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The study was done among hypertensive elderly people staying in selected old age home of Gurgaon and Delhi. Convenient sampling was used to select the old age home and purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample of 30 hypertensive elderly people for assessing the management of hypertension among hypertensive elderly people. Further, 30 hypertensive elderly people had been evaluated for finding the effectiveness of planned teaching programme in terms of knowledge and attitude towards management of hypertension among hypertensive elderly people. There was deficit in knowledge and a lack of positive attitude regarding management of hypertension among hypertensive elderly people. The mean post-test knowledge scores and attitude scores were 27.5 and 71.2 respectively, which were signiflcantly higher than the mean pre-test knowledge scores and attitude scores (23.6 and 67.3) as evident from 't' values of 24.07 and 23.07 respectively for df (29) at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the planned teaching programme was effective in increasing the knowledge and developing a positive attitude of hypertensive elderly people in management of hypertension.

The study was done among hypertensive elderly people staying in selected old age home of Gurgaon and Delhi. Convenient sampling was used to select the old age home and purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample of 30 hypertensive elderly people for assessing the management of hypertension among hypertensive elderly people. Further, 30 hypertensive elderly people had been evaluated for finding the effectiveness of planned teaching programme in terms of knowledge and attitude towards management of hypertension among hypertensive elderly people. There was deficit in knowledge and a lack of positive attitude regarding management of hypertension among hypertensive elderly people. The mean post-test knowledge scores and attitude scores were 27.5 and 71.2 respectively, which were significantly higher than the mean pre-test knowledge scores and attitude scores (23.6 and 67.3) as evident from ‘t’ values of 24.07 and 23.07 respectively for df (29) at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that the planned teaching programme was effective in increasing the knowledge and developing a positive attitude of hypertensive elderly people in management of hypertension.

Among natural geo-hazards, spontaneous combustion of coal is unique in nature but common in most coal-producing countries. Coalfires can occur in coal seams and stockpiles of coal at ambient temperature in certain conditions, e.g. those concerning coal type, exposed area and moisture content. Once started, coalfires are difficult to extinguish and sometimes cannot be controlled. In addition to burning millions of tonnes of coal, the fires have enormous negative impacts on local and global environments. In the field of coalfire study, remote sensing is used as a powerful tool to detect and monitor coalfires. Nevertheless, most remote-sensing coalfire studies are based on a fixed emissivity 0.95 or 0.96 which is contrary to the real representation of the Earth's surface. In this research, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer ASTER-derived emissivity was used to detect coalfire-related surface anomalies in an Indian coal mining region. Later, the temperature anomalies detected were validated with ground truth data. Additionally, the ASTER-derived emissivity value was used to extract surface temperatures from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ETM+ thermal infrared TIR data.

Raniganj and Jharia regions together have been for long the single largest coal supplier in India, now contributing about a quarter of the total output in the country. Numerous reasons such as improper mining techniques and policy, as well as unauthorized mining caused surface and subsurface coalfires in these areas. These coalfires burn millions of tonnes of valuable coal resources, creating severe environmental problems and posing enormous operational difficulties of mining. After first use of remote sensing as a tool to identify coalfires in 1960s, with the time, the efficiency of remote sensing to identify and monitoring coalfires has been well established by several researchers. With the knowledge of local geological setting and density sliced surface temperature image the spatial distribution of coalfires can be revealed. The present paper makes an attempt to identify temperature anomalies of the Raniganj coalbelt to locate the spatial distribution of coalfires. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) thermal band data was used to calculate surface temperature along with NDVI (normalized vegetation index) derived emissivity.