., Hinzmann, A., Innocente, V., Janot, P., Karavakis, E., Kousouris, K., Krajczar, K., Lecoq, P., Lee, Y.-J., Lourenço, C., Magini, N., Malberti, M., Malgeri, L., Mannelli, M., Masetti, L., Meijers, F., Mersi, S., Meschi, E., Moser, R., Mulders, M., Musella, P., Nesvold, E., Orsini, L., Palencia Cortezon, E., Perez, E., Perrozzi, L., Petrilli, A., Pfeiffer, A., Pierini, M., Pimiä, M., Piparo, D., Plagge, M., Polese, G., Quertenmont, L., Racz, A., Reece, W., Rolandi, G., Rovelli, C., Rovere, M., Sakulin, H., Santanastasio, F., Schäfer, C., Schwick, C., Segoni, I., Sekmen, S., Sharma, A., Siegrist, P., Silva, P., Simon, M., Sphicas, P., Spiga, D., Stoye, M., Tsirou, A., Veres, G. 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R., Jeong, C., Kovitanggoon, K., Lee, S. W., Libeiro, T., Volobouev, I., Appelt, E., Delannoy, A. G., Greene, S., Gurrola, A., Johns, W., Maguire, C., Mao, Y., Melo, A., Sharma, M., Sheldon, P., Snook, B., Tuo, S., Velkovska, J., Arenton, M. W., Boutle, S., Cox, B., Francis, B., Goodell, J., Hirosky, R., Ledovskoy, A., Lin, C., Neu, C., Wood, J., Gollapinni, S., Harr, R., Karchin, P. E., Kottachchi Kankanamge Don, C., Lamichhane, P., Sakharov, A., Anderson, M., Belknap, D. A., Borrello, L., Carlsmith, D., Cepeda, M., Dasu, S., Friis, E., Grogg, K. S., Grothe, M., Hall-Wilton, R., Herndon, M., Hervé, A., Kaadze, K., Klabbers, P., Klukas, J., Lanaro, A., Lazaridis, C., Loveless, R., Mohapatra, A., Mozer, M. U., Ojalvo, I., Pierro, G. A., Ross, I., Savin, A., Smith, W. H., and Swanson, J.

Published
2022
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44. Covariant gaussian approximation in Ginzburg - Landau model

Author

Wang, J. F., Li, Dingping, Kao, H. C., and Rosenstein, B.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Superconductivity
Abstract

Condensed matter systems undergoing second order transition away from the critical fluctuation region are usually described sufficiently well by the mean field approximation. The critical fluctuation region, determined by the Ginzburg criterion, $\left \vert T/T_{c}-1\right \vert \ll Gi$, is narrow even in high $T_{c}$ superconductors and has universal features well captured by the renormalization group method. However recent experiments on magnetization, conductivity and Nernst effect suggest that fluctuations effects are large in a wider region both above and below $T_{c}$. In particular some "pseudogap" phenomena and strong renormalization of the mean field critical temperature $T_{mf}$ can be interpreted as strong fluctuations effects that are nonperturbative (cannot be accounted for by "gaussian fluctuations"). The physics in a broader region therefore requires more accurate approach. Self consistent methods are generally "non - conserving" in the sense that the Ward identities are not obeyed. This is especially detrimental in the symmetry broken phase where, for example, Goldstone bosons become massive. Covariant gaussian approximation remedies these problems. The Green's functions obey all the Ward identities and describe the fluctuations much better. The results for the order parameter correlator and magnetic penetration depth of the Ginzburg - Landau model of superconductivity are compared with both Monte Carlo simulations and experiments in high $T_{c}$ cuprates., Comment: 24 pages, 7 figures

Published
2016
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45. Making brain-machine interfaces robust to future neural variability

Author

Sussillo, David, Stavisky, Sergey D., Kao, Jonathan C., Ryu, Stephen I., and Shenoy, Krishna V.

Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition, Statistics - Machine Learning
Abstract

A major hurdle to clinical translation of brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) is that current decoders, which are trained from a small quantity of recent data, become ineffective when neural recording conditions subsequently change. We tested whether a decoder could be made more robust to future neural variability by training it to handle a variety of recording conditions sampled from months of previously collected data as well as synthetic training data perturbations. We developed a new multiplicative recurrent neural network BMI decoder that successfully learned a large variety of neural-to- kinematic mappings and became more robust with larger training datasets. When tested with a non-human primate preclinical BMI model, this decoder was robust under conditions that disabled a state-of-the-art Kalman filter based decoder. These results validate a new BMI strategy in which accumulated data history is effectively harnessed, and may facilitate reliable daily BMI use by reducing decoder retraining downtime., Comment: D.S., S.D.S., and J.C.K. contributed equally to this work

Published
2016
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46. Ideal charge density wave order in the high-field state of superconducting YBCO

Author

Jang, H., Lee, W. -S., Nojiri, H., Matsuzawa, S., Yasumura, H., Nie, L., Maharaj, A. V., Gerber, S., Liu, Y., Mehta, A., Bonn, D. A., Liang, R., Hardy, W. N., Burns, C. A., Islam, Z., Song, S., Hastings, J., Devereaux, T. P., Shen, Z. -X., Kivelson, S. A., Kao, C. -C., Zhu, D., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

The existence of charge density wave (CDW) correlations in cuprate superconductors has now been established. However, the nature of the ground state order has remained uncertain because disorder and the presence of superconductivity typically limit the CDW correlation lengths to a dozen unit cells or less. Here we explore the CDW correlations in YBa2Cu3Ox (YBCO) ortho-II and ortho-VIII crystals, which belong to the cleanest available cuprate family, at magnetic fields in excess of the resistive upper critical field (Hc2) where the superconductivity is heavily suppressed. We find an incommensurate, unidirectional CDW with a well-defined onset at a critical field strength that is proportional to Hc2. It is related to but distinct from the short-range bidirectional CDW that exists at zero magnetic field. The unidirectional CDW possesses a long inplane correlation length as well as significant correlations between neighboring CuO2 planes, yielding a correlation volume that is at least 2 - 3 orders of magnitude larger than that of the zero-field CDW. This is by far the largest CDW correlation volume observed in any cuprate crystal and so is presumably representative of the high-field ground-state of an "ideal" disorder-free cuprate.

Published
2016
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47. Brain-machine interface cursor position only weakly affects monkey and human motor cortical activity in the absence of arm movements

Author

Stavisky, Sergey D, Kao, Jonathan C, Nuyujukian, Paul, Pandarinath, Chethan, Blabe, Christine, Ryu, Stephen I, Hochberg, Leigh R, Henderson, Jaimie M, and Shenoy, Krishna V

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Information and Computing Sciences, Machine Learning, Psychology, Rehabilitation, Clinical Research, Assistive Technology, Bioengineering, Neurosciences, Neurological, Animals, Arm, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Humans, Macaca mulatta, Male, Motor Cortex, Movement, Paralysis, Time Factors
Abstract

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that decode movement intentions should ignore neural modulation sources distinct from the intended command. However, neurophysiology and control theory suggest that motor cortex reflects the motor effector's position, which could be a nuisance variable. We investigated motor cortical correlates of BMI cursor position with or without concurrent arm movement. We show in two monkeys that subtracting away estimated neural correlates of position improves online BMI performance only if the animals were allowed to move their arm. To understand why, we compared the neural variance attributable to cursor position when the same task was performed using arm reaching, versus arms-restrained BMI use. Firing rates correlated with both BMI cursor and hand positions, but hand positional effects were greater. To examine whether BMI position influences decoding in people with paralysis, we analyzed data from two intracortical BMI clinical trial participants and performed an online decoder comparison in one participant. We found only small motor cortical correlates, which did not affect performance. These results suggest that arm movement and proprioception are the major contributors to position-related motor cortical correlates. Cursor position visual feedback is therefore unlikely to affect the performance of BMI-driven prosthetic systems being developed for people with paralysis.

Published
2018

48. Augmenting intracortical brain-machine interface with neurally driven error detectors

Author

Even-Chen, Nir, Stavisky, Sergey D, Kao, Jonathan C, Ryu, Stephen I, and Shenoy, Krishna V

Subjects
Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Assistive Technology, Neurosciences, Bioengineering, Neurological, Acoustic Stimulation, Action Potentials, Animals, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Electrodes, Implanted, Macaca mulatta, Male, Motor Cortex, Photic Stimulation, Principal Component Analysis, Support Vector Machine, error detection, motor cortex, non-human primates, brain-computer interface, Clinical Sciences, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

ObjectiveMaking mistakes is inevitable, but identifying them allows us to correct or adapt our behavior to improve future performance. Current brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) make errors that need to be explicitly corrected by the user, thereby consuming time and thus hindering performance. We hypothesized that neural correlates of the user perceiving the mistake could be used by the BMI to automatically correct errors. However, it was unknown whether intracortical outcome error signals were present in the premotor and primary motor cortices, brain regions successfully used for intracortical BMIs.ApproachWe report here for the first time a putative outcome error signal in spiking activity within these cortices when rhesus macaques performed an intracortical BMI computer cursor task.Main resultsWe decoded BMI trial outcomes shortly after and even before a trial ended with 96% and 84% accuracy, respectively. This led us to develop and implement in real-time a first-of-its-kind intracortical BMI error 'detect-and-act' system that attempts to automatically 'undo' or 'prevent' mistakes. The detect-and-act system works independently and in parallel to a kinematic BMI decoder. In a challenging task that resulted in substantial errors, this approach improved the performance of a BMI employing two variants of the ubiquitous Kalman velocity filter, including a state-of-the-art decoder (ReFIT-KF).SignificanceDetecting errors in real-time from the same brain regions that are commonly used to control BMIs should improve the clinical viability of BMIs aimed at restoring motor function to people with paralysis.

Published
2017

49. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, Vol. IX : Africa for the Africans June 1921-December 1922

Author

Hill, Robert A., Editor in Chief, Ball, Tevvy, Associate Editor, Blum, Erika A., Associate Editor, Kao, Chin C., Composition Editor, Bair, Barbara, Contributing Editor, Rasmussen, R. Kent, Contributing Editor, Hughes, Arnold, Consulting Editor, Hill, Robert A., Ball, Tevvy, Blum, Erika A., Kao, Chin C., Bair, Barbara, Rasmussen, R. Kent, and Hughes, Arnold

Published
2023

50. Orbital Reconstruction in a Self-assembled Oxygen Vacancy Nanostructure

Author

Jang, H., Kerr, G., Lim, J. S., Yang, C. -H., Kao, C. -C., and Lee, J. -S.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract

We demonstrate the microscopic role of oxygen vacancies spatially confined within nanometer inter-spacing (about 1 nm) in BiFeO3, using resonant soft X-ray scattering techniques and soft X-ray spectroscopy measurements. Such vacancy confinements and total number of vacancy are controlled by substitution of Ca2+ for Bi3+ cation. We found that by increasing the substitution, the in-plane orbital bands of Fe3+ cations are reconstructed without any redox reaction. It leads to a reduction of the hopping between Fe atoms, forming a localized valence band, in particular Fe 3d-electronic structure, around the Fermi level. This band localization causes to decrease the conductivity of the doped BiFeO3 system., Comment: 24 pages, 4 figures, and 4 supplementary figures

Published
2015
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