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Features of the interannual variability of the spring Wyrtki Jet in the tropical Indian Ocean are revealed using observation data and model output. The results show that the jet has significant interannual variation, which has a significant correlation with winter El Nino Modoki index ( R =0.62). During spring after an El Nino (La Nina) Modoki event, the Wyrtki Jet has a positive (negative) anomaly, forced by a westerly (easterly) wind anomaly. The result of a linear-continuously stratified model shows that the first two baroclinic modes explain most of the interannual variability of the spring Wyrtki Jet (~70%) and the third to fifth modes together account for approximately 30%. Surface wind anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean are related to the Walker circulation anomaly associated with El Nino/La Nina Modoki. The interannual variability of the spring Wyrtki Jet has an evident impact on sea surface salinity transport before the onset phase of the summer monsoon in the Indian Ocean.

Aim To explore the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a Southern Chinese population. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1724 community-based Southern Chinese participants from June to October 2012. The prevalence of MS (as defined by the International Diabetes Federation) and CKD (defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of

To investigate the value of serum IgA/C3 ratio in the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy and explore its relationship with the clinicopathological features of the patients.Sixty-six patients with IgA nephropathy, 111 with other glomerular diseases, and 40 healthy control subjects without kidney disease were tested for serum IgA and C3 levels using CRM470 adjusted standardized immune turbidimetric method, and the IgA/C3 ratio was calculated. According to Oxford and Lee's classification criteria, we analyzed the pathological grades of the renal biopsy samples from patients with IgA nephropathy. The ROC curve was used to assess the value of serum IgA and IgA/C3 ratio in predicting IgA nephropathy.Patients with IgA nephropathy had an elevated serum IgA/C3 ratio than those with other glomerular diseases and the control subjects, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.776. An elevated serum IgA/C3 ratio was not found to significantly correlate with the pathological grade of renal biopsy samples in patients with IgA nephropathy.In the absence of renal biopsy findings, serum IgA/C3 ratio can help in the diagnosis of IgA nephropathy.

Objective: To explore the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in men, premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,834 community-based Southern Chinese participants from June to October 2012. Sex-specific SUA quartiles were used as follows

To explore the relationship between metabolic syndrome (MS) and risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a Southern Chinese population.A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1724 community-based Southern Chinese participants from June to October 2012. The prevalence of MS (as defined by the International Diabetes Federation) and CKD (defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of60 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) and/or albuminuria) was determined. The association between MS and CKD was then analyzed using STATA software.Metabolic syndrome was significantly associated with CKD (P0.001) in the unadjusted analyses as well as after adjustment for potential confounders. The unadjusted odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio for MS were 3.53 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.62 to 4.75, P0.001) and 2.52 (95% CI 1.84 to 3.54, P0.001). When further adjusted for diabetes and hypertension, the association of MS and CKD was significant (odds ratio (OR) 1.63, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.32, P = 0.006). After adjustment for potential confounders, three components and four/five components were associated with CKD. The OR for three components and four/five components were 2.90 (95% CI 1.70 to 4.96, P0.001) and 3.64(95% CI 1.95 to 6.80, P0.001), when compared with those without components. High blood pressure, high serum triglyceride level, elevated fasting glucose level and central obesity were associated with CKD (P0.05). The odds ratios for elevated blood pressure, elevated serum triglyceride levels, elevated fasting glucose and central obesity were 1.80 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.62, P = 0.002), 1.56 (95% CI 1.14 to 2.14, P = 0.006), 2.54 (95% CI 1.82 to 3.57, P0.001), and 1.50 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.07, P = 0.01), respectively.These findings suggest that MS is associated with CKD in Southern Chinese population, which may provide important information for the overall control of these diseases.

The relationship between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in population with diabetes remains controversial. Our current study aimed to explore the association between NAFLD and CKD in population with prediabetes or diabetes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zhuhai city from June to October 2012. A total of 190 out of 334 participants with prediabetes or diabetes were enrolled in this study. CKD was defined as estimated GFR

The purpose of the study was to explore the association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in perimenopausal women. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Zhuhai from June to October 2012. Perimenopausal women (n = 685) were included in the study. All participants were divided into three subgroups: Group 1, 40 years old ≤ Age &lt, 50 years old, Group 2, 50 years old ≤ Age &lt, 60 years old, Group 3, 60 years old ≤ Age ≤ 65 years old. MetS was associated with CKD (p &lt, 0.01) in the unadjusted analyses in total subjects. After adjusting the potential confounders, the odd ratios of CKD for MetS was 2.66 (95% CI 1.56 to 4.49, p &lt, 0.001). There was no relationship between MetS and CKD in both Group 1 and Group 3. MetS was associated with CKD (p &lt, 0.001) in the unadjusted analyses in Group 2. After adjusting for potential confounders, MetS was significantly associated with CKD. The odd ratios for MetS was 6.79 (95% CI 2.30 to 20.09, p &lt, 0.001). There was no relationship between elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, abdominal obesity, Low HDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides and CKD in both Group 1 and Group 3. Elevated blood pressure was associated with CKD in Group 2 (unadjusted Odds ratio: 4.52 (1.28–16.02), p = 0.02). After adjusting for potential confounders, there was no relationship between elevated blood pressure and CKD (p = 0.78). Elevated fasting glucose was associated with CKD in Group 2 (unadjusted Odds ratio: 3.69 (1.10–12.38), p = 0.03). After adjusting for potential confounders, there was no relationship between elevated fasting glucose and CKD (p = 0.15). There was no relationship between abdominal obesity, Low HDL cholesterol, elevated triglycerides and CKD in Group 2. These findings suggest that in perimenopausal women aged from 50 or older to 60 MetS was associated with CKD. There is no relationship between MetS and CKD in perimenopausal women aged from 40 or older to 50 and aged from 60 or older to 65.

We sought to identify the long-term renal survival rate and related risk factors of progression to renal failure in Chinese adult patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and to quantify the effects of proteinuria during the follow-up on outcome in patients with IgAN.Patients with biopsy-proven primary IgAN in the Nanjing Glomerulonephritis Registry were studied. Renal survival and the relationships between clinical parameters and renal outcomes were assessed.One thousand one hundred and fifty-five patients were enrolled in this study. The 10-, 15- and 20-year cumulative renal survival rates, calculated by Kaplan-Meier method, were 83, 74 and 64%, respectively. At the time of biopsy, proteinuria1.0 g/day [hazard ratio (HR) 3.2, P0.001], estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR 2.6, P0.001), hypertension (HR 1.9, P0.001), hypoproteinemia (HR 2.0, P0.001) and hyperuricemia (HR 2.1, P0.001) were the independent risk factors. Multivariate Cox analysis showed the time-average proteinuria (TA-P) during follow-up was the most important risk factor of renal failure. Patients with TA-P1.0 g/day were associated with a 9.4-fold risk than patients with TA-P1.0 g/day (P0.001) and 46.5-fold risk than those with TA-P0.5 g/day (P0.001). Moreover, patients who achieved TA-P0.5 g/day benefit much more than those with TA-P between 0.5 and 1.0 g/day (HR 13.1, P0.001).Thirty-six percent of Chinese adult patients with IgAN progress to end stage renal disease within 20 years. Five clinical features-higher proteinuria, hypertension, impaired renal function, hypoproteinemia and hyperuricemia-are independent predictors of an unfavorable renal outcome. The basic goal of anti-proteinuric therapy for Chinese patients is to lower proteinuria1.0 g/day and the optimal goal is to lower proteinuria to0.5 g/day.