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A 6-year-old, spayed, female, domestic shorthair cat presented with a 4-month history of chronic intermittent vomiting and anorexia. The haematologic results indicated moderate anaemia and a circulating mast cell population. The abdominal radiography revealed a markedly enlarged spleen. The cytological analysis of the spleen showed a uniform population of mast cells, and a diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis (splenic mast cell tumour with mastocytaemia) was made. This diagnosis was subsequently confirmed by the histopathological examination of the spleen. The immunohistochemistry for KIT showed KIT pattern II (focal cytoplasmic expression). A splenectomy and chemotherapy with vinblastine and prednisolone resulted in remission of the anaemia and other clinical signs. This case report highlights the importance of cytological evaluations of peripheral blood smears and/or aspirates of enlarged spleens for diagnosing splenic mast cell tumours and for quickly initiating the appropriate treatment.

Lumbar decompressive laminectomy is a standard treatment for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis, but in some cases, can lead to iatrogenic spondylolysis and delayed segmental instability. Iatrogenic spondylolysis occurs in most cases in pars interarticularis, but rare cases have also been reported, pediculolysis in pedicle and laminolysis in lamina. Minimally invasive spine surgery (MIS) is known to have a low risk of developing these iatrogenic spondylolyses, and unilateral biportal endoscopy is the MIS that has been drawing attention. We present a case of a 72-year-old female who was diagnosed with L4-5 unstable non-isthmic spondylolisthesis and severe right central disc extrusion 10 weeks after UBE assisted unilateral laminotomy for bilateral decompression (ULBD) at the consecutive segments of L3-4 and L4-5. Pre-operative imaging studies revealed severe central stenosis without spondylolisthesis at L3-L4 and L4- L5 along with L4-L5 facet tropism. She was managed by anterior lumbar interbody fusion and cement augmented pedicle screw fixation, which resulted in the complete resolution of her clinical and neurologic symptoms.

Seon Yeong Chae,1 Min Chan Shin,2 Sangheon Jeon,2 Moon Sung Kang,2 Dong-Wook Han,2 Suck Won Hong2 1Research Center for Dielectric and Advanced Matter Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea; 2Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, Department of Optics and Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of KoreaCorrespondence: Suck Won Hong Email swhong@pusan.ac.krBackground: The excellent physicochemical properties of graphene-based materials, including graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO), offer significant technological potential as multifunctional nanomaterials in biomedical fields. Lutein is a type of carotenoid that forms human macular pigments in the retina, where it inhibits harmful blue light and contributes to the strengthening of the antioxidant defense of retinal pigment epithelium cells.Methods: Synthesis of the Lutein-rGO (Lu–rGO) complex was carried out for the optimized concentration. Then characterization of material was analyzed through ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis spectra), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Antioxidant activity of Lu–rGO complex was measured by 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), glutathione (GSH) oxidation assay. Then, oxidative stress induction by blue light and analyzed intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).Results and Conclusion: Based on the FT-IR measurement, the reduction efficiency defined by area was found to be 87.3%, the ID/IG ratio of 0.98 demonstrated by the Lu–rGO complex in the Raman spectrum was slightly higher than that of the original GO. The exhibited significant decrease in the peak intensities of the oxygen functional groups of the XPS spectra of the Lu–rGO complex was observed compared with the GO. In the TEM image for the Lu–rGO complex, folded and wrinkled nanostructures over the lutein-covered rGO surface were evidenced by tight molecular binding. The Lu–rGO complex provided superior DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity than GO and lutein alone, and the oxidation of GSH was suppressed. It was confirmed that the content of intracellular ROS and lysosomes, increased by blue light, was reduced after treatment with the Lu–rGO complex on ARPE-19 cells. In summary, graphene-based nanocarriers could function as preventative antioxidants during photochemical ROS generation based on the mechanism of antioxidant action.Keywords: reduced graphene oxide, lutein, antioxidant, blue light, nanocarrier

Focal myositis is a rare disease defined by an isolated inflammatory pseudotumour usually restricted to one skeletal muscle. Approximately, 250 cases of focal myositis have been described in the literature, and two recent large cohorts have been used to help in the diagnosis. Isolated gastrocnemius myositis, a rare immune-mediated condition, is a diagnostic entity used by internal medicine clinician in the gastrocnemius myalgia syndrome associated with Crohn’s disease (CD). However, focal myositis and isolated gastrocnemius myositis with Crohn's disease share clinical, haematological, pathological, and radiological similarities. We present a case of unilateral focal myositis of the gastrocnemius muscle in a patient with no underlying diseases, including Crohn’s disease. At clinical evaluation, we encountered a challenge in differentiating between focal myositis and the isolated gastrocnemius myositis of Crohn’s due to similarities in clinical manifestation. We attempt to clarify focal myositis and isolated gastrocnemius myositis through our case report and a review of literature.

Several techniques have been employed for deletion of the NKX3.1 gene, resulting in developmental defects of the prostate, including alterations in ductal branching morphogenesis and prostatic secretions as well as epithelial hyperplasia and dysplasia. To investigate whether the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated technique can be applied to study prostate carcinogenesis through exon I deletion of NKX3.1 gene, alterations in the prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and their regulatory mechanism were observed in the prostate of NKX3.1 knockout (KO) mice produced by the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated NKX3.1 mutant gene, at the ages of 16 and 24 weeks. The weight of dorsal-lateral prostate (DLP) and anterior prostate (AP) were observed to be increased in only the 24 weeks KO mice, although morphogenesis was constant in all groups. Obvious PIN 1 and 2 lesions were frequently detected in prostate of the 24 weeks KO mice, as compared with the same age wild type (WT) mice. Ki67, a key indicator for PIN, was densely stained in the epithelium of prostate in the 24 weeks KO mice, while the expression of p53 protein was suppressed in the same group. Also, both the 16 and 24 weeks KO mice reveal inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the prostate. However, prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and Bax/Bcl-2 expressions were decreased in the prostate of 16 weeks KO mice, and were increased in only the 24 weeks KO mice. Taken together, the results of the present study provide additional evidence that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated exon 1 deletion of the NKX3.1 gene successfully induces PIN lesions, along with significant alterations of Ki67 expression, EGFR signaling pathway, and cancer-regulated proteins.

Local fat infiltration of the thoracic cavity is a rare initial presentation of Bochdalek hernia. We report a case of Bochdalek hernia in a child with leukemia that demonstrated initial local fat infiltration of the thoracic cavity on computed tomography scan and progressed to an obvious diaphragmatic hernia on subsequent follow-up. We suggest that initial local fat infiltration of the thoracic cavity on computed tomography scan may indicate a potential diaphragmatic hernia.

Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation-positive non–small cell lung cancer is cared for mainly by target therapeutics in the clinical treatment at present. We investigated the antitumor effect of HangAmDan-B1 (HAD-B1) combined with afatinib on H1975 (L858R/T790M double mutation) lung cancer cells. The combined treatment of HAD-B1 with afatinib inhibited the proliferation of H1975 cells in a dose-dependent manner compared with the treatment of afatinib or HAD-B1 alone. The combined treatment group significantly induced early apoptosis and cell cycle arrest of the cells compared with afatinib- or HAD-B1-treated control group. Profile analysis of cell cycle proteins in H1975 cells treated with the combination of HAD-B1 and afatinib using InnoPharmaScreen antibody microarray showed downregulation of pERK1/2 and upregulation of p16 in the cells. In vivo tumor growth assay in xenograft animal model of human H1975 lung cancer cells revealed that the mean tumor volume in the group treated with the combination of HAD-B1 and afatinib showed a significant reduction compared with the control groups.

Purpose: We evaluated changes in and factors affecting second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in a panel study of nonsmokers. Methods: This study was based on data from a larger study of tobacco use among a representative sample of adults of Korean descent residing in California. Participants included 846 males and 1,399 females who were nonsmokers at baseline (2005–2006) and at follow-up (2007–2009). Participants were selected by probability sampling and were interviewed by telephone. Results: At baseline, 50.0% were exposed to any SHS, and at follow-up 2 years later, 60.4% were exposed to any SHS (p < .001). SHS exposure at baseline was associated with acculturation, employment, spousal smoking, and having a friend who smoked (p < .001). Employment, spousal smoking, and other family members smoking were associated with SHS at follow-up (p < .001). The odds ratio of SHS in the employed group declined from 2.01 at baseline to 1.53 at follow-up, that of the group having a smoking spouse increased from 1.88 to 2.36, and that of the group having other family members smoking increased from 1.20 to 1.69. Conclusions: We showed that SHS exposure increased among Korean American nonsmokers in California, and the most important variables explaining the change in SHS exposure involved smoking among others with whom the subject is associated. These findings could be used as objective evidence for developing public health policies to reduce SHS exposure.

Background: Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-modulated tight junctions (TJs) have been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. However, immunopathogenesis remains to be investigated among patients with allergic rhinitis (AR). Objective: This study sought to investigate the role of PAR-2 in the modulation of epithelial barrier function and the expression of TJs in the nasal mucosa of AR patients. Methods: The expression of TJs and PAR-2 of the nasal mucosa in AR patients and control subjects by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and western blotting. In vitro, Primary human nasal epithelial cells (pHNECs) of AR patients were stimulated by Der p1 to analyze the correlation between PAR-2 and TJs expression. Der p1-induced pHNECs were treated with the PAR-2 agonist SLIGRL-NH2 and antagonist FSLLRY-NH2. Fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran 4 kDa detection was employed as an indicator of epithelial permeability. Results: Lower expression levels of TJs in the nasal epithelium of AR patients were observed in comparison with that in control subjects. The PAR-2 level was markedly increased following treatment with 1,000 ng/mL of Der p1 for 24 hours in a cellular model of AR. The expression of PAR-2 was increased in Der p1-induced pHNECs of AR patients and correlated inversely with zonula occlidens (ZO)-1 and claudin-1. Treatment with Der p1 further downregulated TJs expression and promoted an increased epithelial permeability in Der p1-induced pHNECs. Conclusions: PAR-2 could downregulate the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-1, which is involved in epithelial barrier dysfunction in AR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) can ameliorate dyslipidemia, but the detailed mechanism is unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of fenugreek on hepatic lipid metabolism, particularly lipogenesis, which is enhanced in obesity and diabetes, in diabetic obese KK-Ay mice. KK-Ay mice were fed a control high-fat diet (HFD; 60% of energy as fat) (C group) or an HFD containing 0.5% or 2% fenugreek (0.5F and 2.0F groups, respectively) for 4 wk. Hepatic and plasma TG and mRNA expression levels of lipogenic genes were lower in the 2.0F group at 4 wk (P < 0.05), but not in the 0.5F group, than in the C group. The hydrolyzed saponin fraction, but not the saponin fraction per se, in fenugreek inhibited the accumulation of TG in HepG2 cells. We fractionated the hydrolyzed saponin into 15 fractions by HPLC and examined the effect of these fractions on TG accumulation in HepG2 cells. Fraction 11 inhibited TG accumulation in HepG2 cells and we determined by liquid chromatography tandem MS that the active substance contained in fraction 11 is diosgenin. Diosgenin (5 and 10 μmol/L) inhibited the accumulation of TG and the expression of lipogenic genes in HepG2 cells. Moreover, diosgenin inhibited the transactivation of liver-X-receptor-α, as measured using a luciferase assay system and by gel mobility shift assay. These findings suggest that fenugreek ameliorates dyslipidemia by decreasing the hepatic lipid content in diabetic mice and that its effect is mediated by diosgenin. Fenugreek, which contains diosgenin, may be useful for the management of diabetes-related hepatic dyslipidemias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE: To identify the health concerns for which adolescent residents in New South Wales, Australia, do not receive health care, and the associated factors, including their sociodemographic distribution. METHODS: Purposive sampling was used to recruit school students who were stratified by gender and age (12-14, 14-16 and 16-17 years), from schools stratified by socioeconomic status and urban/rural location. Out-of-school young people were recruited through youth health services. Qualitative methods were used to collect and analyze data. RESULTS: Eighty-one focus groups were conducted. Most young people defined health solely in terms of their physical well-being, but still identified a broad range of situations, conditions, or behaviors which they believed might affect their health. One-third of females and two-thirds of males said they would not seek help for their health concerns, and when they did, were most likely to seek help from family, friends, or others they trusted. When professional help was sought, young people again preferred someone they knew and trusted. The three groups of barriers to accessing health care were: concerns about confidentiality, knowledge of services and discomfort in disclosing health concerns, and accessibility and characteristics of services. Factors related to use of health care services were associated with age, gender, and location, but rarely with socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of these young people in New South Wales (particularly males) do not seek health care despite identifying a broad range of issues that affect their health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Abnormalities in mitochondrial structure or function are closely related to the development of malignant tumors. Mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming provides precursor substances and energy for the vital activities of tumor cells, so that cancer cells can rapidly adapt to the unfavorable environment of hypoxia and nutrient deficiency. Mitochondria can enable tumor cells to gain the ability to proliferate, escape immune responses, and develop drug resistance by altering constitutive junctions, oxidative phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial subcellular relocalization. This greatly reduces the rate of effective clinical control of tumors. Purpose Explore the major role of mitochondria in cancer, as well as targeted mitochondrial therapies and mitochondria-associated markers. Conclusions This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the various aspects of mitochondrial aberrations and addresses drugs that target mitochondrial therapy, providing a basis for clinical mitochondria-targeted anti-tumor therapy.

Purpose We report a dosimetric study in whole breast irradiation (WBI) of plan robustness evaluation against position error with two radiation techniques: tangential intensity-modulated radiotherapy (T-IMRT) and multi-angle IMRT (M-IMRT). Methods Ten left-sided patients underwent WBI were selected. The dosimetric characteristics, biological evaluation and plan robustness were evaluated. The plan robustness quantification was performed by calculating the dose differences (Δ) of the original plan and perturbed plans, which were recalculated by introducing a 3-, 5-, and 10-mm shift in 18 directions. Results M-IMRT showed better sparing of high-dose volume of organs at risk (OARs), but performed a larger low-dose irradiation volume of normal tissue. The greater shift worsened plan robustness. For a 10-mm perturbation, greater dose differences were observed in T-IMRT plans in nearly all directions, with higher Δ D 98% , Δ D 95% , and Δ D mean of CTV Boost and CTV. A 10-mm shift in inferior (I) direction induced CTV Boost in T-IMRT plans a 1.1 (Δ D 98% ), 1.1 (Δ D 95% ), and 1.7 (Δ D mean ) times dose differences greater than dose differences in M-IMRT plans. For CTV Boost, shifts in the right (R) and I directions generated greater dose differences in T-IMRT plans, while shifts in left (L) and superior (S) directions generated larger dose differences in M-IMRT plans. For CTV, T-IMRT plans showed higher sensitivity to a shift in the R direction. M-IMRT plans showed higher sensitivity to shifts in L, S, and I directions. For OARs, negligible dose differences were found in V 20 of the lungs and heart. Greater Δ D max of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was seen in M-IMRT plans. Conclusion We proposed a plan robustness evaluation method to determine the beam angle against position uncertainty accompanied by optimal dose distribution and OAR sparing.

Objectives: To confirm the characteristics of gait events and muscle activity in the lower limbs of the affected and unaffected sides in patients with hemiplegia. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Motion analysis laboratory of the Wonkwang University Gwangju Hospital. Participants: Outpatients, diagnosed with ischemic stroke more than 3 months and less than 9 months before participating in the study (N=29; 11 men, 18 women). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: The gait event parameters and time- and frequency-domain electromyogram (EMG) parameters of the lower limbs of the affected and unaffected sides was determined using BTS motion capture with the Delsys Trigno Avanti EMG wireless system. Results: The swing time, stance phase, swing phase, single support phase, and median power frequency of the gastrocnemius muscle showed a significant difference between the affected and unaffected sides. Using a logistic regression model, the swing phase, single support phase, and median frequency of the gastrocnemius muscle were selected to classify the affected side. Conclusion: The single support phase of the affected side is shortened to reduce load bearing, which causes a reduction in the stance phase ratio. Unlike gait-event parameters, EMG data of hemiplegic stroke patients are difficult to generalize. Among them, the logistic regression model with some affected side parameters expected to be set as the severity and improvement baseline of the affected side. Additional data collection and generalization of muscle activity is required to improve the classification model.

Objectives: This study reports on the long-term effects of the Better Life After Cancer: Energy, Strength, and Support (BLESS) program, a 12-week social capital-based exercise adherence program for breast cancer survivors (BCS), implemented using a randomized controlled trial design. The study investigated outcomes related to cancer-related fatigue (CRF), quality of life (QOL), physical activity, depression, anxiety, sleep quality, and social capital. Methods: Participants who had moderate or greater CRF were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 24), consisting of supervised and home-based exercise, or the control (n = 26), who received exercise leaflets. Generalized estimating equations models were fitted for the outcome variables. The assessment points were baseline (M1), immediately after completing the intervention at 12 weeks (M2), 1 month (M3), and 6 months post-intervention (M4). Results: A significant reduction in the total CRF score was found for both groups. We observed a significant time by group effect at M2, indicating a reduction of behavioral/severity CRF scores and a higher increase of physical activity. Also, there was an increase in the QOL score of both groups at M2, M3, and M4, compared to M1. Both groups had reduced anxiety at M3 and M4 compared to M1. The time by group effect for depression, sleep quality and social capital was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This 12-week exercise adherence program improved behavioral/severity CRF and physical activity post-intervention. Both the experimental group and control group showed significant improvements in CRF, QOL, and anxiety domains compared to the baseline, which extended to 6 months post-intervention. Trial registration: Korean Clinical Research Information Service (KCT0005763)

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) are capable of immunomodulation and regeneration after neural injury. For these reasons, hAMSCs have been investigated as a promising stem cell candidate for stroke treatment. However, noninvasive experiments studying the effects of grafted stem cells in the host brain have not yet been reported. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can be collected without sacrificing the subject, is involved in physiological control of the brain and reflects the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Following stem cell transplantation in a stroke model, quantitative analysis of CSF proteome changes can potentially reveal the therapeutic effect of stem cells on the host CNS. We examined hAMSC-secreted proteins obtained from serum-free culture medium by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which identified several extracellular matrix proteins, supporting the well-known active paracrine function of hAMSCs. Subsequently, we performed label-free quantitative proteomic analysis on CSF samples from rat stroke models intravenously injected with hAMSC (experimental) or phosphate buffered saline (control). In total, 524 proteins were identified; among them, 125 and 91 proteins were increased and decreased with hAMSC treatment, respectively. Furthermore, gene set enrichment analysis revealed three proteins, 14-3-3 theta, MAG, and neurocan, that showed significant increases in the hAMSC-treated model; these proteins are core members of neurotrophin signaling, nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling, and glycosaminoglycan metabolism, respectively. Subsequent histological and neurologic function experiments validated proliferative neurogenesis in the hAMSC-treated stroke model. We conclude that (i) intravenous injection of hAMSCs can induce neurologic recovery in a rat stroke model and (ii) CSF may reflect the therapeutic effect of hAMSCs. Additionally, proteins as 14-3-3 theta, MAG, and neurocan could be considered as potential CSF biomarkers of neuroregeneration. These CSF proteome profiling results would be utilized as valuable resource in further stroke studies.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the parameters with a significant impact on delivery quality assurance (DQA) failure and analyze the planning parameters as possible predictors of DQA failure for helical tomotherapy. Methods: In total, 212 patients who passed or failed DQA measurements were retrospectively included in this study. Brain (n = 43), head and neck (n = 37), spinal (n = 12), prostate (n = 36), rectal (n = 36), pelvis (n = 13), cranial spinal irradiation and a treatment field including lymph nodes (n = 24), and other types of cancer (n = 11) were selected. The correlation between DQA results and treatment planning parameters were analyzed using logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, areas under the curves (AUCs), and the Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm were used to analyze treatment planning parameters as possible predictors for DQA failure. Results: The AUC for leaf open time (LOT) was 0.70, and its cut-off point was approximately 30%. The ROC curve for the predicted probability calculated when the multivariate variable model was applied showed an AUC of 0.815. We confirmed that total monitor units, total dose, and LOT were significant predictors for DQA failure using the CART. Conclusions: The probability of DQA failure was higher when the percentage of LOT below 100 ms was higher than 30%. The percentage of LOT below 100 ms should be considered in the treatment planning process. The findings from this study may assist in the prediction of DQA failure in the future.

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digesta viscosity, and dietary nutrient utilization in broiler chickens through a meta-analysis. The effects were further examined by a meta-regression analysis with activity levels of β-mannanase in broiler diets., Methods: A total of 23 studies, which were conducted in 11 countries and completed between December 2003 and August 2023, were selected for this meta-analysis. The standardized mean difference and its 95% confidence interval were calculated as the effect size metrics using random effect model, with I2 value being utilized to measure heterogeneity. Investigated measurements included body weight gain (BWG), feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), VH:CD ratio, digesta viscosity, nitrogencorrected metabolizable energy (n), apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and nitrogen (N). All statistical analyses were performed using R version 4.3.3., Results: Results revealed significant positive effects of dietary β-mannanase supplementation on BWG (p = 0.005), FCR (p<0.001), VH (p<0.001), VH:CD (p<0.001), digesta viscosity (p<0.001), AMEn (p = 0.011), AID of GE (p = 0.002) and N (p = 0.003), and ATTR of DM (p = 0.019), GE (p = 0.002), and N (p = 0.005) in broiler chickens. In the meta-regression analysis, increasing activity levels of β-mannanase in broiler diets increased VH:CD (p< 0.001; R2 = 79.2%) and AID of N (p = 0.038; R2 = 67.4%)., Conclusion: The current meta-analysis indicates that dietary β-mannanase supplementation improves energy and nutrient utilization in broiler diets possibly by decreasing digesta viscosity and enhancing intestinal morphology in broiler chickens. These beneficial effects can contribute to improved growth performance in broiler chickens.

Adsorption-based atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) has the potential to address water scarcity in arid regions. However, developing adsorbents that effectively capture water at a low relative humidity (RH < 30%) and release it with minimal energy consumption remains a challenge. Herein, we report a fluorophenyl oligomer (FO)-incorporated metal-organic framework (MOF), HKUST-1 (FO@HK), which exhibits fast adsorption kinetics at low RH levels and facile desorption by sunlight. The incorporated fluorophenyl undergoes vapor-phase polymerization at the metal center to generate fluorophenyl oligomers that enhance the hydrolytic stability of FO@HK while preserving its characteristic water sorption behavior. The FO@HK exhibited vapor sorption rates of 8.04 and 11.76 L kg -1 MOF h -1 at 20 and 30% RH, respectively, which are better than the state-of-the-art AWH sorbents. Outdoor tests using a solar-driven large-scale AWH device demonstrate that the sorbent can harvest 264.8 mL of water at a rate of 2.62 L kg -1 MOF per day. This study provides a ubiquitous strategy for transforming water-sensitive MOFs into AWH sorbents., Competing Interests: Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Biportal endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (BE-TLIF) is a minimally invasive surgical technique for treating degenerative lumbar spine conditions. It offers advantages such as reduced soft tissue trauma and lower infection rates, but certain technical aspects may be challenging. The current study aims to identify strategies to enhance the fusion rate in BE-TLIF by addressing these specific challenges., Methods: A literature review was conducted on techniques to improve fusion rates in BE-TLIF., Results: The review suggests that lateral-based portals supplemented with medial portals allowed for safe insertion of interbody cages with large footprint. Direct visualization of the disc space with a 30° endoscope assisted with better disc space preparation. Facetectomies performed with osteotomes, rather than burrs, ensured maximum retrieval of autologous bone graft. Utilizing bone morphogenetic proteins with sustained release carriers such as hydroxyapatite can be useful to increase fusion rates of BE-TLIF., Conclusions: To our knowledge, the current literature is the first comprehensive review of strategies to enhance fusion rates in BE-TLIF. The proposed techniques and biological adjuncts are effective means to address key challenges associated with the procedure, and such strategies would potentially shorten the learning curve and improve clinical outcomes. Further clinical studies are required to validate these findings and establish standardized protocols., Clinical Relevance: These findings provide practical solutions to overcome common challenges in BE-TLIF. The suggested techniques would reduce the incidence of pseudarthrosis, improve patient outcomes, and ultimately offer a safer and more reliable option for lumbar interbody fusion patients., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting Interests : The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work., (This manuscript is generously published free of charge by ISASS, the International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery. Copyright © 2024 ISASS. To see more or order reprints or permissions, see http://ijssurgery.com.)

Micronutrient deficiencies are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to evaluate micronutrient deficiencies and identify muscular status of patients with IBD. From June 2019 to October 2021, a total of 105 patients with IBD were enrolled prospectively. To obtain objective data, micronutrients were measured in the patients' serum, and body composition analysis was performed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. There were 51 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 54 with Crohn's disease (CD), while the gender ratio (M: F) was 54:51. The average age was 37 ± 18 years, which was significantly lower in patients with CD than UC (29 ± 16 vs. 45 ± 16, p < 0.001). Iron and magnesium were lower in patients with CD compared to UC, respectively (63.3 ± 42.5 vs. 82.8 ± 44.0 µg/dL, p = 0.024, 2.08 ± 0.15 vs. 2.15 ± 0.19 mg/dL, p = 0.036). Vitamin D levels showed insufficiency in patients with UC and deficiency (below 20 ng/mL) in patients with CD (20.1 ± 10.6 vs. 19.0 ± 9.9 ng/mL, p = 0.567). In the UC and CD patient groups, skeletal muscle index (SMI) and adjusted skeletal muscle mass were lower in patients with CD compared to UC (SMI: 32.8 ± 4.7 vs. 35.8 ± 5.5%, p < 0.004, adjusted skeletal muscle: 7.0 ± 1.5 vs. 8.2 ± 1.9 kg/m 2 , p < 0.001). In conclusion, decreased trace elements, specifically iron, magnesium, and vitamin D, as well as skeletal muscle mass were observed to be prominent in patients with CD as compared to UC.

Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the effect of increasing β-mannanase supplementation in diets containing copra meal (CM) on growth performance, meat quality, liver health, intestinal morphology, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens., Methods: A total of 1,600 3-d-old Ross 308 broiler chickens (initial body weight±standard deviation = 43.3±1.08 g) were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatment groups with 8 replicates. One group was fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet (control). Other 4 diets were prepared by inclusion of 10% commercial CM in the control diet with 0, 400, 800, and 1,600 U β-mannanase/kg. Experiments lasted for 32 d., Results: Birds fed the control diet had less (p = 0.001) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed diets containing 10% CM without β-mannanase supplementation. Increasing supplementation of β-mannanase in diets containing 10% CM had no linear and quadratic effects on body weight gain, feed intake, and FCR in broiler chickens. The control diet had greater (p<0.01) apparent total tract retention (ATTR) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), and N as compared to the diets containing 10% CM without β-mannanase supplementation; however, no differences in the ATTR of Ca and P were identified between 2 diets. There were no linear and quadratic effects of increasing supplementation of β-mannanase on the ATTR of DM, GE, N, Ca, and P in broiler diets containing 10% CM. Both inclusion of 10% CM and increasing supplementation of β-mannanase in broiler diets did not affect apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and N-corrected AME (AMEn) values in treatment diets., Conclusion: The use of 10% CM in broiler diets during growing and finishing period impairs growth performance by decreasing energy and nutrient utilization in diets. Increasing β-mannanase supplementation in diets containing 10% CM has no positive effects on performance, meat quality, liver health, intestinal morphology, and nutrient utilization in broiler chickens.

Introduction: The wide-abduction A-frame brace contains the femoral head to improve its remodeling in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). There is no study of the effect of brace adherence on hip outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine if patient adherence to A-frame brace treatment is associated with improved hip abduction range of motion and radiographic outcomes in children with LCPD., Methods: This retrospective study included patients aged 4 to 11 years with LCPD treated with an A-frame brace. Patients aged >11 and those treated with osteotomy before completing brace treatment were excluded. Built-in temperature sensors measured brace wear. Hip abduction was measured on examination before and after bracing. Deformity index (DI) and sphericity deviation score (SDS) were measured from radiographs at the 2-year follow-up and healed stage, respectively. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed., Results: Fifty-seven patients (44 male; 77%) were included with a mean age of 7.0±1.6 at brace treatment and mean adherence of 0.66±0.28. Brace adherence was associated with increased hip abduction ( R =0.36; P =0.006) and decreased DI ( R =-0.37; P =0.042) across all patients, and decreased SDS in patients <9 years old at the time of brace treatment ( R =-0.58; P =0.024). A +0.50 increase in adherence was associated with +9.4° hip abduction ( P =0.018), -0.13 DI ( P =0.027), and -17.7 SDS ( P =0.019)., Conclusions: Adherence to A-frame brace treatment was associated with increased hip abduction, decreased femoral head deformity, and increased sphericity. Patients and parents can be counseled regarding brace adherence to maximize outcomes of treatment., Level of Evidence: III-Therapeutic Study., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic cancer. Although human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) overexpression, a poor prognostic molecular marker in ovarian cancer, is found in almost 30% of ovarian cancer cases, there are no established therapies for HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of combined samfenet, a biosimilar compound of trastuzumab, and natural killer (NK) cells in preclinical model of HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer. Firstly, we screened the HER2 expression in three ovarian cancer cell lines and eight ovarian cancer patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDTX) samples. Then, immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization (SISH) were performed following clinical criteria. HER2-overexpressing cells exhibited the highest sensitivity to samfenet compared with low-HER2-expressing cells. In addition, the combination of samfenet with natural killer (NK) cells resulted in significantly enhanced sensitivity to HER2-overexpressing cells and showed a significant antitumor effect on PDTX mice compared with monotherapy. It is known that anti-HER2-humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibodies, including trastuzumab, induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Consequently, the combination of samfenet with NK cells demonstrated NK cell-mediated ADCC, as confirmed using an in vitro NK cytotoxicity assay and in vivo antitumor efficacy. A transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay using xenografted tumors further supported the ADCC effects based on the increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the combination group. Furthermore, high HER2 expression was associated with shorter progression-free survival and overall survival based on public mRNA expression data. In this study, we demonstrated that the combination of samfenet and NK cell therapy could be a promising treatment strategy for patients with HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer, through ADCC effects. Therefore, this study supports a rationale for further clinical studies of the combination of samfenet and NK cells as a therapy for patients with HER2-overexpressing ovarian cancer.

Background: Perfusion MRI (pMRI) can quantify femoral head hypoperfusion in early-stage Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. We investigated whether the severity of hypoperfusion measured at the early stage correlates with femoral head deformity at intermediate-term follow-up., Methods: Sixty-three patients who were 5 to 11 years of age at the diagnosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and who had pMRI performed at an early stage (Waldenström Stage 1 to 2a) were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-eight patients were treated nonoperatively and 35 were treated with proximal femoral varus osteotomy (PFVO). The sphericity deviation score (SDS) was used as the primary outcome. Femoral head perfusion and SDS were measured by 2 observers. Models assessing the relationship between hypoperfusion and SDS were fitted without and with stratifications by age at diagnosis and treatment method., Results: All 63 patients had a minimum of 4 years of follow-up (mean follow-up, 7.5 ± 2.6 years). All had reached the healed stage (Stage 4), and their mean age was 15.6 ± 2.8 years. The SDS outcome showed a significant positive correlation with the hypoperfusion % (p < 0.001). In the <50% hypoperfusion range, the SDS indicated no-to-low deformity, with narrow variability of outcome. However, the SDS became exponentially worse and had a wider variability of outcome at the ≥50% hypoperfusion range. Multivariable analyses revealed age at diagnosis, hypoperfusion %, and treatment method as significant prognostic factors for SDS (p = 0.007, <0.001, and 0.042, respectively). When treatment outcomes were stratified by age at diagnosis and hypoperfusion %, PFVO showed significantly better SDS outcome than nonoperative treatment in patients with an age at diagnosis of ≥8 years and low (<50%) and intermediate (50% to 80%) hypoperfusion ranges (p = 0.036 and 0.021, respectively)., Conclusions: Our study found a significant relationship between femoral head hypoperfusion measured in early-stage Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease and femoral head deformity at intermediate-term follow-up. This study provides new insight into the relationship between early-stage femoral head hypoperfusion and deformity., Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence., Competing Interests: Disclosure: No external funding was received for this work. The Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest forms are provided with the online version of the article (http://links.lww.com/JBJS/I253)., (Copyright © 2024 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Incorporated.)

In this study, the effects of the length-to-width ratio on the magnetic and microstructural properties of die-upset Nd-Fe-B magnets were examined. A die-upset magnet with a uniform shape and no significant cracking was successfully developed. During the die-upset process, the applied pressure was not uniform across the magnet and varied depending on its shape and position. In the case of the magnet with a 4:1 ratio, which had the largest length-to-width ratio, there was a higher concentration of stress at the edges compared to the center, resulting in easier grain deformation and growth at the edges, which led to the lowest remanence and ( BH ) max . As the length-to-width ratio approached 1:1, the grain size increased slightly, reducing the coercivity; however, the magnets maintained a uniform grain-size distribution. The change from a rectangular to a square pressing surface resulted in a more uniform stress distribution, particularly at the center and corners, which improved the consistency of the magnetic properties across different regions of the magnet. Consequently, an 11.9% enhancement in ( BH ) max , reaching 285.6 kJ/m 3 , was achieved in the 1:1 ratio die-upset magnet, which is attributed to the uniform grain size and improved grain alignment.

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) strategies have been developed to address challenges in orthopedic and dental therapy by expediting osseointegration and new bone formation. In this study, we developed irregular porous Ti-6Al-4V scaffolds coated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), specifically rGO-pTi, and investigated their ability to stimulate osseointegration in vivo . The rGO-pTi scaffolds exhibited unique irregular micropores and high hydrophilicity, facilitating protein adsorption and cell growth. In vitro assays revealed that the rGO-pTi scaffolds increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, mineralization nodule formation, and osteogenic gene upregulation in MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Moreover, in vivo transplantation of rGO-pTi scaffolds in rabbit calvarial bone defects showed improved bone matrix formation and osseointegration without hemorrhage. These findings highlight the potential of combining rGO with irregular micropores as a promising BTE scaffold for bone regeneration.

Background: A dysregulated stress response, including exaggerated affective reactivity and abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsivity, has been implicated in the etiology, maintenance, and relapse of major depressive disorder (MDD). Among adolescents, discordant affective and physiological stress response profiles have been linked to negative affective outcomes and increased risk for psychopathology. Whether these findings extend to adults with varying degree of MDD risk is unclear, as are possible links to various risk factors., Methods: We used a person-centered, multisystem approach in a sample of 119 unmedicated adults with current or remitted MDD and individuals without past MDD to evaluate psychobiological stress response profiles. Multitrajectory modeling was applied to positive affect, negative affect, and salivary cortisol (CORT) levels in response to the Maastricht Acute Stress Test., Results: Analyses identified 4 within-person profiles, 1 typical, termed normative ( n  = 32, 26.9%) and 3 atypical: CORT hyperreactivity affective stability ( n  = 17, 14.3%), CORT hyporeactivity affective reactivity 1 ( n  = 45, 37.8%), and CORT hyporeactivity affective reactivity 2 ( n  = 25, 21.0%). While validating the assumption of a normative profile and increased risk for psychopathology in non-normative stress response profiles, coherent associations emerged between stress response profiles and clinical status, depression severity, anhedonia, perceived stress, childhood adversity, and reports of well-being, suggesting increased risk for psychopathology for individuals with a hyperreactive or discordant hyporeactive stress response profile., Conclusions: This work advances our understanding of stress response mechanisms in MDD and underscores the potential of targeted interventions to enhance resilience and reduce psychopathology based on individual stress response profiles., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Purpose: This study was conducted to obtain in-depth understanding of the life experiences of college students who attempted suicide., Methods: This study employed qualitative methods involving in-depth interviews, where researchers and participants met one-on-one to capture personal experiences and perspectives. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's phenomenological approach, providing a systematic interpretation aligned with the lived experiences and challenges shared by the participants., Results: The following six themes reflected participants' experiences: "A family that has left behind deficiencies and wounds that are not easy to overcome", "Lingering struggles even as college students", "Seeking self-worth through relationships", "Achievement at all costs: The search for self-worth in a life obsessed with success", "The irony of those aspiring to live: suicide" and "The fight still continues" CONCLUSIONS: The results underscore the necessity of broadening our interpretive framework to better understand and address the concealed complexities of mental health in this demographic. Mental health professionals are urged to consider these nuanced dynamics when developing targeted interventions to support students through their unique challenges., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a notable subtype of glomerulonephritis in kidney transplantation, often resulting in graft failure. Yet, research comparing transplant outcomes between de novo and recurrent FSGS is scarce. This study aims to compare clinical features and transplant outcomes between these two categories., Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 773 kidney transplant recipients from two centers between January 2008 and October 2021. Patients diagnosed with FSGS through graft kidney biopsy were included. They were categorized into two groups based on the time of FSGS occurrence and results of native kidney biopsy: the recurrent FSGS group and the de novo FSGS group., Results: Of 773 kidney transplant patients, 24 had primary FSGS-causing end-stage renal disease. During a median 65-month follow-up, 5 of these patients developed recurrent FSGS (incidence: 26.3%). Among 749 patients with other kidney diseases causing end-stage renal disease, 9 had de novo FSGS (incidence: 1.2%). In the recurrent FSGS group, 2 out of 5 patients experienced graft failure, with no deaths or acute rejections. Similarly, in the de novo FSGS group, 3 out of 9 patients experienced graft failure, with no deaths or acute rejections. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed slower graft loss in de novo FSGS, resulting in a higher graft survival rate compared to recurrent FSGS (probability of graft survival, 60% vs 33.3%, P = .036)., Conclusions: Graft loss progresses more slowly in de novo FSGS compared to recurrent FSGS, resulting in a higher long-term graft survival rate in de novo FSGS than in recurrent FSGS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this article., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

While evidence indicates that exposure to oil spill incidents can affect mental health, it is unclear whether the mental health effects result from the incident itself or from exposure to associated chemicals. Oil contains chemicals that can impact mental health and these chemicals may have long-term effects due to their persistence in the environment. To address the gap in current knowledge, we conducted cross-sectional and prospective analyses of data from adults who participated in the Health Effects of the Hebei Spirit Oil Spill study. To assess chemical exposure from oil spills, we used indirect exposure indicators such as distance from the contaminated oil band to residences and duration of clean-up work, along with direct exposure indicators such as urine metabolite concentrations of volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Mental health assessments covered posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, state anxiety, and trait anxiety. In the cross-sectional analyses, all four mental health issues were found to be associated with proximity to the oil band (p-value<0.05) and showed a positive association with clean-up work duration (p-value<0.05). Cox regression analysis revealed that higher urinary t, t-muconic acid levels were associated with an increased risk of depression (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.55, 95 % Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.05-2.28), and elevated 1-hydroxypyrene levels increased the risk of PTSD (HR = 1.60, 95 % CI = 1.03-2.48). Additionally, higher urinary 2-naphthol levels were associated with increased state anxiety (HR = 1.39, 95 % CI = 1.00-1.93) and trait anxiety (HR = 1.64, 95 % CI = 1.15-2.32). These associations persisted even after controlling for distance and duration variables related to psychosocial exposure. Our findings suggest that environmental disaster response plans should prioritize minimizing chemical exposure while also considering the duration and nature of the mental health impacts., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) patients undergoing cortical shunting frequently show early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology on cortical biopsy, which is predictive of progression to clinical AD. The objective of this study was to use samples from this cohort to identify cerebrospinal fluid  (CSF) biomarkers for AD-related central nervous system (CNS) pathophysiologic changes using tissue and fluids with early pathology, free of post mortem artifact., Methods: We analyzed Simoa, proteomic, and metabolomic CSF data from 81 patients with previously documented pathologic and transcriptomic changes., Results: AD pathology on biopsy correlates with CSF β-amyloid-42/40, neurofilament light chain (NfL), and phospho-tau-181(p-tau181)/β-amyloid-42, while several gene expression modules correlate with NfL. Proteomic analysis highlights seven core proteins that correlate with pathology and gene expression changes on biopsy, and metabolomic analysis of CSF identifies disease-relevant groups that correlate with biopsy data., Discussion: As additional biomarkers are added to AD diagnostic panels, our work provides insight into the CNS pathophysiology these markers are tracking., Highlights: AD CSF biomarkers correlate with CNS pathology and transcriptomic changes. Seven proteins correlate with CNS pathology and gene expression changes. Inflammatory and neuronal gene expression changes correlate with YKL-40 and NPTXR, respectively. CSF metabolomic analysis identifies pathways that correlate with biopsy data. Fatty acid metabolic pathways correlate with β-amyloid pathology., (© 2024 The Author(s). Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.)

Background: Children with a tibial shaft fracture often present with valgus malalignment, even when anatomical reduction had been achieved at the fracture site. Pediatric bony structure has more elastic bones than that of adults, it can cause bowing deformity. Therefore, we evaluated pediatric tibial shaft fracture for the presence of bowing deformity, associated risk factors, and its clinical significance., Hypothesis: There is an overlooked bowing deformity in pediatric tibial shaft fracture., Patients and Methods: Fifty-seven tibial shaft fracture patients aged 2 to 15 years with Risser stage 0 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicoradiologic factors and radiographs taken within 3 post-traumatic months and at 2 years were assessed. To evaluate the tibial bowing deformity, the tibial interphyseal angle and tibial shaft angle were measured, and their differences were calculated as a tibial bowing angle., Results: Multivariate analysis revealed the tibial shaft fracture with fibular involvement is significantly associated with a higher initial tibial bowing angle (valgus deformity). The tibial bowing angle did not change over 2-year follow-up. A high initial tibial bowing angle (≥ 5°) was a significant risk factor for the persistence of valgus malalignment., Discussion: Pediatric tibial shaft fractures with/without fibular involvement carry the risk of valgus bowing deformity, which may not develop during post-traumatic growth but may be present at the time of injury. The risk is high if the tibial fracture is accompanied by a fibular fracture. This tibial deformity presents limited remodeling potential at 2-year follow-up., Level of Evidence: IV; retrospective study., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Calcaneal lengthening osteotomy (CLO) is one of the main surgical options for treatment of pediatric idiopathic flexible flatfoot (FFF). Reportedly, calcaneocuboid (CC) joint subluxation occurs after CLO; however, its effect on the midfoot remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the radiologic midterm results after CLO treatment in pediatric idiopathic FFF., Methods: We evaluated 23 pediatric patients with idiopathic FFF aged ≥8 years, who underwent CLO from 1999 to 2017 owing to moderate to severe flatfoot deformity (assessed by visual inspection). Patients aged between 8 and 14 years were included (mean follow-up: 6.3 years; range, 3.1-11.4 years). Anteroposterior and lateral weightbearing foot radiographs were assessed for radiologic parameters preoperatively and at the 3-month, 1-year, and final follow-ups postoperatively., Results: All patients had immediate postoperative radiologic correction of the flatfoot deformity, and these improvements were maintained until the final follow-up. The mean allograft length inserted was 9 (range, 8-10) mm. There was increased CC joint subluxation after CLO, but it improved continuously until the final follow-up. A CC joint spur was newly noted in 1 case. There were 24 cases (24/39, 61.5%) of talonavicular (TN) joint spurs at the final follow-up, but 19 of these were already present on the preoperative radiographs (19/24, 79.2%). Further, the new-onset TN joint spurs were not associated with preoperative clinicoradiologic factors., Conclusion: In pediatric patients with idiopathic FFF receiving CLO treatment, preoperative radiologic angles improved. CC joint subluxation increased after surgery; however, it gradually reduced without evidence of CC joint arthritic changes over the time period studied in this cohort., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Disclosure forms for all authors are available online.

Fulvic acids (FAs) have been commercially used in cosmetics and agronomy due to their unique biological activities, such as plant stimulation and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the extraction sources of FAs, such as peat, are currently limited. Consequently, new extraction methods using renewable resources need to be developed, while reproducing the biological functions. Here, ionic liquids (ILs) effectively extracted fulvic-like substances (FLSs) from wood sawdust. The overall molecular weight distributions of FLSs were similar to those of commercial FAs, and key organic groups (e.g., aromatic, phenolic, and methoxy groups) were also found to be shared between commercial FAs and FLSs. Detailed compositional analysis revealed by high-resolution mass spectrometry showed that the extracts contain both lignin-like and lipid-like molecules, while commercial FAs are biased toward lignin-like and carbohydrate-like molecules. FLSs generally showed better and similar performance in radical scavenging activity against ABTS +· and H 2 O 2 . Fibroblast proliferation and lettuce growth enhancements were also observed with the extract containing 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate, respectively, which performed better than commercial FAs. Immunofluorescence staining of in vitro human follicle dermal papilla cells supports that coexpression of hair growth-related proteins can be accelerated with FLSs, and this effect was further evidenced by in vivo mouse model experiments. Finally, the reusability of ILs in the extraction process was confirmed by analyzing the structural features of FLSs from each recycling. Our findings indicate that ILs are useful for obtaining biologically functional fulvic analogs from renewable plant sources.