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In environments with high humidity or water exposure, the performance of polyurethane materials could be adversely affected by water and its penetration, which could compromise their long-term utility. The influence of water on polyurethane materials is affected by water transport and various factors. This article summarizes the factors affecting the water absorption of polyurethane, introduces research methods for water transport in polyurethane, analyzes the pathways of water transport, and reviews the influence of water on the mechanical properties of polyurethane and its composite materials. The ultimate goal of this paper is to furnish a comprehensive theoretical foundation and a valuable reference for the research and practical application of polyurethane materials in water environments.