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Rangkuti AB, Hartini KS, Susilowati A, Rambey R, Harahap MM, Arinah H, Irmayanti L, Pamoengkas P, Indriani F, Peniwidiyanti, Ruhidi A. 2023. Structure, composition and diversity of tree species in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 78-85. Martelu Purba Nature Reserve is one of the conservation areas in North Sumatra that functions to protect biodiversity. However, there is limited information related to the vegetation community contained in the nature reserve. This study aimed to assess the diversity, structure and composition of tree species in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve as well as to reveal the conservation status of the species in reserve. The research used the line transect method with a total of 112 observation plots representing various vegetation and environmental conditions. The results showed that there were 39 tree species belonging to 25 families, with 31, 25, 24, and 26 species at the tree, pole, sapling, and seedling stages, respectively. Shorea platyclados and Syzygium cerasiforme were species with the highest Important Value Index (IVI) at the tree and pole stages with 173.04% and 31.01%, respectively, while Gamblea malayana was the most important at the sapling and seedling stages with IVI of 66.43%, and 30.00%, respectively. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') was categorized as low (1.58), the Margalef species richness index (DMg) was high at all growth stages, and the Evenness index (E) was high, indicating that all species were evenly distributed across the research plots. The distribution of tree diameter classes ranged from 20 - 40 cm for trees with the smallest diameter to 81-110 cm for trees with the largest diameter. Based on their conservation status, there were two species with conservation concerns, namely Coffea arabica (Endangered) and Lithocarpus maingayi (Vulnerable). The application of good silvicultural methods needs to be carried out in the context of conservation efforts. One example is through vegetative propagation of species with long flowering periods.

Urban areas are generally in the form of housing with narrow land. The purpose of this activities was to use narrow land for farming with verticulture techniques. The activity was held in Puri Zahara 1 Residence, Medan Tuntungan District. which is a residential area with narrow land. The method used was to provide training to housewife to be able to utilize the land with verticulture techniques. Housewives was briefed in order to be able to use the land using existing materials, especially verticulture techniques. The material used in verticulture techniques was paralon. The result of this dedication is that the community can utilize small land, especially in residential areas with verticulture techniques to plant flowers or vegetable crops, so that the house becomes greener and livelier. With this verticulture technique, more vegetable or fruit crops can be planted. some plants planted include lettuce, water spinach, flowers

Untuk menganalisis potensi limbah air hasil pendaurulangan papan partikel komersial berperekat urea-formaldehida (UF) untuk digunakan sebagai pupuk cair tanaman kehutanan lambat tumbuh (slow growing species) dilakukan pengujian PSA (particle size analyzer) berskala mikron pada limbah air tersebut dan perhitungan fraksi sol dari film UF. Pengukuran PSA menggunakan Malvern Mastersizer 3000 Hydro EV dan penghitungan fraksi sol menggunakan metode gravimetri. Hasil yang diperoleh terdapat dominasi partikel kayu pada limbah air tersebut yang berukuran 20 hingga 50 m sebanyak (31,78+5,19)%. Analisis film UF menunjukkan terdapat fraksi sol sebesar (22.24+2.51)% untuk penggunaan hardener ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) sebanyak 1% dan (4.73+2.25)% untuk penggunaan hardener NH4Cl sebanyak 3%. Hal ini mengindikasikan limbah air hasil pendaurulangan papan partikel komersial tersebut berpotensi dapat digunakan sebagai pupuk cair karena mengandung bahan organik berupa partikel kayu berukuran mikro dan fraksi sol yang berasal dari perekat UF sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai sumber nutrisi tanaman kehutanan lambat tumbuh (slow growing species).

Susilowati A, Hartini KS, Elfiati D, Rachmat HH, Kusuma YS, Sinaga MZE, Suhartati T. 2020. Macropropagation by shoot cutting of raru (Cotylelobium melanoxylon), a highly utilized dipterocarp in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 724-730. Cotylelobium melanoxylon (Hook.f.) Pierre, or locally named raru, is one of native tree species from North Sumatra that has many uses for its wood and medicinal purposes for anti-diabetic, anti laxative and blood coagulation. C. melanoxylon has been experiencing short supply due to its limited natural distribution, forest degradation, illegal harvesting for its wood and bark and uncertain fruiting season of the species. Along with these alterations, C. melanoxylon population has been decreasing. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of C. melanoxylon propagation by shoot cutting. Randomized factorial design with 2 factors was employed in this research. The first factor (factor A) was the cutting media (i.e. topsoil only; topsoil and sand with proportion of 1:1 v/v), and the second factor (factor B) was commercial auxin addition (i.e. 1g/100cuttings; without auxin). The observed parameters were survival percentage, rooted percentage, number of primary and secondary root, length of primary and secondary root and root histology. The results showed that the interaction between media and auxin addition did not have any significant effect on all tested parameters. The average survival percentage was 70-90% and rooting percentage was 50-90%. Adventitious root formation on C. melanoxylon cutting was originated from cell differentiation on wounded area near cambium, followed by root primordia formation and root meristem formation. The success of artificial propagation technique for this species will provide basic practice of C. melanoxylon cultivation and may contribute to the effort of ex situ conservation for valuable and threatened tree species.

Rachmat HH, Susilowati A, Elfiati D, Hartini KS, Faradillah WN. 2017. Short Communication: Strong genetic differentiation of the endemic rosin-producing tree Styrax sumatrana (Styracaceae) in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 1331-1335. Styrax sumatrana is an economically important rosin-producing tree endemic to North Sumatra, Indonesia. Distribution of this species is very limited, and the high rate of forest degradation in Sumatra is increasing the necessity for conservation. To quantify genetic variation and population structuring, we collected individuals from 3 populations namely Pakpak Bharat, Humbang Hasundutan (Humbahas) and Tapanuli Utara in which each of the population was represented by 10 individuals. However, the successful rate of amplification was varied among populations and for later analysis, we only took an account those sequences showing clear electropherograms and disposed those which showed ambiguity. We sequenced trnL-trnF chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) region yielded 941 bp after alignment. The trnL-trnF assigned the species into 4 haplotypes in which Pakpak Bharat was differentiated significantly and not shared any similar haplotypes with two others populations. Humbahas and Tapanuli Utara was shared one common haplotype. Mean nucleotide diversity at silent sites ranged 0 - 3.33 x 10-3, while nucleotide diversity at non-synonymous site ranged 0 - 5.9 x 10-4. Strong genetic differentiation was also found among 3 origin populations, with the highest pairwise genetic differentiation found on Pakpak Bharat and Tapanuli Utara (FST= 0.80952). Clear and apparent genetic structuring was possibly caused by geographical barriers such as highland and mountain ranges (Bukit Barisan mountain ranges) which acted as effective barriers to gene flow among population. The findings suggest that conservation efforts should focus on every population because each of the population maintains distinct genetic identity.

Research has been carried out to inventory and identify medicinal plants in the Lama and the Namorih Village, Pancur Batu District. The purpose of this research to find out the types of medicinal plants. The use of natural ingredients as traditional medicines tends to increase because human awareness to back to nature and the prolonged crisis has reduced the purchasing power of modern medicines, which are relatively more expensive. Natural medicine is also considered to have almost no adverse side effects. The research was conducted by exploring the village and holding discussions with breeders who use medicinal plants. The plants that have been obtained are identified and identified. The results obtained 14 species of medicinal plants.

Forests are important carbon sinks throughout the world, and therefore, the key to reducing the impact of climate change. Allometric models are essential for measuring biomass and carbon storage in forest ecosystems. Expected allometry exists for tropical trees, but species-specific models and locations are more accurate. The more reasonable methods for estimating tree biomass and carbon storage in forests, are very critical given, concerns to be global climate change. This study aimed to clarify the model formation in estimating aboveground biomass. The stages of this research include several steps, namely in the initial stages, gathering articles, and journals, then making a resume and classifying the independent variables used in allometric models. The most common independent variables are diameter at breast height (DBH) and height data.

Agroforestry contributes to addressing the problems the world is facing today. Regarding economic well-being, agroforestry can increase diversify farmers’ incomes and allow them to have access to more nutritious food. The community of Pematang Sidamanik Sub-district conducted an agroforestry pattern that combined forestry crops with various crops. This research aimed to examine the practice of agroforestry. Methods of data collection were interview techniques and field observation (survey). Data processing was qualitative descriptive analysis method. Cultivation techniques for T.sureni in study site are the provision of seeds, maintenance, and harvesting simply done by the community. Suren tree is used as a raw material for building, furniture, ships and canoes, while suren leaves are used as vegetables, medicines and organic pesticides/insecticides. Agroforestry practices are influenced by the land and tree tenure system (private or state-controlled) that farmers operate. Tenure affects the decision of farmers to make about the kind of agroforestry system they can use.

Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is a social animal living in groups. A group of elephant is called herd consists of male, female, allomother and calf. Non-parenting females are called allomother with the role of maintaining calves from other females. In daily activity, allomother may also display a typical infant handling which is valuable for studying interaction between them. This study will describe the daily activity of elephant allomother in Tangkahan Conservation Response Unit (CRU) Area, Langkat, North Sumatera. Methodology used was focal animal sampling with continuous sampling of data record. Object in this study were two allomothers, namely Ardana and Sari with three calves, namely Christopher, Albertina and Eropa. Daily activities of allomothers were recorded as Defecating (DF), Urinating (UR), Mudding (MU), Resting (RE), Mating (MT), Salting (ST), Feeding (FE), Parenting (PR), Drinking (DR) and Walking (WK). We recorded 19,569 sample points from allomother daily activities with Ardana having 10,838 points and Sari having 8,821 points. The longest duration of activity recorded were: Parenting (PR) with 5,807.13 min, Walking (WK) with 5,695.50 min and Feeding (FE) with 3,842.71 min. The shortest duration recorded was Mating (MT) with only 18.96 min while remaining activities lasting between 346.25 to 614.63 min. Duration of daily activities is directly proportional to the percentage of frequency performed by allomothers.

Taxus sumatrana or commonly known as Sumatran yew is native endangered taxol producing trees from Indonesia and promising drug for cancer source. Due to very limited and restricted natural growing habitat, small population size and the tendency of habitat deterioration, their sustainable occurrence is facing a serious threats. Urgent task for conserving this species was needed. Shoot cutting is promising methods for solving natural regeneration problems of this species. This research was conducted to determine appropriate shoot cutting technique for propagating the species and hence conserving Sumatran yew. Completely Randomized Design Factorial with 2 factors and 20 replications was used in this research. The first factor was cutting medium the second factor was auxin addition. The observed parameters were survival rate, rooting percentage, primary root number and primary root length. The result showed that the percentage of rooted cuttings were varied from 50 to 65 percent depend on the treatment. Cutting media and auxin treatment significantly only affected primary root number. Combination of soil and husk with auxin addition produced the highest rooting percentage.

Aquaculture expansion has been reported as the primary driver of mangrove loss and a significant cause of mangrove deforestation in North Sumatra, Indonesia. Development of silvofishery based on creating balance condition between conserving mangrove forest and offering better livelihood for local communities surrounding mangrove. The present study evaluates of mangrove management through community-based silvofishery in three villages, namely Paluh Manan, Paluh Kurau, and Lama, Hamparan Perak of Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Three communities used the same ecological type-silvofishery, characterized by planted mangrove surrounded aquaculture. Results showed that in the Paluh Manan village, planted mangrove and aquaculture in the ratio of 75:25 with planting distance of mangrove 50x50 cm, containing 2,500 trees/ha, resulted in US$ 36.2/month/ha of fish and shrimp farming. In the Paluh Kurau village, a mixture mangrove and aquaculture in an 84:16 ratio, planting distance of 1x1 m, consists of 1,600 trees/ha, US$ 23.8 of generating revenue from crab farming. Furthermore, in the third village, Lama village, consists of mangrove and aquaculture in the proportions 90:10, with planting spacing 2x2 m, composing 1,000 trees/ha, led to US$ 45.8/month/ha from fish, shrimp and crab farming. The present study suggested the mangrove management through community-based mangrove-friendly aquaculture.

The purpose of this research was to analysis an association between Daun Sang and other vegetation in Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park. According to its conservation status, Daun Sang was including on vulnerable categories (VUD2) and its presence was limited, then the action to conserve this species in nature is very important and urgent. This species includes understorey palm, which is need to shade by other species. Purpossive sampling was used with 30 plots, sized 20 x 20 meters for Daun Sang and other vegetation at tree stage, 10 x 10 meters for other vegetation at pole stage, 5 x 5 meter for other vegetation at sapling stage and 2 x 2 meter for other vegetation at seedling stage. Analysis of vegetation was used to determine Importance Value Index, Diversity Index, Evennes Index and Richness Index. Then analysis of association was done with an interspesific association analysis, continued with Jaccard Index. The highest Importance Value Indexes for each stage of species were Aglaia edulis for seedlings and saplings, Shorea sp for poles and Shorea dealbata for trees. Diversity Index measured by Shannon Wienner Index was high (3.5-4.02), while the range of Evennes Index was 0.8-0.97 and the range of Species Richness Index was 9.04-14.43. There was an association between Daun Sang and other vegetation on seedlings and poles, which is not strong enough, and no specific association with particular species. This fact is an evidence that if there is forest disturbance, then the population of Daun Sang will be decreased.