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Background and Aims: Antithrombotic therapy among patients undergoing GI procedures is frequently encountered and can impact the procedure and patient outcomes. The American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) guidelines help to manage these medications before endoscopy depending on the patient's clinical status and the type of GI procedure. However, currently there is no readily available electronic tool that can assist in decision-making regarding preprocedural management of these agents. Our aim was to develop an electronic application, endoscopy + aid (ENDOAID), to help manage antithrombotic agents before endoscopy and to perform a validation study to test its accuracy., Methods: ENDOAID, a web-based application, was developed using JavaScript software (Oracle Corporation, Redwood Shores, Calif, USA) based on an algorithm to categorize patients and procedures into low and high risk as outlined in the updated ASGE guidelines published in 2016. Once pertinent information regarding a patient's clinical status and the procedure are entered, the application generates recommendations for the management of antithrombotic agents based on their cardiovascular risk and published ASGE guidelines. We performed a validation study with 52 patients who were referred to endoscopy and were taking antithrombotic agents. The patients were divided into groups of 5, and in the simulation each patient had 4 procedures. Different GI procedures were used in the simulation for each group of patients to ensure the entire spectrum of procedures were covered for analysis. Every simulation was then run through ENDOAID. The results from ENDOAID were compared with recommendations based on ASGE guidelines. The latter was derived by consensus between 2 endoscopists (the criterion standard). The personnel using the ENDOAID and those using the ASGE guidelines were different to avoid bias. Any clinical scenario that was unclear or not clearly outlined in ASGE guidelines was discussed with expert endoscopists for a final decision. We evaluated ASGE recommendations and calculated concordance rates between guidelines and ENDOAID results. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was calculated to assess the correlation between ENDOAID results to guidelines., Results: There was a total of 208 simulated encounters, including 26 procedures. Initial concordance between ENDOAID recommendations and the criterion standard was seen in 206 encounters (99.03%). The 2 encounters that needed further review occurred among patients with Factor V Leiden mutation and deep vein thrombosis from antiphospholipid antibody syndrome and who were undergoing high-risk procedures that had ambiguous guidelines. ENDOAID suggested consultations with an expert before the elective procedure. This suggestion was agreed on by expert endoscopist consensus. Thus, ENDOAID showed a 100% concordance with the ASGE guideline for managing antithrombotics. There was a high degree of correlation (r = .996, P < .01) between ENDOAID results with ASGE., Conclusions: We have developed and validated an easy-to-use web-based application that can help in periprocedural management of antithrombotics. Such an application has the potential to simplify the management of these agents and potentially prevent procedural delays, cancellations, or unnecessary consults., (Copyright © 2019 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and study aims  Standard colonoscopy (SC) is the preferred modality for screening for colon cancer; however, it carries a significant polyp/adenoma miss rate. Cap-assisted colonoscopy (CC) has been shown to improve polyp/adenoma detection rate, decrease cecal intubation time and increase cecal intubation rate when compared to standard colonoscopy (SC). However, data on adenoma detection rate (ADR) are conflicting. The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the performance of CC with SC for ADR among high-quality randomized controlled trials. Patients and methods  We performed an extensive literature search using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science databases and abstracts published at national meetings. Only comparative studies between CC and SC were included if they reported ADR, adenoma per person (APP), cecal intubation rate, and cecal intubation time. The exclusion criterion for comparing ADR was studies with Jadad score ≤ 2. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated using Mantel-Haenszel method. I 2 test was used to measure heterogeneity among studies. Results  Analysis of high-quality studies (Jadad score ≥ 3, total of 7 studies) showed that use of cap improved the ADR with the results being statistically significant (OR 1.18, 95 % CI 1.03 - 1.33) and detection of 0.16 (0.02 - 0.30) additional APP. The cecal intubation rate in the CC group was 96.3 % compared to 94.5 % with SC (total of 17 studies). Use of cap improved cecal intubation (OR 1.61, 95 % CI 1.33 - 1.95) when compared to SC ( P value < 0.001). Use of cap decreased cecal intubation time by an average of 0.88 minutes (95 % CI 0.37 - 1.39) or 53 seconds. Conclusions  Meta-analysis of high-quality studies showed that CC improved the ADR compared to SC.

Background: Validated probe-based confocal endomicroscopy (pCLE) criteria for distinguishing hyperplastic polyps (HPs) and tubular adenomas (TA) have not yet been developed., Aim: To develop pCLE criteria for distinguishing HP from TA and evaluate its performance characteristics among experts., Methods: pCLE criteria for colon polyp histology were developed and tested in 2 phases prospectively. Phase I: 8 preliminary criteria were developed and tested internally. Criteria achieving an accuracy of >75% (epithelial surface: regular vs. irregular; goblet cells: increased vs. decreased; gland axis: horizontal vs. vertical; gland shape: slit/stellate vs. villiform; image scale: gray vs. dark) were evaluated in Phase II of study wherein external assessors evaluated these criteria in a separate set of pCLE videos. Accuracy and interobserver agreement (95% confidence intervals) were determined for colon histology prediction., Results: Phase I (criteria development/internal testing): 8 criteria were assessed by 4 pCLE experts using 28 videos (14 HP/14 TA). Five of 8 pCLE criteria met selection for phase II (accuracy >75%). Phase II (external validation): 36 pCLE colon polyp videos (HP 16/TA 20) were evaluated by 8 external assessors. Overall accuracy in diagnosis of colon polyp histology was 84.9% (95% confidence interval, 81.7-87.7). Of predictions made with high confidence (75%), histology was predicted with an accuracy of 91%, sensitivity 83%, specificity 100%, negative predictive value 87% and positive predictive value 98%. Interobserver agreement was substantial (κ=0.73)., Conclusions: We demonstrate the development and validation of pCLE criteria for prediction of colon polyp histology. Using these criteria, overall accuracy in differentiating TA from HP was high with substantial interobserver agreement.

Background and Aims: EMR is being increasingly practiced for the removal of large colorectal polyps. A variety of solutions such as normal saline solution (NS) and other viscous and hypertonic solutions (VS) have been used as submucosal injections for EMR. A systematic review and meta-analysis is presented comparing the efficacy and adverse events of EMR performed using NS versus VS., Methods: Two independent reviewers conducted a search of all databases for human, randomized controlled trials that compared NS with VS for EMR of colorectal polyps. Data on complete en bloc resection, presence of residual lesions, and adverse events were extracted using a standardized protocol. Pooled odds ratio (OR) estimates along with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed effect or random effects models., Results: Five prospective, randomized controlled trials (504 patients) met the inclusion criteria. The mean polyp sizes were 20.84 mm with NS and 21.44 mm with VS. On pooled analysis, a significant increase in en bloc resection (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.11-3.29; P = .02; I 2  = 0%) and decrease in residual lesions (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.32-0.91; P = .02; I 2  = 0%) were noted in VS compared with NS. There was no significant difference in the rate of overall adverse events between the 2 groups., Conclusions: Use of VS during EMR leads to higher rates of en bloc resection and lower rates of residual lesions compared with NS, without any significant difference in adverse events. Endoscopists could consider using VS for EMR of large colorectal polyps and NS for smaller polyps because there is no significant difference in the outcomes with lesions <2 cm., (Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background & Aims: There is suboptimal inter-observer agreement, even among expert gastrointestinal pathologists, in the diagnosis of low-grade dysplasia (LGD) in patients with Barrett's esophagus (BE). We analyzed histopathologic criteria required for a diagnosis of LGD using the new subcategories of LGD with inflammatory and dysplastic features. We categorized each diagnosis based on the level of confidence and assessed inter-observer agreement among gastrointestinal pathologists from 5 tertiary centers in the United States and Europe., Methods: In the first phase of the study, 3 pathologists held a consensus conference at which they discussed the diagnostic criteria for LGD. In the second phase, 79 slides from patients with BE (23 samples of non-dysplastic BE, 22 samples of LGD, and 34 samples of high-grade dysplasia) were identified, randomly assigned to 7 pathologists (4 from the United States and 3 from Europe), and interpreted in a blinded fashion. κ Values were calculated for inter-observer agreement. We performed multinomial logistic regression analysis to assess the weighting of histologic features with the diagnosis., Results: The overall κ value for diagnosis was 0.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42-0.48). When categorized based on degree of dysplasia, the κ value was 0.22 (95% CI, 0.11-0.29) for non-dysplastic BE, 0.11 (95% CI, 0.004-0.15) for LGD, and 0.43 (95% CI, 0.36-0.46) for high-grade dysplasia. When all pathologists made a diagnosis with high confidence, the inter-observer agreement was substantial among the US pathologists (κ, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.61-0.66) and European pathologists (κ, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.74-0.97). The κ values for all diagnoses made by European pathologists were higher than those made by US pathologists., Conclusions: In an analysis of criteria used in histopathologic diagnosis of LGD, we did not observe improvement in level of agreement among experienced pathologists, even after accounting for inflammation. The level of inter-observer agreement increased with level of pathologist confidence. There was also a difference in reading of histopathology samples of BE tissues between US and European pathologists., (Copyright © 2017 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background and Aims: Optimal teaching methods for disease recognition using probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE) have not been developed. Our aim was to compare in-class didactic teaching vs. self-directed teaching of Barrett's neoplasia diagnosis using pCLE., Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary academic center. Study participants with no prior pCLE experience were randomized to in-class didactic (group 1) or self-directed teaching groups (group 2). For group 1, an expert conducted a classroom teaching session using standardized educational material. Participants in group 2 were provided with the same material on an audio PowerPoint. After initial training, all participants graded an initial set of 20 pCLE videos and reviewed correct responses with the expert (group 1) or on audio PowerPoint (group 2). Finally, all participants completed interpretations of a further 40 videos., Results: Eighteen trainees (8 medical students, 10 gastroenterology trainees) participated in the study. Overall diagnostic accuracy for neoplasia prediction by pCLE was 77 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 74.0 % - 79.2 %); of predictions made with high confidence (53 %), the accuracy was 85 % (95 %CI 81.8 % - 87.8 %). The overall accuracy and interobserver agreement was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2 for all predictions (80.4 % vs. 73 %; P = 0.005) and for high confidence predictions (90 % vs. 80 %; P < 0.001). Following feedback (after the initial 20 videos), the overall accuracy improved from 73 % to 79 % (P = 0.04), mainly driven by a significant improvement in group 1 (74 % to 84 %; P < 0.01). Accuracy of prediction significantly improved with time in endoscopy training (72 % students, 77 % FY1, 82 % FY2, and 85 % FY3; P = 0.003)., Conclusion: For novice trainees, in-class didactic teaching enables significantly better recognition of the pCLE features of Barrett's esophagus than self-directed teaching. The in-class didactic group had a shorter learning curve and were able to achieve 90 % accuracy for their high confidence predictions., (© Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.)

Objectives: The histopathological diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus (BE)-associated dysplasia has poor inter-observer agreement. The wide-area transepithelial sampling (WATS) procedure uses a minimally invasive brush biopsy technique for acquiring wide-area sampling of BE tissue followed by computer-assisted analysis. In this study, our aim was to assess inter-observer agreement among pathologists in the diagnosis of Barrett's-associated dysplasia using the WATS computer-assisted analysis technique., Methods: WATS slides with varying degrees of BE dysplasia were randomly selected and distributed to four pathologists. Each pathologist graded the slides as nondysplastic, low-grade dysplasia (LGD), or high-grade dysplasia/esophageal adenocarcinoma (HGD/EAC) and completed a standardized case report form (CRF) for each slide., Results: In all, 149 BE slides were evaluated in a blinded manner by 4 pathologists. The slides included the following: no dysplasia (n=109), LGD, and HGD/EAC (n=40). The overall mean kappa value for all 3 diagnoses for the 4 observers was calculated at 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75-0.97). The kappa values (95% CI) for HGD/EAC, IND/LGD, and no dysplasia were 0.95 (0.88-0.99), 0.74 (0.61-0.85), and 0.88 (0.81-0.94), respectively., Conclusions: The diagnosis of BE and associated dysplasia using the WATS technique has very high inter-observer agreement. This appears to be significantly higher as compared with previously published data using standard histopathology.

Background: The American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) published updated guidelines in 2009 to help endoscopists manage the treatment of their patients who have been prescribed antiplatelet therapy (APT)., Study Aim: To assess the use of APT among endoscopists, and to identify factors guiding their use of APT while treating their patients., Method: A survey questionnaire was distributed to endoscopists at two national meetings to assess their usage of APT while treating patients during the peri-endoscopic period., Results: The survey was provided to 400 attendees of whom 239 (60 %) responded. Only 30 % of respondents followed the ASGE guidelines for treating their patients and 26 % percent of respondents withheld all APT before engaging in any patient procedure. Endoscopists' decisions appeared to be influenced by their own particular experiences rather than any specific APT usage guidelines (46 % vs 22 %; P < 0.05). As expected, more endoscopists (P < 0.05) continued APT for patients who underwent low risk procedures (90 %) than for patients who underwent high risk procedures (47 %). Approximately 50 % of the respondents did not perform high risk procedures for patients prescribed aspirin therapy., Conclusions: About one-fourth of endoscopists surveyed discontinued APT treatment of patients who underwent any endoscopic procedure, and one-half of them discontinued use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment of patients who underwent a high risk endoscopic procedure. Inappropriate withdrawal of APT medications may expose patients to unnecessary risks, and efforts to improve endoscopists' application of ASGE guidelines for the use of APT to treat patients during the peri-endoscopic period are warranted.

Background and Study Aims: It has been postulated that the endoscopic ablation of Barrett's esophagus can lead to complete eradication of the disease. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic eradication therapy for Barrett's esophagus and the rates of recurrence of intestinal metaplasia., Patients and Methods: As part of an initial randomized controlled trial, patients with nondysplastic or low grade dysplastic Barrett's esophagus underwent mucosal ablation. Following ablation, the patients had annual surveillance endoscopies. Recurrence was defined as the presence of intestinal metaplasia after initial complete eradication had been achieved., Results: A total of 28 patients with Barrett's esophagus were followed for a mean of 6.4 years after ablation therapy. At baseline, the majority of the patients had nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus (79 %). Initial complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia was achieved at a mean of 4.1 months. During long-term follow-up, initial recurrence of intestinal metaplasia was seen in 14 of the 28 of patients (50 %) at a mean of 40 months, and further maintenance ablation therapy was applied. At the final follow-up, 36 % of the patients had complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia, 18 % of the patients had intestinal metaplasia, and 21 % had died of unrelated causes; invasive esophageal adenocarcinoma had developed in 1 patient., Conclusions: The long-term results of this study demonstrate a recurrence rate of 50 % after complete eradication of Barrett's esophagus with endoscopic eradication therapy. In addition, re-recurrence (in 36 %), even after further maintenance endoscopic eradication therapy, and deaths unrelated to the disease (21 %) occurred. Complete remission of Barrett's esophagus appears to be a difficult goal to achieve. These results call into question the role of ablation in patients with low risk Barrett's esophagus.

A 46-year-old man with a history of asthma and psoriatic arthritis on adalimumab presented with fever, tachycardia, and hypoxia. He was diagnosed with pleural effusion and started on antibiotics, as it was noted to be an exudative effusion. Patient failed to improve on multiple courses of antibiotics, and his blood and pleural fluid cultures were negative. He was then started on prednisone 1 mg/kg and showed remarkable recovery. He was diagnosed with adalimumab-induced serositis.

Background: Cigarette smoking has been associated with an increased risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). However, the impact of smoking and more importantly smoking cessation on Barrett's oesophagus (BO) is unclear., Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the association between cigarette smoking and presence of BO in a large prospective cohort of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD)., Methods: Patients presenting to the endoscopy unit for upper endoscopy completed a validated GORD questionnaire and information on demographics (age, gender, and ethnicity), cigarette smoking [status (current/past), amount (pack years) and duration of smoking cessation], clinical data [medication history, body mass index (BMI), and family history] and endoscopic findings [BO and hiatal hernia] were recorded. Cigarette smokers (current and past) and nonsmokers were compared using Fisher's Exact test for categorical variables and Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables. Effects of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation on BO risk was assessed by stepwise logistic regression analysis., Results: A total of 1056 patients were included in the analysis [mean age: 57.2 ± 12.7years, Caucasian 880 (83.3%), male 985 (93.3%), and mean BMI 29.6 (SD: ± 5.6)]. 827 (78.3%) were smokers and 229 (21.6%) were nonsmokers. 474 subjects (44.9%) had a previous history of smoking. Anytime smokers were more likely to have BO (adjusted OR: 3.3; 95 CI: 1.7-6.3; p < 0.01). Higher smoking burden (pack years) was associated with higher risk of BO in this GORD cohort (p for trend < 0.01). Duration of smoking cessation was inversely associated with risk of BO (p for trend: 0.01)., Conclusion: This study shows that smokers with reflux symptoms have about threefold higher risk of BO compared with nonsmokers, whereas discontinuing smoking is associated with a significant reduced risk. Smoking cessation appears to be a viable option to reduce BO risk in patients with reflux disease.

Background & Aims: It is not clear whether length of Barrett's esophagus (BE) is a risk factor for high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) in patients with nondysplastic BE. We studied the risk of progression to HGD or EAC in patients with nondysplastic BE, based on segment length., Methods: We analyzed data from a large cohort of patients participating in the BE Study-a multicenter outcomes project comprising 5 US tertiary care referral centers. Histologic changes were graded as low-grade dysplasia, HGD, or EAC. The study included patients with BE of documented length without dysplasia and at least 1 year of follow-up evaluation (n = 1175; 88% male), and excluded patients who developed HGD or EAC within 1 year of their BE diagnosis. The mean follow-up period was 5.5 y (6463 patient-years). The annual risk of HGD and EAC was plotted in 3-cm increments (≤3 cm, 4-6 cm, 7-9 cm, 10-12 cm, and ≥13 cm). We calculated the association between time to progression and length of BE., Results: The mean BE length was 3.6 cm; 44 patients developed HGD or EAC, with an annual incidence rate of 0.67%/y. Compared with nonprogressors, patients who developed HGD or EAC had longer BE segments (6.1 vs 3.5 cm; P < .001). Logistic regression analysis showed a 28% increase in risk of HGD or EAC for every 1-cm increase in BE length (P = .01). Patients with BE segment lengths of 3 cm or shorter took longer to develop HGD or EAC than those with lengths longer than 4 cm (6 vs 4 y; P = nonsignificant)., Conclusions: In patients with BE without dysplasia, length of BE was associated with progression to HGD or EAC. The results support the development of a risk stratification scheme for these patients based on length of BE segment., (Copyright © 2013 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Endoscopic management of Barrett's esophagus (BE) has evolved over the past decade; however, the practice patterns for managing BE among gastroenterologists remain unclear., Objective: To assess practice patterns for management of BE among gastroenterologists working in various practice settings., Design: A random questionnaire-based survey of practicing gastroenterologists in the United States. The questionnaire contained a total of 10 questions pertaining to practice setting, physician demographics, and strategies used for managing BE., Setting: Survey of gastroenterologists working in various practice settings., Intervention: Questionnaire., Main Outcome Measurements: Practice patterns for endoscopic imaging and management of BE., Results: The response rate was 45% (236/530). The majority (85%) were gastroenterologists in community practice, 72% were aged 41 to 60 years, 80% had >10 years of experience, and 81% had attended postgraduate courses and/or seminars on BE management. A total of 78% did not use the Prague C & M classification, and about a third used advanced endoscopic imaging routinely (37%) or in selected cases (31%). For nondysplastic BE, 86% practiced surveillance, 12% performed ablation, and 3% did no intervention. For BE with low-grade dysplasia, 56% practiced surveillance, 26% performed endoscopic ablation in all low-grade dysplasia cases, and 18% performed endoscopic ablation in only selected patients with low-grade dysplasia. The majority of respondents (58%) referred their patients with high-grade dysplasia to centers with BE expertise, 13% performed endoscopic ablation in all patients with high-grade dysplasia, 25% performed endoscopic ablation in selected cases only, and 3% referred these patients for surgery. The most frequently used endoscopic eradication therapy was radiofrequency ablation (39%) followed by EMR (17%)., Limitations: The sample may be unrepresentative, participation in the study was voluntary, and responses may be skewed toward following the guidelines., Conclusion: Results from this survey show that the majority of practicing gastroenterologists in the United States practice surveillance endoscopy in patients with nondysplastic BE and provide endoscopic therapy for those with high-grade dysplasia. The Prague C & M classification and advanced imaging techniques are used by less than a third of gastroenterologists. Practice patterns did not appear to be affected by respondent age or duration of clinical practice., (Copyright © 2013 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Colorectal cancer represents a major cause of mortality in Western countries, and population-based colonoscopy screening is supported by official guidelines. A significant determinant of the cost of colonoscopy screening/surveillance is driven by polypectomy of diminutive (≤5 mm) lesions. When considering the low prevalence of advanced neoplasia within diminutive polyps, the additional cost of pathologic examination is mainly justified by the need to differentiate between precancerous adenomatous versus hyperplastic polyps. The aim of this review is to summarize the data supporting the clinical application of a resect and discard strategy, also addressing the potential pitfalls associated with this approach., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: New endoscopic imaging techniques, such as autofluorescence imaging (AFI) and narrow-band imaging (NBI), have been developed to improve the detection of neoplastic lesions in Barrett's esophagus (BE)., Objective: To evaluate the clinical utility of AFI and magnification NBI to detect high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and early esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and the interobserver agreement., Design: Prospective tandem study of eligible patients., Setting: Single, academic tertiary care center., Patients: Forty-two patients with a history of confirmed BE were prospectively enrolled., Interventions: The BE segment was examined under high-definition white-light endoscopy, and the presence of visible lesions was recorded. Subsequently, AFI and magnification NBI were performed in tandem on areas of the BE segment away from visible lesions; images obtained by these 2 systems were graded according to the color of reflected light and surface patterns, respectively. Biopsy specimens were obtained at the end of the procedure., Main Outcome Measurements: The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value (NPV) of the AFI and NBI patterns for the detection of HGD/EAC and interobserver agreement., Results: Of the 42 patients enrolled, 14 (33%) had HGD/EAC. On patient-based analysis, AFI alone had a sensitivity, specificity, and NPV of 50%, 61%, and 71%, respectively, and the overall accuracy for the detection of HGD/EAC patients was 57%. By using magnification NBI in tandem fashion, the sensitivity and NPV improved to 71% and 76%, respectively, with a decrease in specificity to 46% and in overall accuracy to 55%. The 2 techniques had moderate interobserver agreement for both the patterns and prediction of histology., Limitations: Uncontrolled study performed at an academic center by expert endoscopists in a high-risk population., Conclusions: By using a multimodality endoscope, both AFI and magnification NBI had limited clinical accuracy and moderate overall interobserver agreement. AFI does not appear to be useful as a broad-based technique for the detection of neoplasia in patients with BE., (Copyright © 2013 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Lithium is used as a mood stabilizer in patients with manic-depressive disorder. It is a drug that requires close monitoring due to its narrow therapeutic window and many side effects. There are several case reports of lithium side effects and toxicity occurring even at the therapeutic levels. Cardiac toxicity is observed in approximately 5% of patients; however, severe bradycardia caused by a single dose of lithium is exceedingly rare. We herein report a case of severe symptomatic bradycardia in a young man that occurred after a single dose of lithium. This case emphasizes the need to closely monitor patients when initiating therapy, even before the lithium levels are high enough to be detected.

A 69-year man presented with 3 days of progressively worsening abdominal pain, radiating to his back, with nausea and vomiting. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen showed evidence of aortitis, for which he eventually underwent surgery. The surgical specimen of the aorta grew Clostridium septicum that was treated with antibiotics.