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To survive in the current unstable economic environment, every organization that operates needs to be able to adapt. The pace of change has accelerated substantially in recent years, and businesses and organizations now deal with change on a daily basis. Organizations must adapt to shifting environmental conditions and ongoing change in the complex and competitive global business environment of today to stay competitive and profitable. There is fierce competition today. The market has evolved, there are more competitors, and new firms have entered. Additionally, Slovak enterprises must pay close attention to market changes and respond to both domestic and foreign market demands .Our time is one that is genuinely innovative. Without technical advancements, life would not be the same as it is today. The world market is undergoing rapid change. In order to improve their revenue, more and more businesses are currently going internationally. Today's global business trends center on utilizing cutting-edge technology, studying consumer behavior. This article describes the current state of the global business management area and discusses the newest business theories and the technology used to successfully execute them.

Introduction: Acute leukemia is the most common form of cancer in children, platelet transfusion is needed for the chemotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia children. Platelets are transfused for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Transfusion of stored platelet concentrates (up to 5 days) has been demonstrated to be as effective as transfusion of fresh platelet concentrates (upto 24 hours). Platelet refractory cases were also observed in this study that was detected by Corrected Count Increment (CCI) and Percent Platelet Recovery (PPI) at 1hour and 24 hours. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to observe the platelet refractory cases after transfusion of fresh and stored platelet in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in a tertiary care hospital, Dhaka. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Clinical Pathology, Paediatric Haematolo- Oncology and transfusion Medicine BSMMU, Department of Haematology and Paediatric Haemato-Oncology in Dhaka Medical College Hospital from March 2010 to February 2011 where 81 children diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were taken as the study population. Non probability purposive sampling was used by fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Ethical consideration was taken by the BSMMU ethical review committee. A data sheet with two parts (Part A and Part B) was designed with a view to collect data from the patients to be enrolled in the study. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 25.0. Results: Out of 81 in 47 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), fresh platelet concentrates (FPC) (upto 24 hours) or day-0 platelets were transfused. In 34 children, stored platelet concentrates (SPC) (days 1–5) were transfused. In 27 cases, platelet concentrates were transfused both fresh and stored. In FPC and SPC, the corrected count increment at one hour (CCI 1h) was 20.5×109/L and 18.9×109/L respectively. FPC and SPC values for the mean corrected count increment at 24 hours (CCI 24h) were 15.5×109/L and 13.8×109/L respectively. Platelet refractory cases were 15(18.5%) out of 81 cases transfused. Platelet refractory cases were 7(15%) out of 47 cases transfused with FPC and 8(23%) out of 34 cases transfused with stored platelet concentrate (SPC). There were no significant differences (P

Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the common nutritional disorders in the world. In the subcontinent Microcytic hypochromic anemia is usually caused by beta thalassemia trait (BTT) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA may be confused with BTT. It is important to distinguish between the above conditions to avoid unnecessary iron therapy in thalassemia carriers. Red cell distribution width index (RDWI) are a simple, easy, and cost effective method to get a primary and valuable information regarding the diagnosis of IDA and BTT. Objective: To assess the predictive value of Red cell distribution width index (RDWI)) for differentiation of Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Beta Thalassaemia Trait.Material & Methods:The study was a cross-sectional descriptive study which was conducted in Department of Clinical Pathology, Bangladesh Shishu Hospital and Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Over a period of April 2019 to September 2020. The newly clinically diagnosed cases of BTT and IDA were selected for this study. The sample size was 110. Among them 46 cases were identified as BTT and 64 were IDA. Data were analysed using a computer programme SPSS 25.0 version.Results:Total 110 respondents were included in the study. Among them 46.4% were female and 53.6% were male. About 72.72 % of respondents were aged 1 to 10 years old, while 10% were aged 11 to 20 years old and 10% were aged 21 to 30 years old. 4.54 % were between the ages of 31 to 40, as well as those over 40. The average age (SD) was 22.0 ± 32.52. Mean (±SD) age was 22.0 ± 32.52. RDWI had both sensitivity and specificity more than 80% in detection of BTT and IDA. Sensitivity, specificity of RDWI index for detection of BTT was found 81.0%, 83.8%. In case of IDA, sensitivity and specificity was found 83.8% and 81.0% respectively.Conclusions:The current study found that multiple discriminants can be used to differentiate between iron deficiency anemia and the Beta Thalassaemia Trait. RDWI could be a better way to tell the difference between BTT and IDA.

Introduction: Lablab purpureus, under the family of Fabaceae, is a plant with various pharmacological activities. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytoconstituents, membrane stabilizing activity, central nervous system (CNS) depressant potential, and gastrointestinal (GI) motility of the methanol extract of L. purpureus seeds (MELPS).Methods: The methanol plant extract was screened for different phytochemical groups. Mice were classified into four groups for in vivo activities. Group-I was designated as negative control and received distilled water (10 mL/kg body weight); group-II served as positive control and received diazepam (1 mg/kg body weight). Group-III and group-IV both were experimental groups and received plant extract at 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, respectively.Results: Alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, tannins, phenols, flavonoids, and proteins were found after phytochemical analysis. On hypotonic solution-induced hemolysis of erythrocyte membrane, MELPS9 (9 mg/mL) resulted in the highest percentage of inhibition (60.51 ± 0.889), and on heat-induced hemolysis, MELPS9 (9 mg/mL) resulted in the highest percentage of inhibition (33.97 ± 0.21). In the case of the CNS depressant potential experiment, mice that received a sample at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight showed the highest result (54.40 ± 4.51) compared with the positive control (14.2 ± 3.70) (P < 0.001). Similarly, 400 mg/kg dose sample exhibited the highest percentage of inhibition (60.51 ± 0.889) of hemolysis and GI motility (22.26%).Conclusion: It can be concluded that the MELPS has potential membrane stability, CNS depressant, and antimotility effects.

PurposeTo identify the financial stress and associate factors of tertiary level student.Design/methodology/approachTo identify the financial stress and associate factors, a structured questionnaire was developed to collect data from 571 students of different universities of Bangladesh through Google form. Chi square and Cramer's V were applied to find the associated factors with financial stress of students, whereas ordinal regression was performed to evaluate the influence of the associated factors on financial stress.FindingsGender, living status, borrowing loan factors have positive association with financial stress. Tuition fee dues have significant positive association with financial stress. A student who has tuition fee dues feels 1.48 times more stress compared to student who does not have dues. Females were found less likely to be financially stressed (AOR = 1.536) than male students. Students who borrowed loans were more likely to have financial stress than non-borrowed loan groups of students.Practical implicationsResults indicate that financial stress has a strong impact on participation in different academic and personal activities of a student. Therefore, parents, university administration and student counselor should consider the factor to assess stress of a student.Originality/valueThis study identified factors responsible for financial stress of Bangladeshi students of tertiary level.

Background: The whole world is going through a grim crisis instigated by the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Health systems of Bangladesh are overburdened in response to the disease. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at a high risk of getting the infection and the source of transmission in the community. Objectives: This study was designed to explore the real scenario about knowledge, perception and practical behavior about COVID-19 among healthcare professionals of Bangladesh to combat the pandemic during the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Findings of this study might be utilized for the promulgation of policy and program for upcoming days. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted among the adult Bangladeshi healthcare professionals of purposively selected three type of healthcare facilities- a Tertiary level hospital: Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University as well as District hospital and Upazila health Complex from highly infected district Narayangonj and low infected district- Brahmanbaria. A number of 241 HCWs were interviewed using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire electronically via-email, Facebook Messenger or other social media communication. Result: It is observed that knoledge level is higher among the elder people (age >40 years) than the young people (age 40 years vs 0.05 at 5% level of significance). Conclusion: To reduce the risk of infection among health care professionals who are not in direct contact with patients. Policy and education should be implemented to convey the importance of possible exposure to the virus. KYAMC Journal. 2022;12(04): 190-195

Health is one of the basic needs of human life. If this need cannot be fulfilled, then nothing can compensate for the loss. Often in Bangladesh, we observe that the economic ability of mass people can hardly ensure proper health care. The poor are being deprived of proper health care and even though the rich class can afford quality health care, but it comes with many compromises with their valuable time and labor. To meet the gap, we thought of a smartphone-based health care system that will assist people, especially the underprivileged, to attain health care easily and effectively. To effectively use the ICT facility that the government and non-government sectors are providing, we made a mobile application that will have several features including online appointment and cabin booking, prescription generator, hospital, and doctor's information displayed along with the suggestion, medicinal and disease information, etc. Since there is a great need for a system that can alarm people of emerging diseases in their area, we made a system to alarm people about that. Moreover, in the world of continuous changes, there is a great need for communication to acquire the latest knowledge. Hence a social network where doctors can discuss cures and medication will be of great benefit. Along with this, the need for continuous observation of medicinal side effects is not negligible. So, we need a proper channel for communication between patient and doctor, especially when a patient encounters some trouble when he takes the pre-scribed medications because of their side effects.

Marburg virus disease (MVD) caused by the Marburg virus (MARV) generally appears with flu-like symptoms and leads to severe hemorrhagic fever. It spreads via direct contact with infected individuals or animals. Despite being considered to be less threatening in terms of appearances and the number of infected patients, the high fatality rate of this pathogenic virus is a major concern. Until now, no vaccine has been developed to combat this deadly virus. Therefore, vaccination for this virus is necessary to reduce its mortality. Our current investigation focuses on the design and formulation of a multi-epitope vaccine based on the structural proteins of MARV employing immunoinformatics approaches. The screening of potential T-cell and B-cell epitopes from the seven structural proteins of MARV was carried out through specific selection parameters. Afterward, we compiled the shortlisted epitopes by attaching them to an appropriate adjuvant and linkers. Population coverage analysis, conservancy analysis, and MHC cluster analysis of the shortlisted epitopes were satisfactory. Importantly, physicochemical characteristics, human homology assessment, and structure validation of the vaccine construct delineated convenient outcomes. We implemented disulfide bond engineering to stabilize the tertiary or quaternary interactions. Furthermore, stability and physical movements of the vaccine protein were explored using normal-mode analysis. The immune simulation study of the vaccine complexes also exhibited significant results. Additionally, the protein–protein docking and molecular dynamics simulation of the final construct exhibited a higher affinity toward toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). From simulation trajectories, multiple descriptors, namely, root mean square deviations (rmsd), radius of gyration (Rg), root mean square fluctuations (RMSF), solvent-accessible surface area (SASA), and hydrogen bonds, have been taken into account to demonstrate the inflexible and rigid nature of receptor molecules and the constructed vaccine. Inclusively, our findings suggested the vaccine constructs’ ability to regulate promising immune responses against MARV pathogenesis.

Background Macropanax dispermus is traditionally used to treat various diseases by ethnic people. The present research reports the pharmacological properties with phytochemical profiling of the crude extracts of M. dispermus leaves (MDML), its n-hexane (MDHL), carbon tetrachloride (MDTL), chloroform (MDCL), ethyl acetate (MDEL), and aqueous (MDAL) fractions, and crude methanol extracts of its stem barks (MDMS). The in vitro thrombolytic activity was done on human erythrocytes whereas the cytotoxic activity was done by brine shrimp lethality assay. The in vivo analgesic activity was examined by acetic acid-induced writhing, tail immersion, and formalin-induced paw licking method. In contrast, antipyretic activity was done by the brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia method. Results MDHL and MDMS showed 37.05% and 42.21% of significant (p 50 values of 23.15 and 37.11 µg/ml during cytotoxicity test, respectively. In acetic acid writhing method, MDTL and MDEL showed significant (p p p p Conclusion The current research suggests that the plant extracts possess potential thrombolytic, cytotoxic, analgesic, and antipyretic activities.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and insomnia symptoms among frontline health workers during the corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic in Bangladesh and to compare these between medical and allied health workers. We conducted a cross-sectional survey between June and August 2020. A total of 479 health care professionals participated in the study. Anxiety and depression were measured using Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was measured by primary care post-traumatic stress disorder score (PC-PTSD score), and insomnia was measured by Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). We performed logistic regression to assess risk factors associated with psychological symptoms. Overall, prevalence of anxiety, depression, PTSD and insomnia symptoms were 17.6%, 15.5%, 7.6% and 5.9%, respectively. Compared to allied health workers, doctors had significantly higher prevalence of symptoms of anxiety: doctor versus allied health care worker; 21.1% vs 06%, (OR= 4.19; 95% CI= 1.88-9.35; p

Training is essential to enhance the performance of employees in every organization, but it is essential to increase the performance of employees in private commercial banks in Bangladesh as they need to satisfy customers to conduct business activities successfully. The management of private commercial banks have provided various training to their employees to enhance their skills, knowledge, competency and so on. They have spent a substantial amount of budget in every year to conduct their training programs. They are continually trying to make their training program effective so that the employees can contribute more to the growth and development of their banks. Therefore, the main purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the training programs of private commercial banks in Bangladesh. Structured questionnaire was used to collect the data/information from 97 bank officials randomly. Frequency distribution, correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were done to interpret the data and information in this study. The study findings show that there are some problems with the effectiveness of training programs of the private commercial banks in Bangladesh. Thus, the authors have conducted this study and provided some suggestions to the management of the banks to overcome these problems and make the training programs effective.

Background COVID-19, a respiratory tract infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a burning question worldwide as it gives rise to a pandemic situation. No specific medications are still recommended for COVID-19; however, healthcare support is crucial for ameliorating the disease condition. Pharmacists are the frontline fighters who are responsible for providing healthcare support to the COVID-19 infected patients around the world. This review endeavored to briefly rationalize the contributions of several pharmacy professionals in diverse fields along with their collaborative efforts and dedication regarding their limitations during the COVID-19 situation and view the prospects of pharmaceutical care services in the post-pandemic period. Main body of the abstract Online databases were utilized to search for scholarly articles and organizational websites, to sum up the information about the contemporary and expanded role of pharmacists. Key articles were retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases using terms: “COVID-19,” “novel coronavirus,” “community,” “industrial,” “hospital,” “clinical,” “recognition,” “obstacles,” “collaboration,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “healthcare,” and “outbreak” in combination with “pharmacist.” The articles were included from the inception of the pandemic to January 25, 2021. The current review found pharmacist’s global contributions and involvements with other professionals to provide healthcare services amidst COVID-19. This included testing of suspects, providing medical information, psycho-social support, debunking myths, mitigating drug shortage events, telemedicine, e-prescription, infection control, and controlling the drug supply chain. In many countries, pharmacists’ activities were much appreciated but in some countries, they were not properly acknowledged for their contributions amidst COVID-19 outbreak. They played additional roles such as participating in the antimicrobial stewardship team, improving value-added services, conducting clinical data analysis to suppress the outspread of the SARS-CoV-2. Short conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic while the whole world is fighting against an invisible virus, the pharmacists are the earnest hero to serve their responsibilities along with additional activities. They need to be prepared and collaborate with other healthcare professionals further to meet the challenges of post-pandemic circumstances.

The objective of this study was to examine the levels and determinants of knowledge and attitudes toward COVID-19 among adult people in Bangladesh, using data from an online survey, conducted in May 2021. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were performed to extract findings from data. The survey covered 993 respondents. A high level (78.4%) of effective knowledge and positive attitude (78.6%) were observed among the Bangladeshi people. More than eighty percent of the respondents could correctly mention at least one important symptom, mode of transmission, and preventive measures of COVID-19. Good knowledge and positive attitudes were found to be significantly higher among males, living in Dhaka city, having a higher level of education, health professionals, and the wealthiest people. Knowledge about COVID-19 has significant association with positive attitude of people towards COVID-19. Despite the high level of knowledge and positive attitudes, there still prevails some misconceptions among a group of people, as one-third of the respondents opined that COVID-19 is a divine punishment and 13% were in favor of keeping it secrete if COVID-19 infection happen to them. The findings underscore the need for more educational program and behavior change communication (BCC) for the subgroups of the population that has been identified with poor knowledge and negative attitudes towards COVID-19.

This article examines the legal complexity concerning protection of traditional knowledge (TK) held by Indigenous Peoples. Despite the significance of this knowledge, particularly concerning enviro...

Introduction: Inflammation is a major cause of arthritis. Since the conventional medicines used for the treatment of this disease have many side effects, herbal remedies can be proved to be effective in this case. So, the present study was aimed at investigating the quantitative detection of phytochemicals, screening of in vivo anti-inflammatory and the possible anti-arthritic activities of the crude methanol extracts of a traditional medicinal plant Macropanax dispermus leaves (MDML) and stem barks (MDMS). Methods: Quantitative screening of phytochemical constituents was analyzed by standard procedures. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was conducted on Swiss albino mice by using carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema tests, and xylene-induced ear edema test. The possible anti-arthritic activity was done by evaluating the in vitro inhibition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation. Results: The current research showed that MDML contained a considerable amount of flavonoids and alkaloids, and MDMS contained a considerable amount of phenols. MDMS (200, 400 mg/kg) was observed to be an effective and significant (P < 0.001) peripheral anti-inflammatory agent in carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema tests, whereas MDML (400 mg/kg) was observed to have an effective and significant (P < 0.001) neurogenic anti-inflammatory effect in xylene-induced ear edema test as compared to the negative control group. MDMS was observed to be an effective anti-arthritic agent as compared to that of the negative control group. All those effects were dose and concentration-dependent.Conclusion: The present research proved that MDML and MDMS were effective medications for the treatment of inflammation and arthritis.

Information security has immense importance in today’s world of digital communication. Sharing information between intended parties while keeping it secret from any outsider is a challenging task. Cryptography provides the security of information by keeping the information secret among only the communicating parties. In this paper, a new cryptographic algorithm is propounded, which is a block cipher algorithm. A positive integer, n, two $$n\times 256$$ tables of ASCII characters, and a string, Mapper, are used as shared private keys in the proposed method. Every row of the key tables and Mapper contains a random permutation of all the ASCII characters. In the beginning of encryption of a block, an Exclusive Or (XOR) operation is done between the block and a random array of integers. Then, a 3-round substitution operation is done using the key tables and Mapper. We found that the encryption and the decryption speed of the proposed algorithm is faster than the encryption–decryption speed of Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Data Encryption Standard (DES). The strength of the proposed cipher was analyzed in the light of some popular attacks, and we found that the system is strong enough against those attacks. We hope that if integrated with the modern cryptography protocols, this method will enhance modern digital communication security.

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the in vivo (analgesic, antidiarrheal, neurological, and cytotoxic) and in vitro (antioxidant, antimicrobial, thrombolytic and anthelmintic) activity of different fractions of methanolic extract of Momordica charantia. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant property was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay, while antimicrobial activity was examined against three Gram (+) and one Gram (-) bacteria. Thrombolytic and anthelmintic activities were evaluated by using human blood serum and by recording paralysis and death time in earthworm, respectively. Cytotoxic activity was investigated in brine shrimp nauplii. Analgesic and antidiarrheal activities were evaluated in Swiss albino mice and neurological effect was evaluated by open field and Elevated plus-maze test (EPM). Results: All fractions (n-hexane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform) possess significant (pStaphylococcus aureus and Gram negative E. coli. Aqueous fraction at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight, was found to show promising analgesic activity. In case of antidiarrheal and anthelmintic activity, plant extract showed dose-dependent activity. Methanolic extract and its fractions failed to produce any neurological effect in both methods. Conclusion: The overall results of the study tend to suggest that the methanolic extract and its fractions have promising pharmacological activities.

The article presents the challenges of the Indigenous peoples’ interplay with the key actors (Indigenous communities, Indigenous associations, regional governments, corporate businesses, and scientific institutions) in the Russian Arctic. Invoking actor–network theory offered knowledge to analyse how the effectiveness of this collaboration may lead to Indigenous peoples’ social adaptation in the COVID-19 times. It revealed the main problems increasing their vulnerability and making barriers to meeting sustainable development goals (SDGs). The primary sources included the data collected from expert interviews in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, and the Murmansk region in 2020–2021. The main findings proved the gaps in the interplay of Indigenous peoples with key actors in the Russian Arctic due to insufficient interregional and international cooperation, indirect communication of governments with Indigenous peoples via Indigenous associations and communities focused mostly on supporting elites, and the lack of systematic feedback of all key actors. This collaboration must be focused on meeting SDGs and guaranteeing their economic, social, and cultural rights to maintain a traditional lifestyle and livelihoods, involving them in natural resource management, improving quality of life and well-being, increasing access to ethnocultural education, reducing inequality, and promoting Indigenous peoples’ self-government.

PurposeStudents’ progressing to tertiary (undergrad or higher) level education often faces problems due to the change in the educational settings that may directly or indirectly affect their studies and interim results. In addition, they may suffer from low self-esteem, which in turn may result from another set of issues such as negative peers, past poor results, unable to get into a school of choice and so on. Those who have to live away from home to attend a university could have their own set of problems. To provide support many universities have counseling offices to help the students tackle their problems. The counseling officers often give repeated appointments in an attempt to help solve these problems. At the university where the research was conducted, more than 75 percent of the students come from a rural background. These are students who, for the purposes of acquiring their tertiary-level education, have had to move to the city, away from their family. These students are known to have problems such as adjusting to urban life, missing home, managing all household chores by themselves, even a culture shock given the nature of urban life and so on, all of which may affect their studies. Unfortunately, the university under study does not employ a student counselor to look after students coming from rural areas. Therefore, to support such students it was thought that a peer counseling session might help the students help themselves.Design/methodology/approachA workshop using a collaborative approach to help students solve their own problems was designed and conducted. From three different departments, 78 students with a low Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA FindingsThe paper proposes a performance-improving model to reduce the dropout rate and ensure graduation with a better CGPA. After six semesters of the intervention, the performance of the participating students was compared against the students with similar profile who did not attend the workshop. The perception of effectiveness of the collaborative guidance model was also measured by taking feedback from students.Research limitations/implicationsThe collaborative approach seems to benefit students by empowering them to think on their own to solve study-related problems by themselves. To become a standardized procedure, however, more rigorous testing across a greater cross section and number of subjects would be helpful. This paper provides an initial study of the methodology for further study and use.Originality/valueAs the collaborative approach purely involves peers, it benefits students by empowering them to solve study-related problems by themselves and indirectly help self-esteem development.