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Abstract Background Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which is prepared by concentrating platelets in autologous blood, shows efficacy in chronic skin wounds via multiple growth factors. However, it exhibits heterogeneity across patients, leading to unstable therapeutic efficacy. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived megakaryocytes and platelets (iMPs) are capable of providing a stable supply, holding promise as materials for novel platelet concentrate-based therapies. In this context, we evaluated the effect of iMPs on wound healing and validated lyophilization for clinical applications. Methods The growth factors released by activated iMPs were measured. The effect of the administration of iMPs on human fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated in vitro. iMPs were applied to dorsal skin defects of diabetic mice to assess the wound closure rate and quantify collagen deposition and angiogenesis. Following the storage of freeze-dried iMPs (FD-iMPs) for three months, the stability of growth factors and their efficacy in animal models were determined. Result Multiple growth factors that promote wound healing were detected in activated iMPs. iMPs specifically released FGF2 and exhibited a superior enhancement of HUVEC proliferation compared to PRP. Moreover, an RNA-seq analysis revealed that iMPs induce polarization to stalk cells and enhance ANGPTL4 gene expression in HUVECs. Animal studies demonstrated that iMPs promoted wound closure and angiogenesis in chronic wounds caused by diabetes. We also confirmed the long-term stability of growth factors in FD-iMPs and their comparable effects to those of original iMPs in the animal model. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that iMPs promote angiogenesis and wound healing through the activation of vascular endothelial cells. iMPs exhibited more effectiveness than PRP, an effect attributed to the exclusive presence of specific factors including FGF2. Lyophilization enabled the long-term maintenance of the composition of the growth factors and efficacy of the iMPs, therefore contributing to stable supply for clinical application. These findings suggest that iMPs provide a novel treatment for chronic wounds.

Background and Aim: Measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) is crucial for identifying potentially damaging changes in the eyes, including diseases as glaucoma and uveitis. This study compared intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements in cats using the Tonovet and Tonovet Plus (rebound), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (applanation), and Kowa HA-2 (Goldman’s methodology applanation) tonometers. Materials and Methods: 55 healthy cats (108 eyes) were assessed through three distinct studies: An ex vivo experiment (10 eyes of five cats) to correlate IOP manometry and tonometry values and ascertain the correlation coefficient (r2); an in vivo study (10 eyes of five sedated cats) to contrast manometer and tonometer readings; and an outpatient clinical trial (80 eyes of 45 cats) to analyze only tonometer measurements. Results: The r2 values observed in the ex vivo study were Tonovet (0.923), Tonovet Plus (0.925), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (0.877), and Kowa HA-2 (0.901). The IOP values in mmHg in the in vivo study were as follows: Manometer (16.1 ± 2.7), Tonovet (21.1 ± 3.6), Tonovet Plus (19.7 ± 7.2), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (17.6 ± 7.9), and Kowa HA-2 (16.8 ± 2.0). In the outpatient clinical study, the IOP values in mmHg were as follows: Tonovet (19.7 ± 6.6), Tonovet Plus (17.1 ± 5.4), Tono-Pen Avia Vet (16.3 ± 4.3), and Kowa HA-2 (14.5 ± 2.2). Conclusion: IOP and manometry readings were strongly correlated by all tonometers. In the clinical setting, the most and least IOP measurements were recorded using Tonovet and Kowa HA-2, respectively, stressing the importance of an IOP reference table for each tonometer in feline practice.

International trade, a cornerstone of the global economy, has witnessed substantial growth since the start of the 21st century. This expansion, largely driven by liberalizing policies and supported by initiatives like the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, has deeply integrated economies worldwide, making trade a substantial part of global gross domestic product (GDP). However, this growth also spotlights cultural, social, and environmental consequences. Studies indicate that trade is responsible for up to 70% of global environmental impacts, often transferring burdens from “developed” to “developing” nations. While trade bolsters economies, it also poses risks to people, nature, and the planet. In this article, I introduce the Planetary Welcare compass, an innovative framework designed to navigate these multifaceted challenges and drive transformative change. This framework integrates diverse perspectives on development, equity, sustainability, and planetary health into five interconnected principles: enhancing well-being, promoting balanced consumption, fostering accountability with integrity, embracing rooted globalism, and championing environmental stewardship. The article delves into the foundation of this framework and applies it to the overarching strategies of both the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Fair Trade Charter (IFTC), highlighting their divergent approaches and associated challenges. In conclusion, the Planetary Welcare compass offers a comprehensive set of principles to guide and assess production and consumption systems, including trade policies and agreements. It suggests a significant shift from the traditional welfare-state model toward a broader focus on planetary health, equity, and sustainability, ushering in the emergence of a “Welcare state” paradigm for a just and sustainable future.

Objectives: Red blood cell (RBC) antibodies of the IgG class can lead to hemolysis in patients depending on many factors, including the IgG subclass. IgGs, particularly IgG1 and IgG3-coated RBCs (red blood cells) are quickly recognized for phagocytosis leading to a greater potential for RBC destruction. The objective of this study is to correlate the presence of IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses with the risk of hemolysis in the context of RBC alloantibodies and autoantibodies. Methods: Blood donors and patients presenting with positive polyspecific direct antiglobulin test (DAT) (Bio-Rad, Cressier, LISS/Coombs card, ref. 004017) were recruited for a 2-month study at a tertiary hospital. All selected donors and patients were further tested with monospecific DAT gel cards (Bio-Rad, Cressier, DC Screening I card with anti-IgG, -IgM, -IgA, -C3c, -C3d, ref. 004857), DAT IgG-dilution (Bio-Rad, Cressier, ref. 004033), which indicates the amount of IgG bound to RBCs, and DAT IgG1/IgG3 (Bio-Rad, Cressier ref. 004043), which further differentiates the IgG1 and IgG3 subclasses. Monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) was performed in select cases with RBC IgG autoantibodies and the results were expressed in terms of monocyte index (MI). Results: A total of 42 patients presented positive monospecific DAT indicating IgG and were included in the study. Of these, 4 (9.5%) were newborns (NB). The other patients (n = 38) presented with a positive DAT. The patient eluates revealed either irregular antibodies with the same specificity as detected in irregular antibody screening and identification, suggesting recent incompatible transfusions (n = 9, 21.4%), or IgGs with panagglutination (n = 29, 69%). A total of 68 donors presenting a positive polyspecific DAT were selected and of these, 27 confirmed positive monospecific DAT with IgG and were included in the study. Of the included NBs (n = 4), IgG1 and IgG3 were not detected in all cases and C3d was also absent on RBC membrane. Nine patients had positive DAT and irregular antibodies on the RBC membrane. None of the patients had been recently transfused in the reference center, suggesting incompatible transfusions in other health services and serological transfusion reactions. None of the involved antibodies were IgG1 or IgG3. Only one case (anti-Jkb) had concomitant C3b on the RBC membrane. Of the 29 patients presenting with autoantibodies of IgG class, 15 (51.7%) presented with either IgG1 or IgG3 and 14 (48.3%) had neither IgG1 nor IgG3. C3d was concomitant in 7 (46.7%) patients with IgG1 or IgG3 and in 3 (21.4%) patients without IgG1 or IgG3. Among the 27 blood donors presenting with IgG autoantibodies, 26 (96.3%) did not present with either IgG1 or IgG3. A striking statistical significance was observed when the frequency of IgG1 and IgG3 was compared between donors and patients (p < 0.001). MMA was performed in 12 cases. The difference between IgG1 or IgG3 versus non-IgG1 or IgG3 resulting in a positive (> 5%) monocyte index (MI) was 83.3% versus 33.3%. The p value was 0.07, reflecting the restricted sample size. Conclusions: The determination of the subclass of IgG might be a helpful tool in laboratory practice, because the absence of IgG1 and IgG3 can rule out overt hemolysis and clinical anemia. Donors with positive DAT and autoantibodies of non-IgG1 and non-IgG3 subclasses do not need specific follow-up. On the contrary, donors with IgG1 or IgG3 autoantibodies (uncommon) should be referred to clinical counseling.

Introdução: A doença Hemolitica do Feto e Recem Nascido (DHFR) é a complicação obstetrica decorrente da presença de anticorpos anti-eritrocitarios no sangue materno. Estes anticorpos atravessam a barreira placentária e ligam-se aos eritrocitos fetais, causando hemolise e anemia fetal, que pode ser intensa e recorrer a realização de transfusões intra-uterinas. O grupo de mulheres com maior risco de apresentar esta complicação é a de fenotipo RhD negativo. Indica-se a realização de imunoprofilaxia com globulina anti-D ao final da gestação e ate 72 horas após nascimento, bem como em situações de abortamento e sangramentso durante gestação. No cenario brasileiro atual, a DHFR por anti-D representa mais de 80% dos casos por falha da indicação e aplicação da profilaxia. Além do anti-D, os anticorpos anti-c e anti-Kell tambem estao associados a DHFR. A forma de identificar as gestantes e fetos em risco é a realização do teste de pesquisa de anticorpos Irregulares (PAI) capaz de detectar os anticorpos e encaminhar para o acompanhamento de pré-natal de alto risco. O PAI é indicado para todas as gestantes e raramente é realizado no Brasil com mulheres que apresentam fator Rh positivo. levando ao subdiagnostico do feto com DHFR. A PAI é um exame obrigatório a todos os doadores de sangue, o que contempla tambem mulheres em idade fertil. Com isso, nossa proposta é identificar e comunicar comunicar a essas mulheres todas as vezes que houver a presença de anticorpos, para em uma futura gestação ser informado ao médico obstetra. Objetivo: Identificar os anticorpos eritrocitários de relevância para a medicina obstetrica em população de doadoras de sangue em idade fértil e notificadas do resultado visando reduzir o subdiagnostico e incorreto manejo de casos de DHFR. Identificar as doadoras em idade fértil fenótipo RhD negativos ou RhD parcial e que seja candidatas a imunoprofilaxia anti-D durante a gestação, visando a melhora na aplicação da profilaxia e redução da DHFR pelo anti-D. Metodologia: Tipagem sanguinea ABO e RHD em sistema automatizado, PAI e identificação em sistema cartão gel. Realização de genotipagem para os antígenos eritrocitários de relevância para medicina obstétrica por metodologia de DNA-array, Laudo caracterizado pela emissão on-line, contendo de identificação da doadora, características de grupo sanguíneo e perfil imunohematologico (ABO/Rh e PAI). Resultados: 342 doadoras em idade fértil já foram notificadas, sendo que 182 possui a presença de anticorpos irregulares, 95 mulheres RHD negativo e 65 doadoras RhD positivas porém que apresentem os antigenos D fracos ou parciais. Essa comunicação está ocorrendo atraves de cartas, contendo os resultados da doadora e a explicação do contexto do exame. Conclusão: As doadoras em idade fertil PAI positivas, RhD negativas ou RHD positivas variantes terão o conhecimento de risco de desenvolvimento da DHFR em sua próxima gravidez e com isso evitar as complicações graves dessa doença, podendo ter o acompanhamento ideal durante o pré-natal e um olhar mais atento a gestação.

A DF é uma doença genética, hereditária com um total de 2500 novos casos ao ano. É uma doença comum em afrodescendentes e caraterizada por uma mutação na sequência gênica responsável pela codificação da subunidade β da hemoglobina, resultando na formação da hemoblogina (HbS) que, em baixa tensão de oxigênio polimeriza, deixando as hemácias com a morfologia e funcionalidade da membrana alteradas, podendo ocasionar quadros vaso-oclusivos, caracterizados por dor intensa e danos isquêmicos em diversos órgãos, hemólise e anemia. Para melhorar o fluxo das hemácias pelos vasos sanguíneos são indicadas as transfusões sanguíneas como parte do tratamento. É essencial que as transfusões sejam com hemácias geneticamente idênticas às hemácias dos pacientes não somente ao tipo ABO/Rh, mas também aos demais sistemas de grupos sanguíneos, o que reduz a aloimunização. Para isso nosso objetivo é realizar a genotipagem para os antígenos mais relevantes; desenvolver meios para comunicar resultados dos testes aos beneficiários diretos do projeto e garantir que os mesmos, possam fornecer acesso a estes dados às agências transfusionais e instituições de saúde em DF, a transfusão segura para seus portadores, o reconhecimento de reações hemolíticas pós-transfusionais e outras questões relevantes que envolvam a doença. Objetivo: : Realização de genotipagem para os antígenos pela metodologia de DNA-array; emissão on-line Cartão Fenoticard contendo informações de identificação do beneficiário do projeto, grupo sanguíneo e perfil transfusional; Laudo contendo identificação do beneficiário do projeto, técnicas utilizadas para testagens, resultados aferidos e sua análise, características de grupo sanguíneo e perfil transfusional, relato sobre a importância dos cuidados em pacientes com DF e outros que auxiliarão na conduta dos profissionais que atuarão nos futuros procedimentos transfusionais do paciente. Resultado: : Todos os falciformes da Fundação Pró Sangue foram submetidos a genotipagem e os cartoes Fenoticard foram distribuidos para esses pacientes contendo resultados de fenotipagem e de genotipagem. Em 06 Junho de 2024 foi realizada a abertura oficial do projeto DANDARA com a presença de diversos politicos da área da saúde, médicos hematologistas e pacientes e familiares contemplados com a doença. A orientação direta ao paciente esta sendo executado atraves de chats e lives tanto na plataforma da Fundação Pró-Sangue quanto nas plataformas das Associações de Apoio a pacientes com DF. Eventos cientificos estao sendo realizados para orientar os funcionarios que trabalham diretamente com o atendimento a esses pacientes como forma de expandir o conhecimento e facilitar o intercambio de informações entre os serviços de hemoterapia. Conclusão: O empoderamento dos pacientes com informções sobre a doença e condutas terapeuticas são essenciais para a manutenção da saúde e qualidade devida. A disseminação de conhecimentos às equipes multiprofissionáis se mostra um fator primordial para garantir a qualidade do atendimento.

A complexidade antigenica dos grupos sanguineos é algo que impacta diretamente na transfusão, principalmente de pacientes politransfundidos, cuja a exposição a esses diferentes antigenos leva a aloimunização e por consequencia a dificuldade em conseguir bolsas compativeis. A formação de um banco de sangue contendo doadores fenotipados e genotipados é essencial para o bom atendimento desses pacientes uma vez que a combinação de anticorpos contra esses antigenos pode tornar rara a presenca de bolsas compativeis para esses individuos. Na Fundação Pro-Sangue esse banco de doadores raros é alimentado diariamente e hoje se consegue atender a maioria das solicitações de transfusão que são consideradas raras ou de dificil obtenção. Este trabalho visa demonstrar a realidade do banco de sangue raro de nossa instituição e provar que é possível com o trabalho continuo conseguir fenótipos improváveis e consequentemente auxiliar na transfusão de pacientes aloimunizados. Metodologia: Fenotipagem eritrocitária com a utilização de soros específicos para a determinação antigénica é realizada no equipamento em 100% dos doadores de primeira vez para sistemas Rh e antígeno Kell. Da rotina diária 15% das amostras são então fenotipadas no equipamento para antígenos Jka, Jkb, Fya, Fyb, S e s. A duplicação dessa fenotipagem é realizada manualmente em 10% das amostras e já acrescidos também outros grupo sanguíneos de importancia clínica (M, NKpa, k, Lua, Lub, Dia, Lea, Leb, P1). Do montante diario das amostras cerca de 2% ainda são enviados para a genotipagem para pesquisar doadores raros (Kpb, Lub, U, Variantes de Rh, Vel, Ge2, Hy, Joa, hrb, hrs, entre outros). Resultados: Nos últimos anos foram fenotipados cerca de 460mil doadores para sistemas RH/Kell, genotipados mais de 6000 doadores que ja proporcionaram um total de 610 doadores raros. Com isso foi possivel atender 39 pacientes extemamente raros dentre eles 1 Vel-, 1 Hy-/Joa-, 5 Dob-, 15 U-, 4 Lub-, 3 k-, 4 hrb-, 3hrs-, 4 Ge2-, para a Comissao Nacional do Sangue Raro. Também atendemos uma média de 120 bolsas ao mês de combinaçoes antigênicas de dificil obtenção tais como bolsas contendo fenotipos R2R2, Jka-, Jkb-, s-, rr, Fya-. Conclusão: Tanto a fenotipagem como a genotipagem são ferramentas extremamente importantes para o aumento de doadores categorizados como raros e atendimento a pacientes que necessitam de bolsas especiais. O trabalho diario e estrategias direcionando os doadores de acordo com os antigenos presentes na amostra e a raça autodeclarada possibilita ainda mais encontrar fenotipos especiais na população.

Resumo As mulheres tendem a regular suas atividades e limitar o uso dos espaços públicos a certas horas do dia, pela alta percepção de insegurança que atua como parte integrante da sua vida cotidiana. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar os fatores objetivos e subjetivos para caminhar sob a perspectiva da segurança feminina, através de um Estudo de Caso realizado em Londrina – PR. As táticas abordadas foram questionários e entrevistas caminhadas para compreender os fatores socioespaciais que influenciam na escolha e os que inibem o caminhar. Os resultados indicam que a construção do “medo” ocorre por meio de relatos de terceiros e da mídia, enquanto o principal fator de “sentir-se” segura está relacionado ao movimento de pessoas pelo fato de serem vistas.

BackgroundNatural language processing (NLP) techniques can be used to analyze large amounts of electronic health record texts, which encompasses various types of patient information such as quality of life, effectiveness of treatments, and adverse drug event (ADE) signals. As different aspects of a patient’s status are stored in different types of documents, we propose an NLP system capable of processing 6 types of documents: physician progress notes, discharge summaries, radiology reports, radioisotope reports, nursing records, and pharmacist progress notes. ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the system’s performance in detecting ADEs by evaluating the results from multitype texts. The main objective is to detect adverse events accurately using an NLP system. MethodsWe used data written in Japanese from 2289 patients with breast cancer, including medication data, physician progress notes, discharge summaries, radiology reports, radioisotope reports, nursing records, and pharmacist progress notes. Our system performs 3 processes: named entity recognition, normalization of symptoms, and aggregation of multiple types of documents from multiple patients. Among all patients with breast cancer, 103 and 112 with peripheral neuropathy (PN) received paclitaxel or docetaxel, respectively. We evaluate the utility of using multiple types of documents by correlation coefficient and regression analysis to compare their performance with each single type of document. All evaluations of detection rates with our system are performed 30 days after drug administration. ResultsOur system underestimates by 13.3 percentage points (74.0%−60.7%), as the incidence of paclitaxel-induced PN was 60.7%, compared with 74.0% in the previous research based on manual extraction. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the manual extraction and system results was 0.87 Although the pharmacist progress notes had the highest detection rate among each type of document, the rate did not match the performance using all documents. The estimated median duration of PN with paclitaxel was 92 days, whereas the previously reported median duration of PN with paclitaxel was 727 days. The number of events detected in each document was highest in the physician’s progress notes, followed by the pharmacist’s and nursing records. ConclusionsConsidering the inherent cost that requires constant monitoring of the patient’s condition, such as the treatment of PN, our system has a significant advantage in that it can immediately estimate the treatment duration without fine-tuning a new NLP model. Leveraging multitype documents is better than using single-type documents to improve detection performance. Although the onset time estimation was relatively accurate, the duration might have been influenced by the length of the data follow-up period. The results suggest that our method using various types of data can detect more ADEs from clinical documents.

O trabalho discute sobre a apropriação dos fundos públicos na educação pública no Brasil e o protagonismo das grandes corporações privadas nesse âmbito. É um recorte da dissertação defendida junto à Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, em 2023 e a ideia central é a Lei como um artefato tecnológico e seus propósitos moldados por teleologias pré-estabelecidas, refletindo disputas de poder de uma sociedade e período. Agrega à Teoria dos Artefatos na Ciência Jurídica e sua hermenêutica. A lei é analisada à luz das dimensões de CTS, através da análise crítica da Lei 14.533/2023, sobre a política para a educação digital no país. Palavra-chave: Lei; Artefato Tecnológico; Não Neutralidade; CTS.

Summary: We investigated the role of the N-terminus (residues 1–43) of the myosin essential light chain (N-ELC) in regulating cardiac function in hypertrophic (HCM-A57G) and restrictive (RCM-E143K) cardiomyopathy mice. Both models were cross-genotyped with N-ELC-truncated Δ43 mice, and the offspring were studied using echocardiography and muscle contractile mechanics. In A57G×Δ43 mice, Δ43 expression improved heart function and reduced hypertrophy and fibrosis. No improvements were seen in E143K×Δ43 compared to RCM-E143K mice. HCM-mutant pathology involved an impaired N-ELC tension sensor, disrupted N-ELC-actin interactions, an altered force-pCa relationship, and a destabilized myosin’s super-relaxed state. Removal of the malfunctioning N-ELC sensor led to functional rescue in HCM-truncated mutant hearts. However, the RCM mutation could not be rescued by N-ELC deletion, likely due to its proximity to the myosin motor domain, affecting lever-arm rigidity and myosin function. This study provides insights into the role of N-ELC in the development and potential rescue of ELC-mutant cardiomyopathy.

RESUMO A Mata Atlântica é um “hotspot” de biodiversidade, devido a sua elevada riqueza, endemicidade e ameaças. Caracterizamos as fitofisionomias e listamos as espécies vasculares do Parque Estadual Lagamar de Cananéia (PELC). Foram coletadas as espécies de diferentes hábitos encontradas ao longo das trilhas percorridas no PELC e o mapeamento das fitofisionomias foi feito por fotointerpretação. Mapeamos oito fitofisionomias vegetacionais, com Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana, representando 53,9%, enquanto as Montanas e das Terras Baixas cobriram 14,3% e 13,2%, respectivamente. A flora conhecida do PELC é composta por 540 espécies vasculares distribuídas em 122 famílias, sendo 55 espécies de Samambaias e Licófitas, duas Gimnospermas e 483 Angiospermas, com espécies em risco de extinção (20 espécies). O PELC possui fitofisionomias importantes e flora com elevada riqueza de espécies, ratificando sua importância para a conservação da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica no Estado de São Paulo.

Abstract We recently achieved the first-in-human transfusion of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived platelets (iPSC-PLTs) as an alternative to standard transfusions, which are dependent on donors and therefore variable in supply. However, heterogeneity characterized by thrombopoiesis-biased or immune-biased megakaryocytes (MKs) continues to pose a bottleneck against the standardization of iPSC-PLT manufacturing. To address this problem, here we employ microRNA (miRNA) switch biotechnology to distinguish subpopulations of imMKCLs, the MK cell lines producing iPSC-PLTs. Upon miRNA switch-based screening, we find imMKCLs with lower let-7 activity exhibit an immune-skewed transcriptional signature. Notably, the low activity of let-7a-5p results in the upregulation of RAS like proto-oncogene B (RALB) expression, which is crucial for the lineage determination of immune-biased imMKCL subpopulations and leads to the activation of interferon-dependent signaling. The dysregulation of immune properties/subpopulations, along with the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, contributes to a decline in the quality of the whole imMKCL population.

IntroductionPathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniases involves parasite growth, persistent inflammation, and likely participation of lipoproteins (LP). The cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), involved in LP remodeling, has been shown to participate in the inflammatory response and the evolution of infectious conditions. MethodsWe evaluated the impact of the presence of CETP on infection by Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in an experimental model of cutaneous leishmaniasis using C57BL6/J mice transgenic for human CETP (CETP), having as control their littermates that do not express the protein, wild-type (WT) mice. The progression of the lesion after infection in the footpad was monitored for 12 weeks. Two groups of animals were formed to collect the plantar pad in the 4th and 12th week post-infection. ResultsThe lesion increased from the 3rd week onwards, in both groups, with a gradual decrease from the 10th week onwards in the CETP group compared to the WT group, showing a reduction in parasitism and an improvement in the healing process, a reduction in CD68+ cells, and an increase in CD163+ and CD206, characterizing a population of M2 macrophages. A reduction in ARG1+ cells and an increase in INOS+ cells were observed. During infection, the LP profile showed an increase in triglycerides in the VLDL fraction in the CETP group at 12 weeks. Gene expression revealed a decrease in the CD36 receptor in the CETP group at 12 weeks, correlating with healing and parasite reduction. In vitro, macrophages derived from bone marrow cells from CETP mice showed lower parasite load at 48 h and, a reduction in arginase activity at 4 h accompanied by increased NO production at 4 and 24 h compared to WT macrophages, corroborating the in vivo findings.DiscussionThe data indicate that the presence of CETP plays an important role in resolving Leishmania (L.) amazonensis infection, reducing parasitism, and modulating the inflammatory response in controlling infection and tissue repair.

Introduction: Nystatin is an antifungal drug widely used to treat oral candidiasis, a common infection in the mouth caused by the fungus Cándida. In the development of pharmaceutical products, it is essential to use a specific analytical method that allows the precise quantification of the active ingredient present in the formulation. Objective: To validate an analytical method using high performance liquid chromatography for the quantification of nystatin in ointment. Methods: This is an applied research with a quantitative approach. The technique used for the validation of the analytical method is high-performance liquid chromatography. Analysis of the following parameters is included: specificity, accuracy and precision. Statistical tools were used to analyze the results, highlighting data analysis, coefficient of variation and statistical comparison. Results: The validation parameters evaluated confirmed their specificity, for which no interferences were found in the analysis. The accuracy of 98.83 % with C.V. of 0.48 %. The intermediate precision with coefficient of variation (C.V.) (%) = 2 %. It is determined that the proposed method is suitable for the quantification of Nystatin ointment. Conclusions: The validated method for the active pharmaceutical ingredient nystatin can be applied in quality control due to its specificity, precision and linearity within the concentration range studied. By using this new method, accurate results are obtained that do not differ statistically from those obtained by the established US Pharmacopeia method.