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1. Shifts of the Recirculation Pathways in central Fram Strait drive Atlantic Intermediate Water Variability on Northeast Greenland shelf

Author: McPherson, R. A., primary, Wekerle, C., additional, and Kanzow, T., additional
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

2. Atmospheric and Surface Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms Determining Arctic Amplification: A Review of First Results and Prospects of the (AC)3 Project

Author: Wendisch, M., Brückner, M., Crewell, Susanne, Ehrlich, A., Notholt, J., Lüpkes, C., Macke, A., Burrows, J. P., Rinke, A., Quaas, J., Maturilli, M., Schemann, V., Shupe, M. D., Akansu, E. F., Barrientos-Velasco, C., Bärfuss, K., Blechschmidt, A.-M., Block, K., Bougoudis, I., Bozem, H., Böckmann, C., Bracher, A., Bresson, H., Bretschneider, L., Buschmann, M., Chechin, D. G., Chylik, J., Dahlke, S., Deneke, H., Dethloff, K., Donth, T., Dorn, W., Dupuy, R., Ebell, K., Egerer, U., Engelmann, R., Eppers, O., Gerdes, R., Gierens, R., Gorodetskaya, I. V., Gottschalk, M., Griesche, H., Gryanik, V. M., Handorf, D., Harm-Altstädter, B., Hartmann, J., Hartmann, M., Heinold, B., Herber, A., Herrmann, H., Heygster, G., Höschel, I., Hofmann, Z., Hölemann, J., Hünerbein, A., Jafariserajehlou, S., Jäkel, E., Jacobi, C., Janout, M., Jansen, F., Jourdan, O., Jurányi, Z., Kalesse-Los, H., Kanzow, T., Käthner, R., Kliesch, L. L., Klingebiel, M., Knudsen, E. M., Kovács, T., Körtke, W., Krampe, D., Kretzschmar, J., Kreyling, D., Kulla, B., Kunkel, D., Lampert, A., Lauer, M., Lelli, L., von Lerber, A., Linke, O., Löhnert, U., Lonardi, M., Losa, S. N., Losch, M., Maahn, M., Mech, M., Mei, L., Mertes, S., Metzner, E., Mewes, D., Michaelis, J., Mioche, G., Moser, Manuel, Nakoudi, K., Neggers, R., Neuber, R., Nomokonova, T., Oelker, J., Papakonstantinou-Presvelou, I., Pätzold, F., Pefanis, V., Pohl, C., van Pinxteren, M., Radovan, A., Rhein, M., Rex, Markus, Richter, A., Risse, N., Ritter, C., Rostosky, P., Rozanov, V. V., Ruiz Donoso, E., Saavedra-Garfias, P., Salzmann, M., Schacht, J., Schäfer, M., Schneider, J., Schnierstein, N., Seifert, P., Seo, S., Siebert, H., Soppa, M. A., Spreen, G., Stachlewska, I. S., Stapf, J., Stratmann, F., Tegen, I., Viceto, C., Voigt, Christiane, Vountas, M., Walbröl, A., Walter, M., Wehner, B., Wex, H., Willmes, S., Zanatta, M., Zeppenfeld, S., Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Atmospheric Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], clouds, Arctic amplification
Abstract: Mechanisms behind the phenomenon of Arctic amplification are widely discussed. To contribute to this debate, the (AC)3 project was established in 2016 (www.ac3-tr.de/). It comprises modeling and data analysis efforts as well as observational elements. The project has assembled a wealth of ground-based, airborne, shipborne, and satellite data of physical, chemical, and meteorological properties of the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and upper ocean that are available for the Arctic climate research community. Short-term changes and indications of long-term trends in Arctic climate parameters have been detected using existing and new data. For example, a distinct atmospheric moistening, an increase of regional storm activities, an amplified winter warming in the Svalbard and North Pole regions, and a decrease of sea ice thickness in the Fram Strait and of snow depth on sea ice have been identified. A positive trend of tropospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) column densities during polar spring was verified. Local marine/biogenic sources for cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles were found. Atmospheric–ocean and radiative transfer models were advanced by applying new parameterizations of surface albedo, cloud droplet activation, convective plumes and related processes over leads, and turbulent transfer coefficients for stable surface layers. Four modes of the surface radiative energy budget were explored and reproduced by simulations. To advance the future synthesis of the results, cross-cutting activities are being developed aiming to answer key questions in four focus areas: lapse rate feedback, surface processes, Arctic mixed-phase clouds, and airmass transport and transformation.
Published: 2023

3. Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate

Author: Sallée, Jean-Baptiste, Abrahamsen, E. P., Allaigre, C., Auger, Matthis, Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, Jacqueline, Brearley, J. A., de Lavergne, Casimir, ten Doeschate, A. M. M., Droste, E. S., Du Plessis, M. D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I. S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S. A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M. R., Llanillo, P. J., Lucas, N. S., Madec, Gurvan, Marshall, D. P., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P. M. S., Mosneron Dupin, Cosme, Naeck, Kirtana, Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Nicholson, S. -A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, M., Østerhus, S., Park, W., Patmore, R. D., Piedagnel, Évéa, Roquet, Fabien, Rosenthal, H. S., Roy, T., Saurabh, Rathore, Silvy, Yona, Spira, T., Steiger, Nadine, Styles, A. F., Swart, S., Vogt, Linus, Ward, B., Zhou, S., Processus et interactions de fine échelle océanique (PROTEO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean (NEMO R&D ), Océan et variabilité du climat (VARCLIM), and European Project: 821001,SO-CHIC(2019)
Subjects: [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea-ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue `Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.
Published: 2023

4. Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate

Author: Sallée, J. B., Abrahamsen, E. P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J. A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A. M. M., Droste, E. S., du Plessis, M. D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I. S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S. A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M. R., Llanillo, P. J., Lucas, N. S., Madec, G., Marshall, D. P., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P. M. S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Nicholson, S-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, Malin, Østerhus, S., Park, Wonsun, Patmore, R. D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H. S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A. F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., Zhou, S., Sallée, J. B., Abrahamsen, E. P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J. A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A. M. M., Droste, E. S., du Plessis, M. D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I. S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S. A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M. R., Llanillo, P. J., Lucas, N. S., Madec, G., Marshall, D. P., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P. M. S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Nicholson, S-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, Malin, Østerhus, S., Park, Wonsun, Patmore, R. D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H. S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A. F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., and Zhou, S.
Abstract: The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea-ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities'.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

5. Atmospheric and Surface Processes, and Feedback Mechanisms Determining Arctic Amplification: A Review of First Results and Prospects of the (AC)3 Project

Author: Wendisch, M, Brückner, M, Crewell, S, Ehrlich, A, Notholt, J, Lüpkes, C, Macke, A, Burrows, JP, Rinke, A, Quaas, J, Maturilli, M, Schemann, V, Shupe, MD, Akansu, EF, Barrientos-Velasco, C, Bärfuss, K, Blechschmidt, A-M, Block, K, Bougoudis, I, Bozem, H, Böckmann, C, Bracher, A, Bresson, H, Bretschneider, L, Buschmann, M, Chechin, DG, Chylik, J, Dahlke, S, Deneke, H, Dethloff, K, Donth, T, Dorn, W, Dupuy, R, Ebell, K, Egerer, U, Engelmann, R, Eppers, O, Gerdes, R, Gierens, R, Gorodetskaya, IV, Gottschalk, M, Griesche, H, Gryanik, VM, Handorf, D, Harm-Altstädter, B, Hartmann, J, Hartmann, M, Heinold, B, Herber, A, Herrmann, H, Heygster, G, Höschel, I, Hofmann, Z, Hölemann, J, Hünerbein, A, Jafariserajehlou, S, Jäkel, E, Jacobi, C, Janout, M, Jansen, F, Jourdan, O, Jurányi, Z, Kalesse-Los, H, Kanzow, T, Käthner, R, Kliesch, LL, Klingebiel, M, Knudsen, EM, Kovács, T, Körtke, W, Krampe, D, Kretzschmar, J, Kreyling, D, Kulla, B, Kunkel, D, Lampert, A, Lauer, M, Lelli, L, von Lerber, A, Linke, O, Löhnert, U, Lonardi, M, Losa, SN, Losch, M, Maahn, M, Mech, M, Mei, L, Mertes, S, Metzner, E, Mewes, D, Michaelis, J, Mioche, G, Moser, M, Nakoudi, K, Neggers, R, Neuber, R, Nomokonova, T, Oelker, J, Papakonstantinou-Presvelou, I, Pätzold, F, Pefanis, V, Pohl, C, van Pinxteren, M, Radovan, A, Rhein, M, Rex, M, Richter, A, Risse, N, Ritter, C, Rostosky, P, Rozanov, VV, Donoso, E Ruiz, Saavedra Garfias, P, Salzmann, M, Schacht, J, Schäfer, M, Schneider, J, Schnierstein, N, Seifert, P, Seo, S, Siebert, H, Soppa, MA, Spreen, G, Stachlewska, IS, Stapf, J, Stratmann, F, Tegen, I, Viceto, C, Voigt, C, Vountas, M, Walbröl, A, Walter, M, Wehner, B, Wex, H, Willmes, S, Zanatta, M, Zeppenfeld, S, Wendisch, M, Brückner, M, Crewell, S, Ehrlich, A, Notholt, J, Lüpkes, C, Macke, A, Burrows, JP, Rinke, A, Quaas, J, Maturilli, M, Schemann, V, Shupe, MD, Akansu, EF, Barrientos-Velasco, C, Bärfuss, K, Blechschmidt, A-M, Block, K, Bougoudis, I, Bozem, H, Böckmann, C, Bracher, A, Bresson, H, Bretschneider, L, Buschmann, M, Chechin, DG, Chylik, J, Dahlke, S, Deneke, H, Dethloff, K, Donth, T, Dorn, W, Dupuy, R, Ebell, K, Egerer, U, Engelmann, R, Eppers, O, Gerdes, R, Gierens, R, Gorodetskaya, IV, Gottschalk, M, Griesche, H, Gryanik, VM, Handorf, D, Harm-Altstädter, B, Hartmann, J, Hartmann, M, Heinold, B, Herber, A, Herrmann, H, Heygster, G, Höschel, I, Hofmann, Z, Hölemann, J, Hünerbein, A, Jafariserajehlou, S, Jäkel, E, Jacobi, C, Janout, M, Jansen, F, Jourdan, O, Jurányi, Z, Kalesse-Los, H, Kanzow, T, Käthner, R, Kliesch, LL, Klingebiel, M, Knudsen, EM, Kovács, T, Körtke, W, Krampe, D, Kretzschmar, J, Kreyling, D, Kulla, B, Kunkel, D, Lampert, A, Lauer, M, Lelli, L, von Lerber, A, Linke, O, Löhnert, U, Lonardi, M, Losa, SN, Losch, M, Maahn, M, Mech, M, Mei, L, Mertes, S, Metzner, E, Mewes, D, Michaelis, J, Mioche, G, Moser, M, Nakoudi, K, Neggers, R, Neuber, R, Nomokonova, T, Oelker, J, Papakonstantinou-Presvelou, I, Pätzold, F, Pefanis, V, Pohl, C, van Pinxteren, M, Radovan, A, Rhein, M, Rex, M, Richter, A, Risse, N, Ritter, C, Rostosky, P, Rozanov, VV, Donoso, E Ruiz, Saavedra Garfias, P, Salzmann, M, Schacht, J, Schäfer, M, Schneider, J, Schnierstein, N, Seifert, P, Seo, S, Siebert, H, Soppa, MA, Spreen, G, Stachlewska, IS, Stapf, J, Stratmann, F, Tegen, I, Viceto, C, Voigt, C, Vountas, M, Walbröl, A, Walter, M, Wehner, B, Wex, H, Willmes, S, Zanatta, M, and Zeppenfeld, S
Abstract: Mechanisms behind the phenomenon of Arctic amplification are widely discussed. To contribute to this debate, the (AC)3 project was established in 2016 (www.ac3-tr.de/). It comprises modeling and data analysis efforts as well as observational elements. The project has assembled a wealth of ground-based, airborne, shipborne, and satellite data of physical, chemical, and meteorological properties of the Arctic atmosphere, cryosphere, and upper ocean that are available for the Arctic climate research community. Short-term changes and indications of long-term trends in Arctic climate parameters have been detected using existing and new data. For example, a distinct atmospheric moistening, an increase of regional storm activities, an amplified winter warming in the Svalbard and North Pole regions, and a decrease of sea ice thickness in the Fram Strait and of snow depth on sea ice have been identified. A positive trend of tropospheric bromine monoxide (BrO) column densities during polar spring was verified. Local marine/biogenic sources for cloud condensation nuclei and ice nucleating particles were found. Atmospheric–ocean and radiative transfer models were advanced by applying new parameterizations of surface albedo, cloud droplet activation, convective plumes and related processes over leads, and turbulent transfer coefficients for stable surface layers. Four modes of the surface radiative energy budget were explored and reproduced by simulations. To advance the future synthesis of the results, cross-cutting activities are being developed aiming to answer key questions in four focus areas: lapse rate feedback, surface processes, Arctic mixed-phase clouds, and airmass transport and transformation.
Published: 2023

6. Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate

Author: The SO-CHIC Consortium, Sallée, J.B., Abrahamsen, E.P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J.A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A.M.M., Droste, E.S., du Plessis, M.D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I.S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S.A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M.R., Llanillo, P.J., Lucas, N.S., Madec, G., Marshall, D.P., Meijers, A.J.S, Meredith, M.P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P.M.S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A.C., Nicholson, S.-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, M., Østerhus, S., Park, W., Patmore, R.D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H.S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A.F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., Zhou, S., The SO-CHIC Consortium, Sallée, J.B., Abrahamsen, E.P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J.A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A.M.M., Droste, E.S., du Plessis, M.D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I.S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S.A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M.R., Llanillo, P.J., Lucas, N.S., Madec, G., Marshall, D.P., Meijers, A.J.S, Meredith, M.P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P.M.S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A.C., Nicholson, S.-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, M., Østerhus, S., Park, W., Patmore, R.D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H.S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A.F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., and Zhou, S.
Abstract: The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal timescales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea–ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities’.
Published: 2023

7. Supplementary material for ‘Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate’ from Southern ocean carbon and heat impact on climate

Author: Sallée, J. B., Abrahamsen, E. P., Allaigre, C., Auger, M., Ayres, H., Badhe, R., Boutin, J., Brearley, J. A., de Lavergne, C., ten Doeschate, A. M. M., Droste, E. S., du Plessis, M. D., Ferreira, D., Giddy, I. S., Gülk, B., Gruber, N., Hague, M., Hoppema, M., Josey, S. A., Kanzow, T., Kimmritz, M., Lindeman, M. R., Llanillo, P. J., Lucas, N. S., Madec, G., Marshall, D. P., Meijers, A. J. S., Meredith, M. P., Mohrmann, M., Monteiro, P. M. S., Mosneron Dupin, C., Naeck, K., Narayanan, A., Naveira Garabato, A. C., Nicholson, S-A., Novellino, A., Ödalen, M., Østerhus, S., Park, W., Patmore, R. D., Piedagnel, E., Roquet, F., Rosenthal, H. S., Roy, T., Saurabh, R., Silvy, Y., Spira, T., Steiger, N., Styles, A. F., Swart, S., Vogt, L., Ward, B., and Zhou, S.
Abstract: The Southern Ocean greatly contributes to the regulation of the global climate by controlling important heat and carbon exchanges between the atmosphere and the ocean. Rates of climate change on decadal time scales are therefore impacted by oceanic processes taking place in the Southern Ocean, yet too little is known about these processes. Limitations come both from the lack of observations in this extreme environment and its inherent sensitivity to intermittent processes at scales that are not well captured in current Earth system models. The Southern Ocean Carbon and Heat Impact on Climate programme was launched to address this knowledge gap, with the overall objective to understand and quantify variability of heat and carbon budgets in the Southern Ocean through an investigation of the key physical processes controlling exchanges between the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice using a combination of observational and modelling approaches. Here, we provide a brief overview of the programme, as well as a summary of some of the scientific progress achieved during its first half. Advances range from new evidence of the importance of specific processes in Southern Ocean ventilation rate (e.g. storm-induced turbulence, sea–ice meltwater fronts, wind-induced gyre circulation, dense shelf water formation and abyssal mixing) to refined descriptions of the physical changes currently ongoing in the Southern Ocean and of their link with global climate.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Heat and carbon uptake in the Southern Ocean: the state of the art and future priorities’.
Published: 2023
Full Text: View/download PDF

8. Continuous, Array-Based Estimates of Atlantic Ocean Heat Transport at 26.5°N

Author: Johns, W. E., Baringer, M. O., Beal, L. M., Cunningham, S. A., Kanzow, T., Bryden, H. L., Hirschi, J. J. M., Marotzke, J., Meinen, C. S., Shaw, B., and Curry, R.
Published: 2011

9. Seasonal Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5°N

Author: Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S. A., Johns, W. E., Hirschi, J. J.-M., Marotzke, J., Baringer, M. O., Meinen, C. S., Chidichimo, M. P., Atkinson, C., Beal, L. M., Bryden, H. L., and Collins, J.
Published: 2010

10. Observed interannual changes beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf linked to large-scale atmospheric circulation

Author: Hattermann, T., Nicholls, K.W., Hellmer, H., Davis, P.E.D., Janout, M.A., Østerhus, S., Schlosser, E., Rohardt, G., Kanzow, T., Hattermann, T., Nicholls, K.W., Hellmer, H., Davis, P.E.D., Janout, M.A., Østerhus, S., Schlosser, E., Rohardt, G., and Kanzow, T.
Abstract: Floating ice shelves are the Achilles’ heel of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. They limit Antarctica’s contribution to global sea level rise, yet they can be rapidly melted from beneath by a warming ocean. At Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, a decline in sea ice formation may increase basal melt rates and accelerate marine ice sheet mass loss within this century. However, the understanding of this tipping-point behavior largely relies on numerical models. Our new multi-annual observations from five hot-water drilled boreholes through Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf show that since 2015 there has been an intensification of the density-driven ice shelf cavity-wide circulation in response to reinforced wind-driven sea ice formation in the Ronne polynya. Enhanced southerly winds over Ronne Ice Shelf coincide with westward displacements of the Amundsen Sea Low position, connecting the cavity circulation with changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns as a new aspect of the atmosphere-ocean-ice shelf system.
Published: 2021

11. On the variability of the deep meridional transports in the tropical North Atlantic

Author: Kanzow, T., Send, U., and McCartney, M.
Published: 2008
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12. Subglacial discharge and its down‐fjord transformation in West Greenland fjords with an ice mélange

Author: Mortensen, J., Rysgaard, S., Bendtsen, J., Lennert, K., Kanzow, T., Lund, H., Meire, L., Mortensen, J., Rysgaard, S., Bendtsen, J., Lennert, K., Kanzow, T., Lund, H., and Meire, L.
Abstract: Buoyant freshwater released at depth from under Greenland's marine‐terminating glaciers gives rise to vigorous buoyant discharge plumes adjacent to the termini. The water mass found down fjord formed by mixing of buoyant subglacial freshwater and ambient fjord water and subsequent modification by glacial ice melt in the ice mélange is referred to as subglacial water. It substantially affects both the physical and chemical properties of the fjords' marine environment. Despite the importance of this freshwater source, many uncertainties remain regarding its transformation and detection. Here we present observations close to a marine‐terminating glacier in a fjord with substantial ice mélange and follow the down‐fjord changes of the subglacial discharge plume. Heat brought to the surface by entrainment of warm ambient fjord water into the rising plume causes intense melting of the ice mélange close to the plume pool. This results in an increase of glacial ice melt fraction to total glacial meltwater from 1–2% in the plume pool to ~18% eleven kilometers down‐fjord, with the largest increase being observed within the first few kilometers. Down‐fjord of the ice mélange two temperature minima bound the layer containing subglacial water. The upper bound is linked to the adjacent ice mélange and down‐fjord runoff sources, whereas the lower bound is linked to the stratification of the ambient water. We show that similar bounds can be observed in other marine‐terminating glacier fjords along West Greenland that contain an ice mélange, suggesting that similar processes work in other fjords.
Published: 2020

13. Changing marginal ice zones and implications for the Transpolar Drift Sytem

Author: Krumpen, T., Dethloff, K., Haas, C., Hölemann, Jens, Ivanov, V., Janout, M., Kanzow, T., Kassens, Heidemarie, Rinke, A., Smolyanitsky, V., Sokolov, V. T., Krumpen, T., Dethloff, K., Haas, C., Hölemann, Jens, Ivanov, V., Janout, M., Kanzow, T., Kassens, Heidemarie, Rinke, A., Smolyanitsky, V., and Sokolov, V. T.
Published: 2020

14. Ocean Current Changes as an Indicator of Global Change

Author: Kanzow, T., primary and Visbeck, M., additional
Published: 2009
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15. Contributors

Author: Tuckett, Richard P., primary, Cohen, Shabtai, additional, Dorman, Lev I., additional, Stenchikov, Georgiy, additional, Lourens, Lucas J., additional, Tuenter, Erik, additional, Zalasiewicz, Jan, additional, Williams, Mark, additional, Reichler, Thomas, additional, Trigo, Ricardo M., additional, Gimeno, Luis, additional, Fiedler, Wolfgang, additional, Humphries, Murray M., additional, Pelini, Shannon L., additional, Prior, Kirsten M., additional, Parker, Derrick J., additional, Dzurisin, Jason D.K., additional, Hellmann, Jessica J., additional, Lindroth, Richard L., additional, Edwards, Martin, additional, Attrill, Martin J., additional, Worm, Boris, additional, Lotze, Heike K., additional, Mieszkowska, Nova, additional, Morecroft, Michael D., additional, Keith, Sally A., additional, Dixon, Geoffrey R., additional, Gehrels, Roland, additional, Kanzow, T., additional, Visbeck, M., additional, Turley, Carol, additional, Findlay, Helen S., additional, Vaughan, David G., additional, Aptroot, Andre, additional, Nicholls, Robert J., additional, Woodroffe, Colin, additional, Burkett, Virginia, additional, Garrett, Karen A., additional, Nita, M., additional, Wolf, E.D. De, additional, Gomez, L., additional, and Sparks, A.H., additional
Published: 2009
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16. The Laptev Sea region of freshwater influence: oceanography and ecosystem implications.

Author: Hölemann, J., Janout, M., Povazhny, V., Timokhov, L., Kanzow, T., Kassens, Heidemarie, Hölemann, J., Janout, M., Povazhny, V., Timokhov, L., Kanzow, T., and Kassens, Heidemarie
Published: 2019

17. From pole to pole: 33 years of physical oceanography onboard R/V Polarstern

Author: Driemel, A., Fahrbach, E., Rohardt, G., Beszczynska-Möller, A., Boetius, A., Budéus, G., Cisewski, B., Engbrodt, R., Gauger, S., Geibert, W., Geprägs, P., Gerdes, D., Gersonde, R., Gordon, A.L., Grobe, H., Hellmer, H.H., Isla, E., Jacobs, S., Janout, M., Jokat, W., Klages, M., Kuhn, G., Meincke, J., Ober, S., Østerhus, S., Peterson, R.G., Rabe, B., Rudels, B., Schauer, U., Schröder, M., Schumacher, S., Sieger, R., Sildam, J., Soltwedel, T., Stangeew, E., Stein, M., Strass, V.H., Thiede, J., Tippenhauer, S., Veth, C., von Appen, W.-J., Weirig, M.-F., Wisotzki, A., Wolf-Gladrow, D.A., and Kanzow, T.
Abstract: Measuring temperature and salinity profiles in the world’s oceans is crucial to understanding oceandynamics and its influence on the heat budget, the water cycle, the marine environment and on our climate.Since 1983 the German research vessel and icebreaker Polarstern has been the platform of numerous CTD (conductivity,temperature, depth instrument) deployments in the Arctic and the Antarctic. We report on a uniquedata collection spanning 33 years of polar CTD data. In total 131 data sets (1 data set per cruise leg) containingdata from 10 063 CTD casts are now freely available at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.860066. During this longperiod five CTD types with different characteristics and accuracies have been used. Therefore the instrumentsand processing procedures (sensor calibration, data validation, etc.) are described in detail. This compilation isspecial not only with regard to the quantity but also the quality of the data – the latter indicated for each dataset using defined quality codes. The complete data collection includes a number of repeated sections for whichthe quality code can be used to investigate and evaluate long-term changes. Beginning with 2010, the salinitymeasurements presented here are of the highest quality possible in this field owing to the introduction of theOPTIMARE Precision Salinometer.
Published: 2017

18. The contribution of eastern-boundary density variations to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5° N

Author: Chidichimo, M. P., Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S. A., Johns, W. E., and Marotzke, J.
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, lcsh:G, lcsh:Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, lcsh:Environmental sciences
Abstract: We study the contribution of eastern-boundary density variations to sub-seasonal and seasonal anomalies of the strength and vertical structure of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26.5° N, by means of the RAPID/MOCHA mooring array between April 2004 and October 2007. The major density anomalies are found in the upper 500 m, and they are often coherent down to 1400 m. The densities have 13-day fluctuations that are apparent down to 3500 m. The two strategies for measuring eastern-boundary density – a tall offshore mooring (EB1) and an array of moorings on the continental slope (EBH) – show little correspondence in terms of amplitude, vertical structure, and frequency distribution of the resulting basin-wide integrated transport fluctuations, implying that there are significant transport contributions between EB1 and EBH. Contrary to the original planning, measurements from EB1 cannot serve as backup or replacement for EBH: density needs to be measured directly at the continental slope to compute the full-basin density gradient. Fluctuations in density at EBH generate transport variability of 2 Sv rms in the AMOC, while the overall AMOC variability is 4.8 Sv rms. There is a pronounced deep-reaching seasonal cycle in density at the eastern boundary, which is apparent between 100 m and 1400 m, with maximum positive anomalies in spring and maximum negative anomalies in autumn. These changes drive anomalous southward upper mid-ocean flow in spring, implying maximum reduction of the AMOC, and vice-versa in autumn. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle of the AMOC arising from the eastern-boundary densities is 5.2 Sv peak-to-peak, dominating the 6.7 Sv peak-to-peak seasonal cycle of the total AMOC. Our analysis suggests that the seasonal cycle in density may be forced by the strong near-coastal seasonal cycle in wind stress curl.
Published: 2010

19. Do submesoscale frontal processes ventilate the oxygen minimum zone off Peru?

Author: Thomsen, S., primary, Kanzow, T., additional, Colas, F., additional, Echevin, V., additional, Krahmann, G., additional, and Engel, A., additional
Published: 2016
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20. A gridded data set of upper-ocean hydrographic properties in the Weddell Gyre obtained by objective mapping of Argo float measurements

Author: Reeve, K. A., primary, Boebel, O., additional, Kanzow, T., additional, Strass, V., additional, Rohardt, G., additional, and Fahrbach, E., additional
Published: 2016
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21. Potential for seasonal prediction of Atlantic sea surface temperatures using the RAPID array at 26 $$^{\circ }$$ ∘ N

Author: Duchez, A., primary, Courtois, P., additional, Harris, E., additional, Josey, S. A., additional, Kanzow, T., additional, Marsh, R., additional, Smeed, D. A., additional, and Hirschi, J. J.-M., additional
Published: 2015
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22. Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport observations in the Atlantic Ocean

Author: Baringer, M., Johns, W., McCarthy, G., Willis, J., Garzoli, S., Lankhorst, M., Meinen, C., Send, U., Hobbs, W., Cunningham, S., Rayner, D., Smeed, D., Kanzow, T., Heimbach, P., Frajka-Williams, E., Macdonald, A., Dong, S., Marotzke, J., and https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9857-9900
Published: 2013

23. STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2011 Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 93, No. 7, July 2012

Author: Arndt, D. S., Blunden, J., Willett, K. M., Dolman, A. J., Hall, B. D., Thorne, P. W., Gregg, M. C., Newlin, M. L., Xue, Y., Hu, Z., Kumar, A., Banzon, V., Smith, T. M., Rayner, N. A., Jeffries, M. O., Richter-Menge, J., Overland, J., Bhatt, U., Key, J., Liu, Y., Walsh, J., Wang, M., Fogt, R. L., Scambos, T. A., Wovrosh, A. J., Barreira, S., Sanchez-Lugo, A., Renwick, J. A., Thiaw, W. M., Weaver, S. J., Whitewood, R., Phillips, D., Achberger, C., Ackerman, S. A., Ahmed, F. H., Albanil-Encarnacion, A., Alfaro, E. J., Alves, L. M., Allan, R., Amador, J. A., Ambenje, P., Antoine, M. D., Antonov, J., Arevalo, J., Ashik, I., Atheru, Z., Baccini, A., Baez, J., Baringer, M. O., Barriopedro, D. E., Bates, J. J., Becker, A., Behrenfeld, M. J., Bell, G. D., Benedetti, A., Bernhard, G., Berrisford, P., Berry, D. I., Beszczynska-Moeller, A., Bhatt, U. S., Bidegain, M., Bieniek, P., Birkett, C., Bissolli, P., Blake, E. S., Boudet-Rouco, D., Box, J. E., Boyer, T., Braathen, G. O., Brackenridge, G. R., Brohan, P., Bromwich, D. H., Brown, L., Brown, R., Bruhwiler, L., Bulygina, O. N., Burrows, J., Calderon, B., Camargo, S. J., Cappellen, J., Carmack, E., Carrasco, G., Chambers, D. P., Christiansen, H. H., Christy, J., Chung, D., Ciais, P., Coehlo, C. A. S., Colwell, S., Comiso, J., Cretaux, J. F., Crouch, J., Cunningham, S. A., Jeu, R. A. M., Demircan, M., Derksen, C., Diamond, H. J., Dlugokencky, E. J., Dohan, K., Dorigo, W. A., Drozdov, D. S., Duguay, C., Dutton, E., Dutton, G. S., Elkins, J. W., Epstein, H. E., Famiglietti, J. S., Fanton D Andon, O. H., Feely, R. A., Fekete, B. M., Fenimore, C., Fernandez-Prieto, D., Fields, E., Fioletov, V., Folland, C., Foster, M. J., Frajka-Williams, E., Franz, B. A., Frey, K., Frith, S. H., Frolov, I., Frost, G. V., Ganter, C., Garzoli, S., Gitau, W., Gleason, K. L., Gobron, N., Goldenberg, S. B., Goni, G., Gonzalez-Garcia, I., Gonzalez-Rodriguez, N., Good, S. A., Goryl, P., Gottschalck, J., Gouveia, C. M., Griffiths, G. M., Grigoryan, V., Grooss, J. U., Guard, C., Guglielmin, M., Halpert, M. S., Heidinger, A. K., Heikkila, A., Heim, R. R., Hennon, P. A., Hidalgo, H. G., Hilburn, K., Ho, S. P., Hobbs, W. R., Holgate, S., Hook, S. J., Hovsepyan, A., Hu, Z. Z., Hugony, S., Hurst, D. F., Ingvaldsen, R., Itoh, M., Jaimes, E., Jeffries, M., Johns, W. E., Johnsen, B., Johnson, B., Johnson, G. C., Jones, L. T., Jumaux, G., Kabidi, K., Kaiser, J. W., Kang, K. K., Kanzow, T. O., Kao, H. Y., Keller, L. M., Kendon, M., Kennedy, J. J., Kervankiran, S., Khatiwala, S., Kholodov, A. L., Khoshkam, M., Kikuchi, T., Kimberlain, T. B., King, D., Knaff, J. A., Korshunova, N. N., Koskela, T., Kratz, D. P., Krishfield, R., Kruger, A., Kruk, M. C., Lagerloef, G., Lakkala, K., Lammers, R. B., Lander, M. A., Landsea, C. W., Lankhorst, M., Lapinel-Pedroso, B., Lazzara, M. A., Leduc, S., Lefale, P., Leon, G., Leon-Lee, A., Leuliette, E., Levitus, S., L Heureux, M., Lin, II, Liu, H. X., Liu, Y. J., Lobato-Sanchez, R., Locarnini, R., Loeb, N. G., Loeng, H., Long, C. S., Lorrey, A. M., Lumpkin, R., Myhre, C. L., Jing-Jia Luo, Lyman, J. M., Maccallum, S., Macdonald, A. M., Maddux, B. C., Manney, G., Marchenko, S. S., Marengo, J. A., Maritorena, S., Marotzke, J., Marra, J. J., Martinez-Sanchez, O., Maslanik, J., Massom, R. A., Mathis, J. T., Mcbride, C., Mcclain, C. R., Mcgrath, D., Mcgree, S., Mclaughlin, F., Mcvicar, T. R., Mears, C., Meier, W., Meinen, C. S., Menendez, M., Merchant, C., Merrifield, M. A., Miller, L., Mitchum, G. T., Montzka, S. A., Moore, S., Mora, N. P., Morcrette, J. J., Mote, T., Muhle, J., Mullan, A. B., Muller, R., Myhre, C., Nash, E. R., Nerem, R. S., Newman, P. A., Ngari, A., Nishino, S., Njau, L. N., Noetzli, J., Oberman, N. G., Obregon, A., Ogallo, L., Oludhe, C., Oyunjargal, L., Parinussa, R. M., Park, G. H., Parker, D. E., Pasch, R. J., Pascual-Ramirez, R., Pelto, M. S., Penalba, O., Perez-Suarez, R., Perovich, D., Pezza, A. B., Pickart, R., Pinty, B., Pinzon, J., Pitts, M. C., Pour, H. K., Prior, J., Privette, J. L., Proshutinsky, A., Quegan, S., Quintana, J., Rabe, B., Rahimzadeh, F., Rajeevan, M., Rayner, D., Raynolds, M. K., Razuvaev, V. N., Reagan, J., Reid, P., Revadekar, J., Rex, M., Rivera, I. L., Robinson, D. A., Rodell, M., Roderick, M. L., Romanovsky, V. E., Ronchail, J., Rosenlof, K. H., Rudels, B., Sabine, C. L., Santee, M. L., Sawaengphokhai, P., Sayouri, A., Schauer, U., Schemm, J., Schmid, C., Schreck, C., Semiletov, I., Send, U., Sensoy, S., Shakhova, N., Sharp, M., Shiklomanov, N. I., Shimada, K., Shin, J., Siegel, D. A., Simmons, A., Skansi, M., Sokolov, V., Spence, J., Srivastava, A. K., Stackhouse, P. W., Stammerjohn, S., Steele, M., Steffen, K., Steinbrecht, W., Stephenson, T., Stolarski, R. S., Sweet, W., Takahashi, T., Taylor, M. A., Tedesco, M., Thepaut, J. N., Thompson, P., Timmermans, M. L., Tobin, S., Toole, J., Trachte, K., Trewin, B. C., Trigo, R. M., Trotman, A., Tucker, C. J., Ulupinar, Y., Wal, R. S. W., Werf, G. R., Vautard, R., Votaw, G., Wagner, W. W., Wahr, J., Walker, D. A., Wang, C. Z., Wang, J. H., Wang, L., Wang, M. H., Wang, S. H., Wanninkhof, R., Weaver, S., Weber, M., Weingartner, T., Weller, R. A., Wentz, F., Wilber, A. C., Williams, W., Willis, J. K., Wilson, R. C., Wolken, G., Wong, T. M., Woodgate, R., Yamada, R., Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Yoder, J. A., Yu, L. S., Yueh, S., Zhang, L. Y., Zhang, P. Q., Zhao, L., Zhou, X. J., Zimmermann, S., Zubair, L., Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Space Technology Center, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Climate Research Division [Toronto], Environment and Climate Change Canada, Earth and Space Research Institute [Seattle] (ESR), Department of Hydrology and Geo-Environmental Sciences [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa = University of Lisbon (ULISBOA), NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL), Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES), University of Colorado [Boulder]-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Department of Earth System Science [Irvine] (ESS), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), University of California Center for Hydrologic Modeling [Irvine] (UCCHM), NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory [Seattle] (PMEL), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Physics [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare [Pisa] (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), University at Albany [SUNY], State University of New York (SUNY), Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University of Wisconsin-Madison-NASA-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Peking University [Beijing], National Oceanography Centre [Southampton] (NOC), University of Southampton, NOAA National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS), The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Institut für Umweltphysik [Bremen] (IUP), Universität Bremen, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi (UoN), Climate Prediction and Applications Centre (ICPAC), IGAD, Institute for Environment and Sustainability of the JRC, Partenaires INRAE, Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change (MOHC), United Kingdom Met Office [Exeter], Agricultural Information Institute (AII), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria = University of Insubria [Varese] (Uninsubria), Heilongjiang Institute of Science and Technology, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR), NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), ESRL Global Monitoring Laboratory [Boulder] (GML), Materials and structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology [Tokyo] (TITECH), Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS), University of Miami [Coral Gables], Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Direction Interrégionale de Météo-France pour l'océan Indien (DIROI), Météo-France, Department of Earth Sciences [Oxford], University of Oxford, NASA Langley Research Center [Hampton] (LaRC), University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa] (UHM), Department of Earth and Space Sciences [Seattle], University of Washington [Seattle], Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften (IFM-GEOMAR), Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO - UC San Diego), University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), NOAA National Weather Service (NWS), Department of Oceanography, Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Research Institute for Global Change (RIGC), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), NorthWest Research Associates (NWRA), Department of Physics [Socorro], New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology [New Mexico Tech] (NMT), Ocean and Earth Science [Southampton], University of Southampton-National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Australian Antarctic Division (AAD), Australian Government, Department of the Environment and Energy, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE-CRC), Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian Research Council (ARC), Remote Sensing Systems [Santa Rosa] (RSS), Développement, institutions et analyses de long terme (DIAL), Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), University of California (UC), NMR Laboratory, Université de Mons, Université de Mons (UMons), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Glaciology, Geomorphodynamics and Geochronology, Department of Geography [Zürich], Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH)-Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Chemistry Department [Massachusetts Institute of Technology], Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Nichols College Dudley, ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), USACE Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), European Commission, Space Science and Engineering Center [Madison] (SSEC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Lausanne University Hospital, Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), University of Sheffield, Hochschule Mannheim - University of Applied Sciences, Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Ministry of Earth Sciences [India], Woods Hole Research Center, Department of Earth and Environment [Boston], Boston University [Boston] (BU), Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research (CAWCR), Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), Génétique et Ecologie des Virus, Génétique des Virus et Pathogénèse des Maladies Virales, Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Bangor, Environm Ctr Wales, Biospherical Instruments Inc., Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts (PARVATI), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Javier Barrios Amorín 1488, CP 11200, Montevideo, Uruguay, Science Systems and Applications, Inc. [Hampton] (SSAI), National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Centre de physique moléculaire optique et hertzienne (CPMOH), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CYRIC, Tohoku University [Sendai], The University of Tennessee [Knoxville], Oak Ridge National Laboratory [Oak Ridge] (ORNL), UT-Battelle, LLC, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Institute of Arctic Alpine Research [University of Colorado Boulder] (INSTAAR), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg (MOHp), Deutscher Wetterdienst [Offenbach] (DWD), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade de Lisboa (ULISBOA), University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California-University of California, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Universitá degli Studi dell’Insubria, University of Costa Rica, Météo France [Sainte-Clotilde], Météo France, University of Oxford [Oxford], Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO), Huazhong Agricultural University, University of California, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory [Mons], University of Mons [Belgium] (UMONS), Lausanne University Hospital [Switzerland], Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Berkeley University of California (UC BERKELEY), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1, and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research (INSTAAR)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography
Abstract: International audience; Large-scale climate patterns influenced temperature and weather patterns around the globe in 2011. In particular, a moderate-to-strong La Nina at the beginning of the year dissipated during boreal spring but reemerged during fall. The phenomenon contributed to historical droughts in East Africa, the southern United States, and northern Mexico, as well the wettest two-year period (2010-11) on record for Australia, particularly remarkable as this follows a decade-long dry period. Precipitation patterns in South America were also influenced by La Nina. Heavy rain in Rio de Janeiro in January triggered the country's worst floods and landslides in Brazil's history. The 2011 combined average temperature across global land and ocean surfaces was the coolest since 2008, but was also among the 15 warmest years on record and above the 1981-2010 average. The global sea surface temperature cooled by 0.1 degrees C from 2010 to 2011, associated with cooling influences of La Nina. Global integrals of upper ocean heat content for 2011 were higher than for all prior years, demonstrating the Earth's dominant role of the oceans in the Earth's energy budget. In the upper atmosphere, tropical stratospheric temperatures were anomalously warm, while polar temperatures were anomalously cold. This led to large springtime stratospheric ozone reductions in polar latitudes in both hemispheres. Ozone concentrations in the Arctic stratosphere during March were the lowest for that period since satellite records began in 1979. An extensive, deep, and persistent ozone hole over the Antarctic in September indicates that the recovery to pre-1980 conditions is proceeding very slowly. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations increased by 2.10 ppm in 2011, and exceeded 390 ppm for the first time since instrumental records began. Other greenhouse gases also continued to rise in concentration and the combined effect now represents a 30% increase in radiative forcing over a 1990 baseline. Most ozone depleting substances continued to fall. The global net ocean carbon dioxide uptake for the 2010 transition period from El Nino to La Nina, the most recent period for which analyzed data are available, was estimated to be 1.30 Pg C yr(-1), almost 12% below the 29-year long-term average. Relative to the long-term trend, global sea level dropped noticeably in mid-2010 and reached a local minimum in 2011. The drop has been linked to the La Nina conditions that prevailed throughout much of 2010-11. Global sea level increased sharply during the second half of 2011. Global tropical cyclone activity during 2011 was well-below average, with a total of 74 storms compared with the 1981-2010 average of 89. Similar to 2010, the North Atlantic was the only basin that experienced above-normal activity. For the first year since the widespread introduction of the Dvorak intensity-estimation method in the 1980s, only three tropical cyclones reached Category 5 intensity level-all in the Northwest Pacific basin. The Arctic continued to warm at about twice the rate compared with lower latitudes. Below-normal summer snowfall, a decreasing trend in surface albedo, and above-average surface and upper air temperatures resulted in a continued pattern of extreme surface melting, and net snow and ice loss on the Greenland ice sheet. Warmer-than-normal temperatures over the Eurasian Arctic in spring resulted in a new record-low June snow cover extent and spring snow cover duration in this region. In the Canadian Arctic, the mass loss from glaciers and ice caps was the greatest since GRACE measurements began in 2002, continuing a negative trend that began in 1987. New record high temperatures occurred at 20 m below the land surface at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska, where measurements began in the late 1970s. Arctic sea ice extent in September 2011 was the second-lowest on record, while the extent of old ice (four and five years) reached a new record minimum that was just 19% of normal. On the opposite pole, austral winter and spring temperatures were more than 3 degrees C above normal over much of the Antarctic continent. However, winter temperatures were below normal in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, which continued the downward trend there during the last 15 years. In summer, an all-time record high temperature of -12.3 degrees C was set at the South Pole station on 25 December, exceeding the previous record by more than a full degree. Antarctic sea ice extent anomalies increased steadily through much of the year, from briefly setting a record low in April, to well above average in December. The latter trend reflects the dispersive effects of low pressure on sea ice and the generally cool conditions around the Antarctic perimeter.
Published: 2012

24. Objective mapping of Argo data in the Weddell Gyre: a gridded dataset of upper ocean water properties

Author: Reeve, K. A., primary, Boebel, O., additional, Kanzow, T., additional, Strass, V., additional, Rohardt, G., additional, and Fahrbach, E., additional
Published: 2015
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25. Water column biogeochemistry of oxygen minimum zones in the eastern tropical North Atlantic and eastern tropical South Pacific Oceans

Author: Löscher, C. R., primary, Bange, H. W., additional, Schmitz, R. A., additional, Callbeck, C. M., additional, Engel, A., additional, Hauss, H., additional, Kanzow, T., additional, Kiko, R., additional, Lavik, G., additional, Loginova, A., additional, Melzner, F., additional, Neulinger, S. C., additional, Pahlow, M., additional, Riebesell, U., additional, Schunck, H., additional, Thomsen, S., additional, and Wagner, H., additional
Published: 2015
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26. On the role of circulation and mixing in the ventilation of oxygen minimum zones with a focus on the eastern tropical North Atlantic

Author: Brandt, P., primary, Bange, H. W., additional, Banyte, D., additional, Dengler, M., additional, Didwischus, S.-H., additional, Fischer, T., additional, Greatbatch, R. J., additional, Hahn, J., additional, Kanzow, T., additional, Karstensen, J., additional, Körtzinger, A., additional, Krahmann, G., additional, Schmidtko, S., additional, Stramma, L., additional, Tanhua, T., additional, and Visbeck, M., additional
Published: 2015
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27. The contribution of eastern boundary density variations to the North Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26,5° N

Author: Chidichimo, M., Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S., and Marotzke, J.
Published: 2010

28. FRAM: a multidisciplinary observatory in the North Atlantic-Arctic Ocean transition zone

Author: Schewe, I., Janssen, F., Boebel, O., Bracher, A., Kanzow, T., Metfies, K., Nöthig, E. M., Schauer, U., Soltwedel, T., Boetius, A., Schewe, I., Janssen, F., Boebel, O., Bracher, A., Kanzow, T., Metfies, K., Nöthig, E. M., Schauer, U., Soltwedel, T., and Boetius, A.
Published: 2014

29. Observed and simulated daily variability of the meridional overturning circulation at 26.5°N in the Atlantic

Author: Baehr, J., Cunningham, S., Haak, H., Heimbach, P., Kanzow, T., and Marotzke, J.
Abstract: Daily timeseries of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) estimated from the UK/US RAPID/MOCHA array at 26.5 degrees N in the Atlantic are used to evaluate the MOC as simulated in two global circulation models: (I) an 8-member ensemble of the coupled climate model ECHAM5/MPI-OM, and (II) the ECCO-GODAE state estimate. In ECHAM5/MPI-OM, we find that the observed and simulated MOC have a similar variability and time-mean within the 99% confidence interval. In ECCO-GODAE, we find that the observed and simulated MOC show a significant correlation within the 99% confidence interval. To investigate the contribution of the different transport components, the MOC is decomposed into Florida Current, Ekman and mid-ocean transports. In both models, the mid-ocean transport is closely approximated by the residual of the MOC minus Florida Current and Ekman transports. As the models conserve volume by definition, future comparisons of the RAPID/MOCHA mid-ocean transport should be done against the residual transport in the models. The similarity in the variance and the correlation between the RAPID/MOCHA, and respectively ECHAM5/MPI-O and ECCO-GODAE MOC estimates at 26.5 degrees N is encouraging in the context of estimating (natural) variability in climate simulations and its use in climate change signal-to-noise detection analyses. Enhanced confidence in simulated hydrographic and transport variability will require longer observational time series.
Published: 2009

30. The meridional overturning circulation

Author: Baringer, O., Meinen, C., Johnson, G., Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S., Johns, W., Beal, L., Hirschi, J., Rayner, D., Longworth, H., Bryden, H., Marotzke, J., and https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9857-9900
Published: 2009

31. RV Ronald H. Brown Cruise RB0701, 21 Mar-10 Apr 2007. RAPID mooring cruise report

Author: Baringer, M.O., Kanzow, T., and Rayner, D.
Abstract: This report describes the mooring operations conducted during RV Ronald H. Brown Cruise RB0701 conductedbetween 21 March 2007 and 10 April 2007.These mooring operations were completed as part of the United Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council(NERC) funded RAPID Programme to monitor the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5ºN. Theprimary purpose of this cruise was to service the Western Boundary section of the 26.5ºN mooring array firstdeployed in 2004 during RRS Discovery cruises D277 and D278 (SOC cruise report number 53), and serviced in2005 during RRS Charles Darwin Cruise CD170 and RV Knorr Cruise KN182-2 (NOCS cruise report number 2),RRS Charles Darwin Cruise CD177 (NOCS cruise report number 5), and in 2006 on RV Ronald H. Brown CruiseRB0602, RRS Discovery Cruise D304 (NOCS cruise report number 16) and FS Poseidon Cruises P343 and P345(NOCS cruise report number 28).Cruise RB0701 was from Charleston, SC to San Juan, Puerto Rico, and covered the Western Boundary mooringsdeployed on RB0602 (along with two landers deployed on KN182-2). This cruise is the third annual refurbishmentof the Western Boundary section of an array of moorings deployed across the Atlantic in order to set up a preoperationalprototype system to continuously observe the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC).This array will be further refined and refurbished during subsequent years.The instrumentation deployed on the array consists of a variety of current meters, bottom pressure recorders, CTDloggers and Inverted Echosounders, which, combined with time series measurements of the Florida ChannelCurrent and wind stress estimates, will be used to determine the strength and structure of the MOC at 26.5ºN.(http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/rapidmoc)
Published: 2008

32. RV Ronald H. Brown Cruise RB0602 and RRS Discovery Cruise D304, Rapid Mooring Cruise Report March and May 2006

Author: Baringer, M.O., Kanzow, T., and Rayner, D.
Abstract: This report describes the mooring operations conducted during RV Ronald H. Brown Cruise RB0602 and RRS Discovery Cruise D304. Cruise RB0602 was conducted between 9 March 2006 and 28 March 2006, and Cruise D304 was conducted between 12 May 2006 and 6 June 2006.These mooring operations were completed as part of the United Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded RAPID Programme to monitor the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 26.5ºN. The primary purpose of these cruises was to service the 26.5ºN mooring array first deployed in 2004 during RRS Discovery cruises D277 and D278 (SOC cruise report number 53), and serviced in 2005 during RRS Charles Darwin Cruise CD170 and RV Knorr Cruise KN182-2 (NOCS cruise report number 2), and RRS Charles Darwin Cruise CD177 (NOCS cruise report number 5).Cruise RB0602 was from Barbados to Charleston, SC, and covered the Western Boundary moorings deployed on KN182-2. Cruise D304 was to and from Tenerife and covered the Eastern Boundary and Mid-Atlantic Ridge moorings deployed on cruises CD170 and CD177. These cruises are the second annual refurbishment of an array of moorings deployed across the Atlantic in order to set up a pre-operational prototype system to continuously observe the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC). Cruise CD177 was an intermediate service cruise to obtain data from the two principal Eastern Boundary moorings six months after deployment. This array will be further refined and refurbished during subsequent years. The instruments deployed on the array consists of a variety of current meters, bottom pressure recorders, CTD loggers and Inverted Echosounders, which, combined with time series measurements of the Florida Channel Current and wind stress estimates, will be used to determine the strength and structure of the MOC at 26.5ºN. (http://www.noc.soton.ac.uk/rapidmoc)
Published: 2007

33. Oceanic Mass Variability Observed by Bottom Pressure Sensors and GRACE Satellites

Author: Macrander, Annecke, Kanzow, T., Flechtner, F., Schmidt, Roland, Boebel, Olaf, Schröter, Jens, and Karstensen, J.
Published: 2006

34. Ocean bottom pressure ground-truth site for GRACE validation

Author: Flechtner, F., Kanzow, T., Miller, H., Reigber, C., Send, U., and Earth Observing Satellites -2009, Geoengineering Centres, GFZ Publication Database, Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum
Subjects: 550 - Earth sciences
Published: 2004

35. On the role of circulation and mixing in the ventilation of oxygen minimum zones with a focus on the eastern tropical North Atlantic

Author: Brandt, P., primary, Banyte, D., additional, Dengler, M., additional, Didwischus, S.-H., additional, Fischer, T., additional, Greatbatch, R. J., additional, Hahn, J., additional, Kanzow, T., additional, Karstensen, J., additional, Körtzinger, A., additional, Krahmann, G., additional, Schmidtko, S., additional, Stramma, L., additional, Tanhua, T., additional, and Visbeck, M., additional
Published: 2014
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36. Monitoring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at 16°N

Author: Send, Uwe, Kanzow, T., Zenk, Walter, and Rhein, M.
Subjects: Software_GENERAL, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, InformationSystems_MISCELLANEOUS, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries)
Published: 2002

37. Meridional Overturning Circulation Observations in the Subtropical North Atlantic

Author: Baringer, M.O., Cunningham, S.A., Meinen, C.S., Garzoli, S., Willis, J., Lankhorst, M., MacDonald, A., Send, U., Hobbs, W.R., Frajka-Williams, E., Kanzow, T., Rayner, D., Johns, W.E., Marotzke, J., Baringer, M.O., Cunningham, S.A., Meinen, C.S., Garzoli, S., Willis, J., Lankhorst, M., MacDonald, A., Send, U., Hobbs, W.R., Frajka-Williams, E., Kanzow, T., Rayner, D., Johns, W.E., and Marotzke, J.
Published: 2012

38. Observed and simulated estimates of the meridional overturning circulation at 26.5 degrees N in the Atlantic

Author: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Heimbach, Patrick, Baehr, Johanna, Cunningham, S., Haak, H., Kanzow, T., Marotzke, J., Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Heimbach, Patrick, Baehr, Johanna, Cunningham, S., Haak, H., Kanzow, T., and Marotzke, J.
Abstract: Daily timeseries of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) estimated from the UK/US RAPID/MOCHA array at 26.5° [26.5 degrees] N in the Atlantic are used to evaluate the MOC as simulated in two global circulation models: (I) an 8-member ensemble of the coupled climate model ECHAM5/MPI-OM, and (II) the ECCO-GODAE state estimate. In ECHAM5/MPI-OM, we find that the observed and simulated MOC have a similar variability and time-mean within the 99% confidence interval. In ECCO-GODAE, we find that the observed and simulated MOC show a significant correlation within the 99% confidence interval. To investigate the contribution of the different transport components, the MOC is decomposed into Florida Current, Ekman and mid-ocean transports. In both models, the mid-ocean transport is closely approximated by the residual of the MOC minus Florida Current and Ekman transports. As the models conserve volume by definition, future comparisons of the RAPID/MOCHA mid-ocean transport should be done against the residual transport in the models. The similarity in the variance and the correlation between the RAPID/MOCHA, and respectively ECHAM5/MPI-OM and ECCO-GODAE MOC estimates at 26.5° [26.5 degrees] N is encouraging in the context of estimating (natural) variability in climate simulations and its use in climate change signal-to-noise detection analyses. Enhanced confidence in simulated hydrographic and transport variability will require longer observational time series., Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science
Published: 2011

39. Meridional Overturning Circulation Observations in the Subtropical North Atlantic

Author: Baringer, M.O., Kanzow, T., Meinen, C.S., Cunningham, S.A., Rayner, D., Johns, W.E., Bryden, H.L., Frajka-Williams, E., Chidichimo, M.P., Beal, L.M., Marotzke, J., Baringer, M.O., Kanzow, T., Meinen, C.S., Cunningham, S.A., Rayner, D., Johns, W.E., Bryden, H.L., Frajka-Williams, E., Chidichimo, M.P., Beal, L.M., and Marotzke, J.
Published: 2011

40. The contribution of eastern-boundary density variations to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26.5° N

Author: Chidichimo, M.P., Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S.A., Johns, W.E., Marotzke, J., Chidichimo, M.P., Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S.A., Johns, W.E., and Marotzke, J.
Abstract: We study the contribution of eastern-boundary density variations to sub-seasonal and seasonal anomalies of the strength and vertical structure of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26.5° N, by means of the RAPID/MOCHA mooring array between April 2004 and October 2007. The major density anomalies are found in the upper 500 m, and they are often coherent down to 1400 m. The densities have 13-day fluctuations that are apparent down to 3500 m. The two strategies for measuring eastern-boundary density – a tall offshore mooring (EB1) and an array of moorings on the continental slope (EBH) – show little correspondence in terms of amplitude, vertical structure, and frequency distribution of the resulting basin-wide integrated transport fluctuations, implying that there are significant transport contributions between EB1 and EBH. Contrary to the original planning, measurements from EB1 cannot serve as backup or replacement for EBH: density needs to be measured directly at the continental slope to compute the full-basin density gradient. Fluctuations in density at EBH generate transport variability of 2 Sv rms in the AMOC, while the overall AMOC variability is 4.8 Sv rms. There is a pronounced deep-reaching seasonal cycle in density at the eastern boundary, which is apparent between 100 m and 1400 m, with maximum positive anomalies in spring and maximum negative anomalies in autumn. These changes drive anomalous southward upper mid-ocean flow in spring, implying maximum reduction of the AMOC, and vice-versa in autumn. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle of the AMOC arising from the eastern-boundary densities is 5.2 Sv peak-to-peak, dominating the 6.7 Sv peak-to-peak seasonal cycle of the total AMOC. Our analysis suggests that the seasonal cycle in density may be forced by the strong near-coastal seasonal cycle in wind stress curl.
Published: 2010

41. Continuous, array-based estimates of Atlantic Ocean heat transport at 26.5 °N

Author: Johns, W.E., Baringer, M.O., Beal, L.M., Cunningham, S.A., Kanzow, T., Bryden, H.L., Hirschi, J.J.M., Marotzke, J., Meinen, C.S., Shaw, B., Curry, R., Johns, W.E., Baringer, M.O., Beal, L.M., Cunningham, S.A., Kanzow, T., Bryden, H.L., Hirschi, J.J.M., Marotzke, J., Meinen, C.S., Shaw, B., and Curry, R.
Abstract: Continuous estimates of the oceanic meridional heat transport in the Atlantic are derived from the Rapid Climate Change–Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) and Heatflux Array (RAPID–MOCHA) observing system deployed along 26.5°N, for the period from April 2004 to October 2007. The basinwide meridional heat transport (MHT) is derived by combining temperature transports (relative to a common reference) from 1) the Gulf Stream in the Straits of Florida; 2) the western boundary region offshore of Abaco, Bahamas; 3) the Ekman layer [derived from Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind stresses]; and 4) the interior ocean monitored by “endpoint” dynamic height moorings. The interior eddy heat transport arising from spatial covariance of the velocity and temperature fields is estimated independently from repeat hydrographic and expendable bathythermograph (XBT) sections and can also be approximated by the array. The results for the 3.5 yr of data thus far available show a mean MHT of 1.33 ± 0.40 PW for 10-day-averaged estimates, on which time scale a basinwide mass balance can be reasonably assumed. The associated MOC strength and variability is 18.5 ± 4.9 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). The continuous heat transport estimates range from a minimum of 0.2 to a maximum of 2.5 PW, with approximately half of the variance caused by Ekman transport changes and half caused by changes in the geostrophic circulation. The data suggest a seasonal cycle of the MHT with a maximum in summer (July–September) and minimum in late winter (March–April), with an annual range of 0.6 PW. A breakdown of the MHT into “overturning” and “gyre” components shows that the overturning component carries 88% of the total heat transport. The overall uncertainty of the annual mean MHT for the 3.5-yr record is 0.14 PW or about 10% of the mean value.
Published: 2010

42. On the variability of Florida Straits and wind driven transports at 26° N in the Atlantic Ocean

Author: Atkinson, C.P., Bryden, H.L., Hirschi, J.J.-M., Kanzow, T., Atkinson, C.P., Bryden, H.L., Hirschi, J.J.-M., and Kanzow, T.
Abstract: Since April 2004 the RAPID array has made continuous measurements of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26° N. Two key components of this system are Ekman transport zonally integrated across 26° N and western boundary current transport in the Florida Straits. Whilst measurements of the AMOC as a whole are somewhat in their infancy, this study investigates what useful information can be extracted on the variability of the Ekman and Florida Straits transports using the decadal timeseries already available. Analysis is also presented for Sverdrup transports zonally integrated across 26° N. The seasonal cycles of Florida Straits, Ekman and Sverdrup transports are quantified at 26° N using harmonic analysis of annual and semi-annual constituents. Whilst Sverdrup transport shows clear semi-annual periodicity, calculations of seasonal Florida Straits and Ekman transports show substantial interannual variability due to variability at non-seasonal frequencies; the mean seasonal cycle for these transports only emerges from decadal length observations. The Florida Straits and Ekman mean seasonal cycles project on the AMOC with a combined peak-to-peak seasonal range of 3.5 Sv. The combined seasonal range for heat transport is 0.40 PW. The Florida Straits seasonal cycle possesses a smooth annual periodicity in contrast with previous studies suggesting a more asymmetric structure. No clear evidence is found to support significant changes in the Florida Straits seasonal cycle at sub-decadal periods. Whilst evidence of wind driven Florida Straits transport variability is seen at sub-seasonal and annual periods, model runs from the 1/4° eddy-permitting ocean model NEMO are used to identify an important contribution from internal oceanic variability at sub-annual and interannual periods. The Ekman transport seasonal cycle possesses less symmetric structure, due in part to different seasonal transport regimes east and west of 50 to 60° W. Around 60% of non-seaso
Published: 2010

43. On the seasonal cycles and variability of Florida Straits, Ekman and Sverdrup transports at 26° N in the Atlantic Ocean

Author: Atkinson, C.P., Bryden, H.L., Hirschi, J.J-M., Kanzow, T., Atkinson, C.P., Bryden, H.L., Hirschi, J.J-M., and Kanzow, T.
Abstract: Since April 2004 the RAPID array has made continuous measurements of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at 26° N. Two key components of this system are Ekman transport zonally integrated across 26° N and western boundary current transport in the Florida Straits. Whilst measurements of the AMOC as a whole are somewhat in their infancy, this study investigates what useful information can be extracted on the variability of the Ekman and Florida Straits transports using the decadal timeseries already available. Analysis is also presented for Sverdrup transports zonally integrated across 26° N. The seasonal cycles of Florida Straits, Ekman and Sverdrup transports are quantified at 26° N using harmonic analysis of annual and semi-annual constituents. Whilst Sverdrup transport shows clear semi-annual periodicity, calculations of seasonal Florida Straits and Ekman transports show substantial interannual variability due to contamination by variability at non-seasonal frequencies; the mean seasonal cycle for these transports only emerges from decadal length observations. The Florida Straits and Ekman mean seasonal cycles project on the AMOC with a combined peak-to-peak seasonal range of 3.5 Sv. The combined seasonal range for heat transport is 0.40 PW. The Florida Straits seasonal cycle possesses a smooth annual periodicity in contrast with previous studies suggesting a more asymmetric structure. No clear evidence is found to support significant changes in the Florida Straits seasonal cycle at sub-decadal periods. Whilst evidence of wind driven Florida Straits transport variability is seen at sub-seasonal and annual periods, a model run from the 1/4° eddy-permitting ocean model NEMO is used to identify an important contribution from internal oceanic variability at sub-annual and interannual periods. The Ekman transport seasonal cycle possesses less symmetric structure, due in part to different seasonal transport regimes east and west of 50 to 60° W. Around
Published: 2010

44. Impact of hydrographic data assimilation on the modelled Atlantic meridional overturning circulation

Author: Smith, G.C., Haines, K., Kanzow, T., Cunningham, S., Smith, G.C., Haines, K., Kanzow, T., and Cunningham, S.
Abstract: Here we make an initial step toward the development of an ocean assimilation system that can constrain the modelled Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) to support climate predictions. A detailed comparison is presented of 1° and 1/4° resolution global model simulations with and without sequential data assimilation, to the observations and transport estimates from the RAPID mooring array across 26.5° N in the Atlantic. Comparisons of modelled water properties with the observations from the merged RAPID boundary arrays demonstrate the ability of in situ data assimilation to accurately constrain the east-west density gradient between these mooring arrays. However, the presence of an unconstrained "western boundary wedge" between Abaco Island and the RAPID mooring site WB2 (16 km offshore) leads to the intensification of an erroneous southwards flow in this region when in situ data are assimilated. The result is an overly intense southward upper mid-ocean transport (0–1100 m) as compared to the estimates derived from the RAPID array. Correction of upper layer zonal density gradients is found to compensate mostly for a weak subtropical gyre circulation in the free model run (i.e. with no assimilation). Despite the important changes to the density structure and transports in the upper layer imposed by the assimilation, very little change is found in the amplitude and sub-seasonal variability of the AMOC. This shows that assimilation of upper layer density information projects mainly on the gyre circulation with little effect on the AMOC at 26° N due to the absence of corrections to density gradients below 2000 m (the maximum depth of Argo). The sensitivity to initial conditions was explored through two additional experiments using a climatological initial condition. These experiments showed that the weak bias in gyre intensity in the control simulation (without data assimilation) develops over a period of about 6 months, but does so independently from the o
Published: 2010

45. Corrigendum to 'Observed and simulated estimates of the meridional overturning circulation at 26.5N in the Atlantic' published in Ocean Sci., 5, 575–589, 2009

Author: Baehr, J., Cunningham, S., Haak, H., Heimbach, P., Kanzow, T., Marotzke, J., Baehr, J., Cunningham, S., Haak, H., Heimbach, P., Kanzow, T., and Marotzke, J.
Published: 2010

46. The present and future system for measurning the Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport

Author: Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S.A., Baringer, M.O., Toole, J., Østerhaus, S., Fischer, J., Piola, A., McDonagh, E., Lozier, S., Send, U., Kanzow, T., Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S.L., Rintoul, S., Speich, S., Wijffels, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., Lherminier, P., Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Cunningham, S.A., Baringer, M.O., Toole, J., Østerhaus, S., Fischer, J., Piola, A., McDonagh, E., Lozier, S., Send, U., Kanzow, T., Marotzke, J., Rhein, M., Garzoli, S.L., Rintoul, S., Speich, S., Wijffels, S., Talley, L., Baehr, J., Meinen, C., Treguier, A.-M., and Lherminier, P.
Published: 2010

47. Observed and simulated estimates of the meridional overturning circulation at 26.5° N in the Atlantic

Author: Baehr, J., Cunningham, S., Haak, H., Heimbach, P., Kanzow, T., Marotzke, J., Baehr, J., Cunningham, S., Haak, H., Heimbach, P., Kanzow, T., and Marotzke, J.
Abstract: Daily timeseries of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) estimated from the UK/US RAPID/MOCHA array at 26.5° N in the Atlantic are used to evaluate the MOC as simulated in two global circulation models: (I) an 8-member ensemble of the coupled climate model ECHAM5/MPI-OM, and (II) the ECCO-GODAE state estimate. In ECHAM5/MPI-OM, we find that the observed and simulated MOC have a similar variability and time-mean within the 99% confidence interval. In ECCO-GODAE, we find that the observed and simulated MOC show a significant correlation within the 99% confidence interval. To investigate the contribution of the different transport components, the MOC is decomposed into Florida Current, Ekman and mid-ocean transports. In both models, the mid-ocean transport is closely approximated by the residual of the MOC minus Florida Current and Ekman transports. As the models conserve volume by definition, future comparisons of the RAPID/MOCHA mid-ocean transport should be done against the residual transport in the models. The similarity in the variance and the correlation between the RAPID/MOCHA, and respectively ECHAM5/MPI-OM and ECCO-GODAE MOC estimates at 26.5° N is encouraging in the context of estimating (natural) variability in climate simulations and its use in climate change signal-to-noise detection analyses. Enhanced confidence in simulated hydrographic and transport variability will require longer observational time series.
Published: 2009

48. Basinwide Integrated Volume Transports in an Eddy-Filled Ocean

Author: Kanzow, T., Johnson, H.E., Marshall, D.P., Cunningham, S.A., Hirschi, J.J-M., Mujahid, A., Bryden, H.L., Johns, W.E., Kanzow, T., Johnson, H.E., Marshall, D.P., Cunningham, S.A., Hirschi, J.J-M., Mujahid, A., Bryden, H.L., and Johns, W.E.
Abstract: The temporal evolution of the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the subtropical North Atlantic is affected by both remotely forced, basin-scale meridionally coherent, climate-relevant transport anomalies, such as changes in high-latitude deep water formation rates, and locally forced transport anomalies, such as eddies or Rossby waves, possibly associated with small meridional coherence scales, which can be considered as noise. The focus of this paper is on the extent to which local eddies and Rossby waves when impinging on the western boundary of the Atlantic affect the temporal variability of the AMOC at 26.5°N. Continuous estimates of the AMOC at this latitude have been made since April 2004 by combining the Florida Current, Ekman, and midocean transports with the latter obtained from continuous density measurements between the coasts of the Bahamas and Morocco, representing, respectively, the western and eastern boundaries of the Atlantic at this latitude. Within 100 km of the western boundary there is a threefold decrease in sea surface height variability toward the boundary, observed in both dynamic heights from in situ density measurements and altimetric heights. As a consequence, the basinwide zonally integrated upper midocean transport shallower than 1000 m—as observed continuously between April 2004 and October 2006—varies by only 3.0 Sv (1 Sv 106 m3 s−1) RMS. Instead, upper midocean transports integrated from western boundary stations 16, 40, and 500 km offshore to the eastern boundary vary by 3.6, 6.0, and 10.7 Sv RMS, respectively. The reduction in eddy energy toward the western boundary is reproduced in a nonlinear reduced-gravity model suggesting that boundary-trapped waves may account for the observed decline in variability in the coastal zone because they provide a mechanism for the fast equatorward export of transport anomalies associated with eddies impinging on the western boundary. An analytical model of linea
Published: 2009

49. Adjustment of the basin-scale circulation at 26 N to variations in Gulf Stream, deep western boundary current and Ekman transports as observed by the Rapid array

Author: Bryden, H.L., Mujahid, A., Cunningham, S.A., Kanzow, T., Bryden, H.L., Mujahid, A., Cunningham, S.A., and Kanzow, T.
Abstract: The Rapid instrument array across the Atlantic Ocean along 26 N provides unprecedented monitoring of the basin-scale circulation. A unique feature of the Rapid array is the combination of full-depth moorings with instruments measuring temperature, salinity, pressure time series at many depths with co-located bottom pressure measurements so that dynamic pressure can be measured from surface to bottom. Bottom pressure measurements show a zonally uniform rise (and fall) of bottom pressure of 0.015 dbar on a 5 to 10 day time scale, suggesting that the Atlantic basin is filling and draining on a short time scale. After removing the zonally uniform bottom pressure fluctuations, bottom pressure variations at 4000m depth against the western boundary compensate instantaneously for baroclinic fluctuations in the strength and structure of the deep western boundary current so there is no basin-scale mass imbalance resulting from variations in the deep western boundary current. After removing the mass compensating bottom pressure, residual bottom pressure fluctuations at the western boundary just east of the Bahamas balance variations in Gulf Stream transport. Again the compensation appears to be especially confined close to the western boundary. Thus, fluctuations in either Gulf Stream or deep western boundary current transports are compensated in a depth independent (barotropic) manner very close to the continental slope off the Bahamas. In contrast, compensation for variations in wind-driven surface Ekman transport appears to involve fluctuations in both western basin and eastern basin bottom pressures, though the bottom pressure difference fluctuations appear to be a factor of 3 too large, perhaps due to an inability to resolve small bottom pressure fluctuations after removal of larger zonal average, baroclinic, and Gulf Stream pressure components. For 4 tall moorings where time series dynamic height (geostrophic pressure) profiles can be estimated from sea surface to ocean
Published: 2009

50. A prototype system of observing the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation - scientific basis, measurement and risk mitigation strategies, and first results

Author: Kanzow, T., Hirschi, J.J-M., Meinen, C.S., Rayner, D., Cunningham, S.A., Marotzke, J., Johns, W.E., Bryden, H.L., Beal, L.M., Baringer, M.O., Kanzow, T., Hirschi, J.J-M., Meinen, C.S., Rayner, D., Cunningham, S.A., Marotzke, J., Johns, W.E., Bryden, H.L., Beal, L.M., and Baringer, M.O.
Abstract: The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) carries up to one quarter of the global northward heat transport in the Subtropical North Atlantic. A system monitoring the strength of the MOC volume transport has been operating since April 2004. The core of this system is an array of moored sensors measuring density, bottom pressure and ocean currents. A strategy to mitigate risks of possible partial failures of the array is presented, relying on backup and complementary measurements. The MOC is decomposed into five components, making use of the continuous moored observations, and of cable measurements across the Straits of Florida, and wind stress data. The components compensate for each other, indicating that the system is working reliably. The year-long average strength of the MOC is 18.7±5.6 Sv, with wind-driven and density-inferred transports contributing equally to the variability. Numerical simulations suggest that the surprisingly fast density changes at the western boundary are partially linked to westward propagating planetary waves.
Published: 2008

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