Search

Youna Paik,1 Min Joo Kim,1 Hyeryeong Kim,1 Sun-Woo Kang,2 Youn-Kyung Choi,3,* Yong-Il Kim1,4,* 1Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Yangsan, South Korea; 2Department of Prosthodontics, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, South Korea; 3Department of Orthodontics, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, South Korea; 4Dental and Life Science Institute, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, South Korea*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Youn-Kyung Choi; Yong-Il Kim, Tel +82-51-240-7430 ; +82-55-360-5163, Fax +82-51-240-7706 ; +82-55-360-5154, Email dolldreaming@naver.com; kimyongil@pusan.ac.krPurpose: To evaluate the remineralization effect of calcium phosphate ion clusters (CPICs) on demineralized enamel surfaces and their effects on bracket shear bond strength.Patients and Methods: Extracted premolars were prepared in resin blocks. The samples in the form of resin blocks were divided into five experimental groups: control group, demineralized group, and groups of CPIC solution treatment for 30, 60, and 90s. The specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), microhardness testing, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) assessment, shear bond strength (SBS) test, and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score.Results: The SEM images revealed epitaxial growth of enamel and a decrease in the thickness of the demineralized enamel layer when treated with CPIC solution. The EDX analysis revealed an increase in the Ca/P ratio in the CPIC-treated groups. The microhardness value significantly increased when treated with CPICs; however, it showed a lower value than that of the sound enamel groups. As a result of the micro-CT test, radiolucency decreased gradually as the CPIC treatment time increased. The SBS test and ARI score results showed an improvement in bonding stability after treatment with CPICs.Conclusion: We demonstrated an enamel biomodification approach using CPIC solution treatment, which is a promising strategy for enamel remineralization. Specifically, remineralization of demineralized enamel improves the orthodontic bracket SBS.Keywords: calcium phosphate ion cluster, enamel remineralization, shear bond strength

Yoonmi Ji,1 Tae Young Choi,1 Jonghun Lee,1 Seoyoung Yoon,1 Geun Hui Won,1 Hyerin Jeong,2 Seung Wan Kang,2,3 Jun Won Kim1 1Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; 2iMediSync Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea; 3National Standard Reference Data Center for Korean EEG, Seoul National University College of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Jun Won Kim, Department of Psychiatry, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, 3056-6 Daemyeong-4 dong, Nam-gu, Daegu, 705-718, Republic of Korea, Tel +82-53-650-4786, Fax +82-53-623-1694, Email f_affection@naver.comPurpose: This study used quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) to investigate the characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes in children.Patients and Methods: There were 69 subjects (42 with ADHD and 27 neurotypical (NT)) in this study. A semi-structured interview was conducted with each participant for psychiatric diagnostic evaluation. We measured the absolute and relative power in 19 channels and analyzed QEEG using the following frequency ranges: delta (1– 4 Hz), theta (4– 8 Hz), alpha 1 (8– 10 Hz), alpha 2 (10– 12 Hz), beta 1 (12– 15 Hz), beta 2 (15– 20 Hz), beta 3 (20– 30 Hz), and gamma (30– 45 Hz). Group analyses and EEG noise preprocessing were conducted using iSyncBrain, a cloud-based, artificial intelligence EEG analysis platform. Analysis of covariance adjusted for IQ, age, and sex was used.Results: QEEG analysis revealed three ADHD subtypes, characterized by (A) elevated relative fast alpha and beta power, (B) elevated absolute slow frequency (delta and theta power), or (C) elevated absolute and relative beta power. A significant difference was found in the Korean ADHD Rating Scale (K-ARS) among the four groups (df=3, F=8.004, p< 0.001); group C had the highest score (25.31± 11.16), followed by group A (21.67± 13.18). The score of group B (12.64± 7.84) was similar to that of the NT group (11.07± 6.12) and did not reach the cut-off point of the K-ARS. In the Wender–Utah Rating Scale (WURS), group B score (55.82± 23.17) was significantly higher than the NT group score (42.81± 13.26).Conclusion: These results indicate that children with ADHD do not constitute a neurophysiologically homogenous group. Children with QEEG subtype B (elevated slow frequency) may be difficult to distinguish from normal children using the K-ARS, which is the most common screening tool for ADHD. Moreover, parents of children with this subtype may be less sensitive to observing ADHD symptoms.Keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, quantitative electroencephalography, subtype, clinical characteristics

Sang-Woo Kang,1 Hye-Mi Park,2 Ji-Kang Park,1 Ho-Seung Jeong,1 Jung-Kwon Cha,1 Ban-Suk Go,1 Kyoung-Tae Min1 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea; 2Department of Psychiatry, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South KoreaCorrespondence: Ji-Kang ParkDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Mailing address: 776-1 Sunhwan-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju 28644, South KoreaTel +82 43 269 6077Fax +82 43 274 8719Email carm0916@hanmail.netPurpose: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of and patient satisfaction with the wide-awake local anesthesia with no tourniquet (WALANT) technique in open cubital and carpal tunnel release surgery.Methods: From January 2016 to February 2017, 20 cubital tunnel syndrome (CuTS) patients were in a wide-awake (WA) group and 22 in a general (GA) anesthesia group in . Also, 20 carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients were in a WA group, 22 in a local anesthesia (LA) group, and 20 in a GA group. Injection pain, perioperative pain, and postoperative pain were assessed using a 10-point pain VAS. In CuTS, functional outcome on the “quick” Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand questionnaire were evaluated. In CTS, subjective outcomes were assessed using the Korean version of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire.Results: Both CuTS and CTS showed significant postoperative pain reduction in group WA. In CuTS, group WA had less pain than group GA up to 48 hours after surgery (P

Sang-Woo Kang, Ji-Kang Park, Hyun-Chul Shon, Eui-Sung Choi, Dong-Soo Kim, Kyoung-Tae MinDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, KoreaAbstract: Skin cancer should be excised with sufficient margin to reduce recurrence rate. However, the surgeon always has to worry about the reconstruction method of skin defects after excision. In particular, defects in the plantar surface of the foot are difficult to reconstruct due to their position and structure, and various methods are applied by each surgeon. Surgeons think which methods are easier to apply to patients and less morbidity. To alleviate these concerns, we applied artificial dermal substitute to skin defects after skin cancer. Bowen’s disease (squamous cell carcinoma in situ) and melanoma in situ on the plantar surface of the foot were subjected to wide excision with sufficient margin. After excision, a skin defect with exposed plantar fascia was applied with a matrix defect and vacuum. A granulation tissue (dermal matrix) was formed and a split-thickness skin graft was performed. Both patients had good functional results and no problems with skin donor sites. Thus, we report a skin graft method that is relatively easy to apply after skin cancer excision on the plantar surface of the foot.Keywords: plantar reconstruction, Bowen’s disease, melanoma, dermal substitute

Jung Bum Choi,1,* Woo Kyung Lee,2,3,* Seul Gi Lee,2,4 Haengrang Ryu,5 Cho Rok Lee,4 Sang Wook Kang,4 Jong Ju Jeong,4 Kee-Hyun Nam,4 Eun Jig Lee,2,3 Woong Youn Chung,4 Young Suk Jo,2,3 Jandee Lee4 1Department of Surgery, Pusan National University College of Medicine, Busan, South Korea; 2Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea; 3Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; 4Department of Surgery, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; 5Department of Surgery, Hongik Hospital, Seoul, South Korea *These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: Active surveillance (AS) of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) may reduce the risk of overtreatment of clinically insignificant cancer. However, the absence of predictor for the progression of PTMC resulted in treatment delay and potentially compromising cure of aggressive disease. Therefore, to anticipate potential damage of delayed surgery, we investigated the oncologic outcomes of patients with low-risk PTMC initially eligible for AS except clinically apparent lymph node metastasis (LNM), imitating delayed surgery with neck dissection. Materials and methods: A total of 5,348 patients, enrolled between 1987 and 2016, with low-risk PTMC initially eligible for AS were included regardless of LNM. We classified our study patients into two groups: Group I, lobectomy with prophylactic central cervical node dissection; Group II, total thyroidectomy with modified radical neck dissection for LNM. In addition, we investigated the oncological outcomes of patients with second-wave surgery due to lateral lymph node recurrence (Group III, subgroup of Group I). Results: Group I showed more favorable clinicopathological characteristics compared with Group II. In Group I, only 29 (0.58%) of 4,927 patients underwent second-wave surgery with neck dissection for lateral lymph node recurrences, whereas in Group II, all 22 (5.23%) of 421 patients underwent second-wave selective node dissection because of nodal recurrence. Disease-free survival rates were significantly different between Groups I and II (P

Hyun-Chul Shon, Ji-Kang Park, Dong-Soo Kim, Sang-Woo Kang, Kook-Jong Kim, Seok-Hyun Hong Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea Abstract: The supracondylar process is a beak-shaped bony process on the anteromedial aspect of the distal humerus. The ligament of Struthers is a fibrous band extending from the tip of the process to the medial epicondyle. The median nerve and brachial artery pass under the ligament of Struthers and consequently can be compressed, causing supracondylar process syndrome. As a rare cause of proximal median nerve entrapment, supracondylar process syndrome is triggered when the median nerve is located in the superficial or deep layer of the ligament of Struthers as a result of anatomical variation. The supracondylar process can be easily detected on X-ray images obtained in oblique views but may not be identified in only anteroposterior or lateral views. In this article, we present 2 cases of supracondylar process syndrome and describe the process of diagnosis and treatment and results of a literature review. Keywords: supracondylar process syndrome, ligament of Struthers, median nerve, nerve entrapment

Hyun-Chul Shon, Ji-Kang Park, Sang-Woo Kang, Jae-Young Yang Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea Abstract: Inadvertent intra-arterial drug injection occurs rarely, but it can cause very serious clinical complications, and thus, awareness of inadvertent intra-arterial drug injection is needed. The complications mainly result from iatrogenic reasons and can occur because of vascular variations in the arteries, under circumstances where normal intravenous injection is difficult, or in drug abusers who perform self-injection. The adverse effect associated with intra-arterial drug injection is serious and may lead to necrosis, requiring amputation of the affected extremity, infection, pseudoaneurysm, rhabdomyolysis, compartment syndrome, and permanent disability. However, the etiology of such adverse effects has not been clearly identified and treatment methods have not yet been established. We encountered a patient who developed necrosis of the thumb after an inadvertent injection of diclofenac sodium in the radial artery due to variations in the forearm arteries. Here, we report the prevention and treatment of, and precautions against, the dangers of intra-arterial drug injection. Keywords: intra-arterial drug injection, diclofenac sodium, thumb necrosis

Aims: To evaluate the clinical significance of macular hole closure types assessed by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods: This study involved 34 eyes of 32 patients who had undergone anatomically [...]

This study aims to identify the therapeutic effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) for two hours. They were fed KRG extract (100 mg/kg/day per orally) or saline after reperfusion. Tests for neurological deficits, using the modified neurologic severity score and the corner turn test, were performed before the ischemic event, and one, three, and seven days after tMCAO. Serum levels of cytokines were measured three and seven days after the operation, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The infarct volume was assessed after seven days by staining brain tissue with 2% 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Oral administration of KRG significantly reduced the infarct volumes and rapidly improved neurological deficits. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 were higher in tMCAO-operated rats than in the sham-operated rats. These changes were attenuated by daily KRG intake for seven days. Serum IL-10 levels were significantly increased in KRG-fed rats, as compared to sham-operated and saline-fed rats. Our results suggested that KRG provides neuroprotection for rats with focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. This neuroprotection may be due to raised IL-10 expression and a reduction in the serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence rate of eye disorders and further to identify factors related to incidence of eye disorders in intensive care unit patients. Background. Although the incidence of eye disorders in intensive care unit patients is very high, it is difficult to come to an accurate estimate of number of eye disorders in intensive care unit patients because eye disorders are often perceived to be minor problems. Design. A retrospective, descriptive survey design was used. Method. The medical records of a total 235 patients with eye disorders were identified through a review of the medical records of 2500 patients hospitalised in the intensive care units of Yonsei University Hospital, Seoul, Korea from January to December, 2004. To examine factors related to eye disorders, 522 patients without eye disorders from the cohort of 2265 patients were randomly selected. Factors related to incidence of eye disorder were included in a multiple logistic regression model, after screening by the chi-squared test. Results. The incidence rate for eye disorders in the intensive care unit patients was 8·6%. From the multiple regression model, the following odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of eye disorder were estimated; length of stay in intensive care unit of at least seven days: 2·8 (1·70-4·70); death: 2·5 (1·47-4·29); drowsy mental state: 2·2 (1·10-4·37); stupor mental state: 7·0 (3·20-15·45); coma mental state: 10·8 (3·47-33·74); no self-respiration: 1·9 (1·00-3·52); positive end expiratory pressure: 2·9 (1·66-4·92); sedatives: 4·2 (2·26-7·74); muscle relaxants: 2·3 (1·11-4·95). Conclusions. Factors related to incidence of eye disorders in intensive care unit patients identified in this study support the need to pay attention to eye problems and eye care in intensive care unit patients. Relevance to clinical practice. An evidence-based eye care protocol should be provided as routine care to prevent eye complication, especially in critically ill patients with mechanical ventilators, positive end expiratory pressure, sedatives or muscle relaxants and for patients whose mental status is decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endothelial apoptosis is a driving force in atherosclerosis development. Oxidized LDL promotes inflammatory and thrombotic processes and is highly atherogenic, as it stimulates macrophage cholesterol accumulation and foam cell formation. This study investigated multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-responsive death/survival signaling pathways, through which flavonoids of (-)epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and hesperetin exerted antiapoptosis in endothelial cells exposed to oxidized LDL. EGCG and hesperetin substantially diminished the oxidized LDL-induced 2',7'-dichlorofluorecein staining, suggesting that these flavonoids inhibited intracellular accumulation of oxidized LDL-triggered reactive oxygen species and consequent apoptosis. The Western-blot data revealed that oxidized LDL upregulated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation, which was rapidly reversed by EGCG and hesperetin. They mitigated the consequent activation of the JNK downstream on p53 and c-Jun. Moreover, oxidized LDL increased luciferase activity of p53 in endothelial cells transfected with a p53 promoter construct, the increase of which was strikingly downregulated by EGCG and hesperetin. Surprisingly, hesperetin but not EGCG attenuated phosphorylation of p38MAPK and its downstream c-myc and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)1 evoked by oxidized LDL. This study also attempted to explore a linkage of Janus kinase (JAK)2/STAT3 activation to MAPK signaling in oxidized LDL-induced endothelial apoptosis. Notably, we found that the JAK2 inhibitor substantially blocked the JNK activation. Our findings suggest that EGCG and hesperetin may act as antiatherogenic agents blocking oxidized LDL-induced endothelial apoptosis via differential cellular apoptotic machinery. These data provide evidence that the interplay between p38MAPK and JAK-STAT pathways is involved in dietary flavonoid protection against oxidized LDL through hampering MAPK-dependent pathways involving the activation of JAK2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henöch-Schönlein purpura nephritis (HSPN) is considered a systemic form of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Although these are different pictures of a single disease, there are no studies directly comparing long-term outcomes of these two clinical entities. To clarify this, we studied 120 patients with biopsy-proven HSPN and 1070 patients with IgAN. The primary outcome was the composite of a doubling of baseline serum creatinine, end-stage renal disease, or death. Secondary outcomes included the individual renal outcomes or the rate of decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate. In the unmatched cohort, patients with HSPN had more vasculitic symptoms, more favorable histologic features, and were more commonly treated with steroids than patients with IgAN. The risk of reaching the primary outcome was significantly lower in HSPN patients than patients with IgAN (hazard ratio, 0.67). The 1:2 propensity score matching gave matched pairs of 89 patients with HSPN and 178 patients with IgAN, resulting in no differences in baseline conditions. In this matched cohort, there were no significant differences in reaching the primary and secondary outcomes between the two groups. Thus, after adjustment by propensity score matching, clinical outcomes did not differ between HSPN and IgAN, suggesting the two forms of the same disease have a similar prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive factors for persistent disease activity following anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF) and their long-term effects in patients to be treated for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) under real-world conditions., Methods: Retrospective data analysis of the PROOF study, a multi-center real-world retrospective chart review conducted across Korea in patients with nAMD included treatment-naive patients with nAMD who received first anti-VEGF (ranibizumab, bevacizumab, or aflibercept) between January 2017 and March 2019 was performed. All 600 patients (cohort 1) had a minimum follow-up of 12 months of which 453 patients (cohort 2) were followed-up for 24 months from baseline., Results: At month 12 after anti-VEGF therapy, 58.10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 54.09, 62.12) of patients and at month 24, 66.02% of patients continued to have persistent retinal fluid. At both months 12 and 24, predictive factors for persistent disease activity were fibrovascular pigment epithelial detachments (PED) (P = 0.0494) and retinal fluid at month 3 after loading phase (P = 0.0082). The mean changes in visual acuity were + 6.2, + 10.1, and + 13.3 letters and in the central subfield thickness were - 79.1 µm, - 96.3 µm, and - 134.4 µm at 12 months from baseline, in the bevacizumab, aflibercept, and ranibizumab groups, respectively., Conclusions: The presence of retinal fluid after loading phase and fibrovascular PED were predictors of persistent disease activity after at least 1 year of anti-VEGF treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

A new coumarin ( 1 ) and a new flavonoid ( 2 ) were isolated from the air-dried flower buds of Ochrocarpus longifolius , together with ten known compounds ( 3 - 12 ). The structures of two new compounds were established by 1D and 2D NMR and MS data. In addition, the new compound 2 showed significant proliferation inhibitory activity on Eca-109 and MGC-803 cells. The results of this study may enrich the diversity of compounds from O. longifolius and provide a basis for further research on its natural products and pharmacological activities.

This study pioneers the production of porous cellulose propionate (CP) films enhanced with tetrabutylammonium styrenesulfonate ([N 4444 ][SS]), an ionic liquid, to bolster their resistance against water pressure. In contrast to polymer films with ionic liquids that have high moisture permeability, the CP/[N 4444 ][SS] films exhibit remarkable water resistance even under 8 bar pressure. This is due to the physical cross-linking between the [N 4444 ] ions and CP's polar groups, limiting CP chain mobility and thus reducing water interaction. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed these interactions, while scanning electron microscopy revealed a dense, unconnected porous structure. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses showed that adding [N 4444 ][SS] increases the CP film's glass transition temperature, indicating enhanced thermal stability. Overall, the study demonstrates that integrating an ionic liquid into CP films significantly improves their barrier capabilities against water and pressure, which has broad implications for various industrial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has significantly impacted malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) treatment. Despite some promising results from combination therapies, nearly half of MPM patients do not benefit, underscoring the urgent need for reliable predictive biomarkers. This study assesses the prognostic value of serum soluble mesothelin-related peptide (SMRP) and PD-L1 levels in MPM patients receiving ICT., Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 125 MPM patients treated with ICT by measuring pre-ICT serum levels of SMRP and PD-L1. We also examined the correlation of these serum levels with tumor mRNA expressions of MSLN and PD-L1. Both univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to determine independent prognosticators for overall survival (OS). A prospective ICT clinical trial and our historical cohort were included for validation., Results: Seventy-seven patients (62%) were treated with either anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy, and the remaining 38% were given combination ICT. Higher pre-ICT SMRP levels were observed in epithelioid versus non-epithelioid MPM. Serum PD-L1 levels did not show significant differences between the groups. Univariable analysis identified durable clinical benefit, development of immune-related adverse events, and SMRP levels as significantly associated with OS. Multivariable analysis confirmed SMRP as an independent prognostic factor, with lower levels (≤1.35 nmol/L) correlating with improved OS. The association of high SMRP with worse prognosis was validated in the prospective ICT clinical trial cohort and not in our historical cohort treated without ICT., Conclusions: SMRP is a promising serum biomarker for predicting survival in MPM patients treated with ICT and warrants prospective investigation., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

This scientific report aims to investigate the genotype-phenotype correlations of retinal hemangioblastoma (RH) in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. The study included 77 patients with genetically confirmed VHL disease who visited an ophthalmology clinic for the evaluation of RH. The presence, location, and size of RH were evaluated, Patients were categorized into three groups based on variants: HIF-1α binding site missense (HM), non-HIF-1α binding site missense (nHM), and truncating (TR) mutations. Fifty-six patients (72.7%) had RH in either eye, and 24 had bilateral RH. Sixteen patients (20.8%) had juxtapapillary RH in either eye. Nine patients had RH ≥ 2.0 disc diameters in size. VHL c.208G>A variant was the most frequent single mutation. Compared with patients having nHM mutations (15 patients) in VHL gene, patients with HM mutations (33 patients) or TR mutations (26 patients) presented a greater number of eyes affected (p = 0.007 and 0.004, respectively), a greater number of RH (p = 0.012 and 0.003, respectively), and more frequent presentation of large RH ≥ 2.0 disc diameters (p = 0.012, and 0.013, respectively). In conclusion, this study provides a deeper understanding of the genetic spectrum of VHL disease in Korean VHL disease and highlights the importance of the location of missense mutations regarding the risk of RH., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2024 Hwang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)

Dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (DA-HA) has been initially developed as an efficient coating and adhesion material for industrial uses. However, the biological activity and safety of DA-HA in the brain have not been explored yet. Here, we report a series of evidence that DA-HA exhibits similar functionality as dopamine (DA), but with much lower toxicity arising from autoxidation. DA-HA shows very little autoxidation even after 48-h incubation. This is profoundly different from DA and its derivatives including l-DOPA, which all induce severe neuronal death after pre-autoxidation, indicating that autoxidation is the cause of neuronal death. Furthermore, in vivo injection of DA-HA induces significantly lower toxicity compared to 6-OHDA, a well-known oxidized and toxic form of DA, and alleviates the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in the 6-OHDA animal model of Parkinson's disease. Our study proposes that DA-HA with DA-like functionalities and minimal toxicity has a great potential to treat DA-related disease., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest A patent was filed (KR 10-2022-0058461/2023.05.11) by the Institute for Basic Science (IBS) and Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT)., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Although serum magnesium deficiency is linked to higher cardiovascular disease risk, its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains unclear., Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between dietary magnesium intake and CKD development in adults with clinically normal kidney function., Methods: The prospective observational cohort study evaluated 188,510 participants (median age, 57.0 y; female, 54.1%) from the UK Biobank. Dietary magnesium intake was assessed through a 24-h dietary recall questionnaire compromising a list of 206 foods and 32 beverages and categorized into quintiles. The primary outcome was incident CKD diagnosed through International Classification of Diseases-10 and Office of Population Censuses and Surveys 4 codes. Incident CKD, defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , was also assessed in a subcohort with creatinine follow-up data., Results: The median magnesium intake amount per person was 323.2 mg/d [interquartile range (IQR): 269.4-382.7 mg/d]. During 1,826,038.1 person-years of follow-up (median: 9.6 y; IQR: 9.3-10.3 y), CKD developed in 5,878 participants. The incidence of CKD was progressively higher in participants with lower magnesium intake (2.8%, 2.8%, 3.0%, 3.2%, and 3.7% in Q5-Q1, respectively). Cox regression analysis revealed that the hazard ratios (HRs) for incident CKD increased in a stepwise manner toward lower magnesium intake quintiles {adjusted HR (95% confidence interval [CI])-Q4: 0.97 (0.89, 1.06); Q3: 1.05 (0.96, 1.14); Q2: 1.12 (1.03, 1.21); Q1: 1.30 (1.20, 1.41)} relative to Q5 (P-linearity < 0.001). Similar results were observed with eGFR-defined CKD outcome [adjusted HR (95% CI)-Q4: 1.09 (0.92, 1.28); Q3: 1.15 (0.98, 1.35); Q2: 1.21 (1.03, 1.42); Q1: 1.41 (1.20, 1.65) relative to Q5; P-linearity < 0.001]., Conclusions: Lower dietary magnesium intake was associated with higher risk of incident CKD in adults with clinically normal kidney function. Further controlled studies are required to establish the potential benefit of adequate magnesium intake., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)