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Introduction Previous studies on occupational health focussed predominately on the occurrence of occupational diseases. Relatively few studies have measured how employment is associated with the use of healthcare services. This study investigates the association between employment and the extent and range of healthcare use, such as medical expenditures, of women in South Korea. Methods We analyze data of the Korean Health Panel, an ongoing longitudinal national representative survey, from 2008 to 2017, to identify the status of economic activity of women by year and age group. We estimate the association between female employment status and medical expenditures by using random effect panel Tobit models. Furthermore, we investigate the association between employment status and the range of healthcare services in biomedicine and traditional Korean medicine (KM) by conducting conditional fixed-effects logistic regression analyses. Results For women aged between 25 and 65 in 2017, the majority of them were employed or self-employed. (The proportion of employment of self-employment equals 64.80%). In addition, working women spent 11.6% less on healthcare than nonworking women, and self-employment lowered the healthcare expenditure by 13.1%. Neither work nor the type of work is related to the types and range of healthcare service use. Being employed or self-employed is negatively associated with women’s expenditure on healthcare. Conclusions The findings show that employment is associated with less spending on healthcare. They imply that employment has a positive impact on women’s health.

Associations between breastfeeding intention, duration and post‐natal depression (PND) have been shown in pre‐COVID‐19 studies. However, studies during COVID‐19 have not examined the associations between breastfeeding intention, breastfeeding practices, and PND in an international sample of post‐natal women, taking into consideration COVID‐19 related factors. This is the firststudy to address this gap as both PND and breastfeeding may be affected by COVID‐19, and have important long‐term effects on women's and infant's health. A cross‐sectional internet‐based survey was conducted with 3253 post‐natal women from five countries: Brazil, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United Kingdom from July to November 2021. The results showed thatwomen who intended to breastfeed during pregnancy had lower odds of having PND than women who did not intend to. Women who had no breastfeeding intention but actually breastfed had greater odds (AOR 1.75) of having PND than women who intended to breastfeed and actually breastfed. While there was no statistical significance in expressed breast milk feeding in multivariablelogistic regression models, women who had shorter duration of breastfeeding directly on breast than they planned had greater odds (AOR 1.58) of having PND than those who breastfed longer than they planned even after adjusting for covariates including COVID‐19‐related variables. These findings suggested the importance of working with women on their breastfeeding intention. Tailored support is required to ensure women's breastfeeding needs are met and at the same time care for maternal mental health during and beyond the pandemic.

Existing multimodal tasks mostly target at the complete input modality setting, i.e., each modality is either complete or completely missing in both training and test sets. However, the randomly missing situations have still been underexplored. In this paper, we present a novel approach named MM-Align to address the missing-modality inference problem. Concretely, we propose 1) an alignment dynamics learning module based on the theory of optimal transport (OT) for indirect missing data imputation; 2) a denoising training algorithm to simultaneously enhance the imputation results and backbone network performance. Compared with previous methods which devote to reconstructing the missing inputs, MM-Align learns to capture and imitate the alignment dynamics between modality sequences. Results of comprehensive experiments on three datasets covering two multimodal tasks empirically demonstrate that our method can perform more accurate and faster inference and relieve overfitting under various missing conditions., Comment: Accepted as a long paper at EMNLP 2022

Automatic transfer of text between domains has become popular in recent times. One of its aims is to preserve the semantic content of text being translated from source to target domain. However, it does not explicitly maintain other attributes between the source and translated text, for e.g., text length and descriptiveness. Maintaining constraints in transfer has several downstream applications, including data augmentation and de-biasing. We introduce a method for such constrained unsupervised text style transfer by introducing two complementary losses to the generative adversarial network (GAN) family of models. Unlike the competing losses used in GANs, we introduce cooperative losses where the discriminator and the generator cooperate and reduce the same loss. The first is a contrastive loss and the second is a classification loss, aiming to regularize the latent space further and bring similar sentences across domains closer together. We demonstrate that such training retains lexical, syntactic, and domain-specific constraints between domains for multiple benchmark datasets, including ones where more than one attribute change. We show that the complementary cooperative losses improve text quality, according to both automated and human evaluation measures., Comment: Accepted to ACL 2022

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı (MEB) Yayınları ve Koza Yayınları’na ait ilkokul 4. sınıf Türkçe ders kitaplarının söz varlığı, ortak söz varlığı ve bu ders kitaplarında Aksan vd. tarafından hazırlanan Türkçe Sıklık Sözlüğü’ne göre Türkçenin en sık kullanılan 1000 sözcüğüne hangi oranda yer verildiğini belirlemektir. Tarama modelinde tasarlanan araştırmanın verilerinin toplanmasında doküman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler, içerik analizi tekniği ile çözümlenmiştir.Koza Yayınları ders kitabındaki metinlerde, MEB Yayınları ders kitabındakilere kıyasla, toplam sözcük sayısı (sırasıyla 9650; 8153) ve farklı sözcük sayısının (sırasıyla 1910; 1833) daha çok olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, sözcük hazinesi katsayısı Koza Yayınları ders kitabında MEB Yayınları ders kitabına göre daha az olarak (sırasıyla 0.20; 0.23) bulgulanmıştır.Çalışmada farklı yayınevleri tarafından hazırlanan 4. sınıf Türkçe ders kitaplarındaki metinlerin %50 civarında (MEB Yayınları %54.8; Koza Yayınları % 52.6) ortak sözcük içerdiği belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında incelenen Türkçe ders kitaplarındaki metinlerde Türkçede en sık kullanılan 1000 sözcüğe yaklaşık %70 oranında (MEB Yayınları %69; Koza Yayınları %69.7) yer verildiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

The purpose of this study is to determine the number of paragraph questions, item stems, the number of words that constitute the paragraph, and which knowledge and cognitive process dimension of these questions according to the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy in Turkish tests of university entrance exams held between 2011-2020. In this study, which was designed in the basic qualitative research, document analysis was used to collect the data. 240 paragraph questions in Turkish tests of university entrance exams between 2011-2020 were investigated. The main results achieved in the study are as follows: Although the number of paragraph questions varies over the years, it has been determined that at least 50 percent of the questions in Turkish tests are paragraph questions. It was found that the average number of words per paragraph in paragraph questions of Turkish tests for 2018 and after has increased compared to previous years. With respect to the cognitive process dimension of the taxonomy, most of the paragraph questions examined on were in the understanding level, and the questions in the analyzing step were given a few places. In addition, with respect to the knowledge dimension of the taxonomy it was determined that all of the paragraph questions were at the level of conceptual knowledge. The most common item stems in the paragraph questions examined in the study are “comments and inferences about the person or work described in the piece, the person who says the words in the piece” and “the main idea of the paragraph”; the least common ones were found to be "narration styles" and "main emotion of the paragraph"., Bu çalışmanın amacı 2011-2020 yılları arasında yapılan üniversiteye giriş sınavlarında yer alan Türkçe testlerindeki paragraf sorularının sayısını, madde köklerini, paragrafı oluşturan sözcük sayısını ve söz konusu soruların Yenilenmiş Bloom Taksonomisi’ne göre hangi bilgi alanı ve bilişsel süreç boyutunda olduğunu belirlemektir. Nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından temel nitel araştırma deseninde tasarlanan bu araştırmada verilerin toplanmasında doküman analizi kullanılmıştır. 2011-2020 yılları arasında üniversiteye giriş sınavlarının Türkçe testlerinde yer alan 240 paragraf sorusu incelenmiştir. Araştırmada ulaşılan temel sonuçlar şunlardır: Paragraf sorularının sayısı yıllara göre değişmekle beraber Türkçe testlerindeki soruların en az yüzde 50’sinin paragraf sorusu olduğu belirlenmiştir. 2018 ve sonrasına ait Türkçe testlerindeki paragraf sorularında paragraf başına düşen ortalama sözcük sayısının önceki yıllara göre artış gösterdiği bulgulanmıştır. Taksonominin bilişsel süreç boyutuna dair, incelenen paragraf sorularının büyük bölümünün anlama basamağında olduğu, çözümleme basamağındaki sorulara ise az da olsa yer verildiği, ayrıca söz konusu taksonominin bilgi alanı boyutuna dair de ele alınan paragraf sorularının tamamının kavramsal bilgi düzeyinde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ele alınan paragraf sorularında en çok görülen madde köklerinin “parçada anlatılan kişi ya da yapıta, parçadaki sözleri söyleyene ilişkin yorum ve çıkarımlar” ve “paragrafın ana düşüncesi” olduğu; en az görülenlerin ise “anlatım biçimleri” ve “paragrafın ana duygusu” olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

In this paper, we analyze various classes of multi-dimensional $��$-almost periodic type functions $F : I \times X \rightarrow Y$ and multi-dimensional $(��,��)$-almost periodic type functions $F : I \times X \rightarrow Y,$ where $n\in {\mathbb N},$ $\emptyset \neq I \subseteq {\mathbb R}^{n},$ $X$ and $Y$ are complex Banach spaces and $��$ is a binary relation on $Y.$ The proposed notion is new even in the one-dimensional setting, for the functions of the form $F : I \rightarrow Y.$ The main structural properties and characterizations for the introduced classes of functions are presented. We provide certain applications of our theoretical results to the abstract Volterra integro-differential equations, as well.

Based on the analysis of data from China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) in 2010,this article investigates the pattern of time allocation between partners of married couples in urban China. We employ the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE model) to examine how relative income of husbands and wives may affect their time spent on housework and caring work,the method of which takes account of the potentially associated between the unobserved gender role expectation and the division of household labor between the couple,which have been largely neglected in previous studies. We separate work days from holidays,and housework from family care in the empirical analysis. Results show that “gender display” pattern in time allocation is less pronounced in housework than in family care. On work days, wives?? earnings contribution is positively associated with husbands?? housework time,but negatively associated with their own housework time. On holidays, wives?? earnings and husbands?? housework time show a curve-linear relationship,with a first increasing and then declining. As to family care,wives?? earnings contribution is not significantly associated with husbands?? caring time. There is a clear pattern of “gender display” on both work days and holidays for wives:their caring time would first decrease and then increase with their earnings, after their earnings reach 60 percent of their husbands'. To understand women??s living conditions in China,we call for further exploration of potential mechanisms and forces that drive the long-term change and continuity of the traditional gender practices.

The occurrence of extreme weather events due to today’s climate change is having a significant impact on agriculture. The purpose of this study is to estimate the possible effects of global climate change on agriculture at a regional level. To this end, the Global trade analyses project (GTAP) model has been used to examine the possible effects of climate change on agricultural production in Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and other Balkan countries for 2050. GTAP analysis data is compiled from the GTAP database, which includes 6 regions and 33 sectors. It has been calculated that climate change will have negative effects on the gross domestic product (GDP) of Balkan countries. The negative impact of global climate change on crop yields is predicted to reduce the competitiveness of Balkan countries in the foreign trade of agricultural products. © 2020, Scibulcom Ltd.. All rights reserved.