Search

Diabetes mellitus causes impaired diabetic wounds which is linked to a number of pathological alterations that impede the healing of wounds. In the current research, Swiss albino mice were given alloxan monohydrate to induce diabetes and excision wounds of approximately 6 mm using biopsy punch. The diabetic wounds were treated with various biomaterials including Vachellia nilotica extract (VN), Nigella sativa extract (NS), V. nilotica nanoparticles (VNNPs) and N. sativa nanoparticles (NSNPs). Their effects were determined by evaluating the percent wound contraction, healing time, and histopathological analysis. The serum level of various biochemical parameters that is, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were also determined. VNNPs group provided the best outcomes, with wound contraction 100% on 12th day. According to histopathological examination, VNNPs group reduced inflammation and encouraged the formation of blood vessels, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes. VNNPs group significantly alleviated the serum level of pro‐inflammatory cytokines that are, TNF‐α (19.4 ± 1.5 pg/mL), IL‐6 (13.8 ± 0.6 pg/mL), and IL‐8 (24.8 ± 1.2 pg/mL) as compared with the diabetic mice. The serum level of MMP2 (248.2 ± 7.9 pg/mL), MMP7 (316 ± 5.2 pg/mL), and MMP9 (167.8 ± 12.1 pg/mL) in the same group VNNPs were also observed much less than the diabetic mice. The serum level of TIMPs (176.8 ± 2.9 pg/mL) in the VNNPs group was increased maximally with respect to diabetic mice. It is concluded that nanoparticles and biomaterials possess healing properties and have the ability to repair the chronic/diabetic wound. Research Highlights: UV‐spectrophotometric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy observation for functional group analysis and possible linkage between conjugatesOptimization of the histopathological and biochemical markers after application of the formulationsMicroscopic analysis of epithelial tissues for evaluation of healing mechanismsSpeedy contraction of wounds as the alleviation of the inflammatory and necrotic factors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The politics in Pakistan has been influenced by multiple forces and factors directly or indirectly since independence. Islam has been considered ideological foundation of the state. Therefore, religious and Islamist parties have always played a vital role in Pakistan's politics. However, in contemporary politics the role of Islamist parties revived in the form of Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA). MMA not only formed Government in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP, now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa from 2002-2007) and in Baluchistan rather influence the social, political and structural changes. This was the first serious opportunity for Islamist parties to implement their manifesto. Due to grassroot organization, Federal Governments continued to seek their support and keep it intact. In this perspective, this paper discusses the role of MMA in the politics of Pakistan during Musharraf Era as well as in the formulation of state policies, their relations with state institutions, role as opposition at the Center and governance in NWFP. The Study shall help understand the dynamics of Pakistani politics and to predict the major political streams evolving through past into future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bawaria Hindu Tribe is an ancient nomadic hunter tribe of Cholistan. They are son of the soil whose forefathers were primarily cultivators residing on the banks of the lost river Sarsvati. With the dried up of the river this area was deserted through desertification process and left only grazing land. Cholistan is a cradle of great Indus civilization and the Bawaria of Cholistan are representative of this civilization. Though nationalization has affected their culture. However, they are still staunch follower of their centuries old cultural traditions. Some works are available on Cholistan. However, culture of Cholistani Hindus has been ignored by the Anthropologists and cultural historians. Not a single work is available on Bawaria tribe of Cholistan. The author developed survey instrument to gather information on Bawaria culture. Group discussion and individual Bawaria were interviewed to collect the data. The survey was conducted in Cholistan's Union Council and Bawaria's colonies. Total 30 persons were interviewed. Thus this paper is primarily based upon oral history and observations. It deals particularly with cultural anthropology of Bawaria tribe of Cholistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centre-provinces relations suffer from multiple tensions in the federal structure of Pakistan. The vertical distribution of powers and inequitable distribution of resources have exacerbated the complexity of the issue. Punjab is considered politically more powerful that dominates the federation since the formative years of Pakistan. This set-up compounded the problem of centre-provinces relations even after the separation of East Pakistan. The quantum of power-sharing between the Centre and provinces under the constitution of 1973, was considered by the smaller units as a triumph of the Punjab, a population wise majority province. It did not change the set patterns of central supremacy in the federal structure of Pakistan. Practically, the functioning of the constitution of 1973, during Bhutto years has great impact on the administrative, legislative and financial relations between the federation and its units. The Central ascendency in the political affairs of the provinces is viewed as the negation of coordination and independence. This article, focusing on the structure and functioning of the aspects of centre-provinces relations under the constitution of 1973 during Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Era, will discuss the role of Punjab in decision making and at policy implementation levels in the federal system of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pakistan has administrative, economic and political challenges at the time of its emergence. The government was determined for strengthening of military against India, expansion of infrastructure and a big thrust towards industrialization. Exigencies of international conditions and precarious domestic situations are considered as major factors that convinced the state to adopt capitalist mode of production to meet the economic challenges of partition and to assert economic sovereignty. The capitalist mode of production with the course of industrialization in a rural based society has not ensured either substantiality or reasonably equitable distribution of growth benefits. The capitalist growth strategy increased uneven economic development and political tension across different regions of Pakistan. In this context, government policies for elimination of economic disparity without alteration in the power structure were practically insignificant to alleviate the mass poverty. The ensuing economic growth in the context of capitalism further classified the social structures on the basis of share of economic means. These divisions were visible in the form of industrial elite, commercial elite and agrarian elite with fewer portions of middle class of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whether regional politics was subject to mainstream British Indian politics or was associated with the regional issues, is a major questions for the study of the History of British India. The paper evolves around the theme that regional politics under the British had been subject to Imperial structure of elites' politics. In this structure, the regional political contests were the major reason of the change of parties or formation of political alliances. The introduction of western model of responsible representation shifted the priority area of politics from feudal to the groups and elites having a communal and mass footing. Regional politics emerged as a contest of elites having feudal decorum with those having masses temper and contacts. The success was won by those who had mass-contacts. The success of the political parties was subject to the support of those groups who had mass contacts. In the regional politics of Multan, Gillanis and Qureshis were two major contestants of Politics. Gillanis had a deep-rooted mass contact and won a mass support. The success of the Muslim League was subjects to the mass support which Gillanis has already won. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conflict over sharing water resources among the provinces of Pakistan has serious implications for the politics and economy of Pakistan. The issue had its origin since the time of British India. However, the nature of the issue became more serious after the partition of Sub-continent as partition provided the control of rivers irrigating the areas of Pakistan to India. In this context, water treaties with India, augmented the tension between Punjab and Sind over the water sharing. Successive governments of Pakistan failed to resolve the issue. The growing demand- supply gap and climate changes are exacerbating the problem of water sharing among the provinces. Shortage of water has affected not only the Inter-Provincial relations but the agriculture, industry and power sector of Pakistan, immensely. With this theme present paper analyzes the water sharing conflict mainly between Punjab and Sind in the politics of Pakistan to comprehend its implications on the politics of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the development of internal discourse on Kashmir issue during the first parliamentary and first military period of Pakistan from 1947-1969. It provides an overview of the Kashmir issue, which is considered one of major cause of the multiplicity of tensions and conflicts between India and Pakistan. Other topics related to the country's foreign and domestic policy as well as politics and inter-provincial governmental relations are discussed.

The functioning of Interim Constitution of Pakistan 1947, largely determined the nature of centre-province relations in the early years of independence. The way in which the provisions of the Interim Constitution were operationalized to maintain the central ascendancy in the legislative, administrative and financial sphere, developed a sense of disequilibrium in the equation of power- sharing between federation and its units. This disequilibrium is considered to maintain the hegemonic role of Punjab in the policy formulation and implementation levels. The prevailing sense was the attachment of centralization of authority with the Punjab. This article will evaluate the nature and functioning of the aspects of centre-province relations, and provincial autonomy from 1947 to 1955 to determine the place of Punjab under the Interim Constitution 1947 in the state structure of Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the nineteenth century history of the Baloches of Balochistan, a region neighboring Persia, Afghanistan, India, and the Punjab, and their relations with Great Britain. An overview of the history of the Baloches from prehistory to the nineteenth century is presented as is a a description of Baloch society and their political structure. A discussion of the Napoleonic Wars and 19th century European colonial interests is presented. The author considers how British foreign policies in the Middle East and Southwest Asia regarding Russian expansionism and Sikh nationalism impacted Balochistan.