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Objective(s): In this study, the adjuvant activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of propolis was examined on the inactivated herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1).Materials and Methods: BALB/C mice were administered with inactivated (HSV-1; the KOS strain) plus alcoholic and aqueous extracts, followed by assessment of the cellular and humoral immune responses. Results: Alcoholic and aqueous extracts, as an adjuvant, revealed a significant increase in lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses versus the HSV-1 group. In addition, HSV-1 plus alcoholic extract showed a remarkable increase in IFN-γ cytokine and IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. On the other hand, both alcoholic and aqueous extracts in the HSV-1 vaccine suppressed the IL-4 cytokine response as compared with the HSV-1 vaccine. In addition, HSV-1 plus alcoholic extract showed a significant increment in IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b isotypes as compared with the HSV-1 vaccine.Conclusion: Propolis extracts seem to modulate the immune response against inactivated HSV-1 model and can be used as a suitable vaccine adjuvant or a component of a complex adjuvant against infectious diseases.

IntroductionStaphylococcus aureus is a prominent cause of postoperative infections, often persisting within host cells, leading to chronic infections. Conventional antibiotics struggle to eliminate intracellular S. aureus due to poor cell penetration. Antimicrobial peptides are a new hope for tackling intracellular bacteria. Accordingly, this study examines the antimicrobial peptide MDP1, derived from melittin, for its efficacy against intracellular S. aureus.MethodsIn this study, the physiochemical properties (Prediction of three-dimensional structure, circular dichroism and helical wheel projection analysis) were investigated. Extracellular antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of MDP1 were also assessed. The mechanism of interaction of MDP1 with S. aureus was evaluated by molecular dynamic simulation, atomic force and confocal microscopy. Bacterial internalization into an endothelial cell model was confirmed through culture and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of the peptide on intracellular bacteria was investigated by culture and epi-fluorescence microscopy.Results and discussion3D structural prediction proved the conformation of MDP1 as an α-helix peptide. Helical-wheel projection analysis indicated the proper orientation of hydrophobic amino acid residues for membrane interaction. CD spectroscopy of MDP1 showed that MDP1 in SDS 10 and 30 mM adopted 87 and 91% helical conformation. Atomic force and confocal microscopy assessments as well as molecular dynamics studies revealed the peptide-bacterial membrane interaction. MDP1, at the concentration of 0.32 μg mL−1, demonstrated a fold reduction of 21.7 ± 1.8, 1.7 ± 0.2, and 7.3 ± 0.8 in intracellular bacterial load for ATCC, VRSA, and MRSA, respectively. Molecular dynamics results demonstrate a preferential interaction of MDP1 with POPG/POPE membranes, primarily driven by electrostatic forces and hydrogen bonding. In POPC systems, two out of four MDP1 interacted effectively, while all four MDP1 engaged with POPG/POPE membranes. Gathering all data together, MDP1 is efficacious in the reduction of intracellular VRSA and MRSA proved by culture and epi-fluorescent microscopy although further studies should be performed to increase the intracellular activity of MDP1.

IntroductionAntibiotic resistance and weak bioavailability of antibiotics in the skin due to systemic administration leads to failure in eradication of vancomycin- and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA and MRSA)-associated wound infections and subsequent septicemia and even death. Accordingly, this study aimed at designing a photocrosslinkable methacrylated chitosan (MECs) hydrogel coated by melittin-derived peptide 1 (MDP1) that integrated the antibacterial activity with the promising skin regenerative capacity of the hydrogel to eradicate bacteria by burst release strategy.MethodsThe MECs was coated with MDP1 (MECs-MDP1), characterized, and the hydrogel-peptide interaction was evaluated by molecular docking. Antibacterial activities of MECs-MDP1 were evaluated against VRSA and MRSA bacteria and compared to MECs-vancomycin (MECs-vanco). Antibiofilm activity of MECs-MDP1 was studied by our novel ‘in situ biofilm inhibition zone (IBIZ)’ assay, and SEM. Biocompatibility with human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFs) was also evaluated.Results and DiscussionMolecular docking showed hydrogen bonds as the most interactions between MDP1 and MECs at a reasonable affinity. MECs-MDP1 eradicated the bacteria rapidly by burst release strategy whereas MECs-vanco failed to eradicate them at the same time intervals. Antibiofilm activity of MECs-MDP1 were also proved successfully. As a novel report, molecular docking analysis has demonstrated that MDP1 covers the structure of MECs and also binds to lysozyme with a reasonable affinity, which may explain the inhibition of lysozyme. MECs-MDP1 was also biocompatible with human dermal fibroblast skin cells, which indicates its safe future application. The antibacterial properties of a photocrosslinkable methacrylated chitosan-based hydrogel coated with MDP1 antimicrobial peptide were successfully proved against the most challenging antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing nosocomial wound infections; VRSA and MRSA. Molecular docking analysis revealed that MDP1 interacts with MECs mainly through hydrogen bonds with reasonable binding affinity. MECs-MDP1 hydrogels eradicated the planktonic state of bacteria by burst release of MDP1 in just a few hours whereas MECs-vanco failed to eradicate them. inhibition zone assay showed the anti-biofilm activity of the MECs-MDP1 hydrogel too. These findings emphasize that MECs-MDP1 hydrogel would be suggested as a biocompatible wound-dressing candidate with considerable and rapid antibacterial activities to prevent/eradicate VRSA/MRSA bacterial wound infections.

Cognitive linguistics considers linguistic knowledge as dependent on thought and cognition and introduces conceptual metaphor as a tool for how to think and linguistic behaviors. By examining it, similarities and differences of cultures can be obtained. Orientational metaphor is a form of conceptual metaphor in which abstract concepts are oriented in language. In directional metaphor, a whole system of concepts is organized in relation to another system, and since they are related to spatial directions such as up, down, inside, and outside, they are called directional metaphors. These metaphors are rooted in the physical and cultural experience of humans, and although the polar opposites of high and low and their components are considered physical in nature, the directional metaphors based on them are made, and they can be different from culture to culture. Accordingly, in the present study, this metaphor has been studied and compared in two novels, “Shohar-e Ahoo Khanoom” by Afghani and “Never Let Me Go” by Ishiguro, through the descriptive-analytical method. For this purpose, research data were extracted with 36 orientational conceptual metaphors (16 cases of Afghani and 20 cases of Ishiguro). and their differences and similarities in the fields of the source domain and their mapping were investigated. The results showed that the similarities between the conceptual metaphors based on human understanding of the category of direction in the two languages are greater than the differences. In general, it shows that the two authors pay the same attention to this metaphor. By considering the little metaphorical differences between the two languages, we conclude that although both authors have used a single cultural model to produce a metaphor of orientation, cultural and geographical differences produce different mappings.Keywords: Cognitive Linguistics, Conceptual Metaphor, Orientational Metaphor, Ali Mohammad Afghani, Kazuo Ishiguro. IntroductionIn an orientational conceptual metaphor, a system of ideas is organized in the relation to and interaction in space, like up-down, inside-out, front-behind, shallow-deep, etc. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) called this group the orientational metaphor because they are related to the orientation of space. In this article, the directional metaphors in Ali Mohammad Afghani's (born in 1303) novel "Shohar-e Ahoo Khanoom" and "Never Let Me Go" by Kazuo Ishiguro (born in 1954), an English writer of Japanese origin, are examined. The present article aims to take a deep look at two works by Iranian and English authors and, by applying linguistic perspectives, first introduces the types of conceptual metaphors and mentions evidence from both novels, then examines and compares directional metaphors in the two works. Methodology and Literature ReviewIn this research, based on the library method, two novels, "Shohare Ahoo Khanoom" by Ali Mohammad Afghani and "Never Let Me Go" by Kazuo Ishiguro, were studied.Then, based on the descriptive-analytical method, the desired works were examined and compared in terms of directional conceptual metaphors. In this research, conceptual metaphor and its types, including structural metaphor, orientational metaphor, and ontological metaphor, were examined and analyzed. In this way, initially, 36 cases of orientational metaphor were extracted from the works of the above two authors, in all of which the concept of orientational metaphor was used. From this collection, 16 cases were related to Afghani, and 20 cases were related to Ishiguro, and then the most common areas of destination were identified for conceptualization, and after comparing the name mappings in the two languages, possible similarities and differences were identified. ConclusionThe study of Orientational metaphors showed that metaphors are widely used in the language beyond their traditional use, and by considering them and the indirect meanings of linguistic expressions, a deep understanding of novels can be achieved. The present study was conducted to investigate and compare the Orientational conceptual metaphor in two works by Afghani and Ishiguro.After collecting and counting the evidence, a total of 36 cases of orientational metaphors in the form of 7 noun maps were selected for review. The results obtained from this review showed a general similarity in the use of orientational metaphors in the works of the two authors, and the difference between them was very small in maps. From the number of 36 modes extracted, 16 cases of orientational metaphors from Afghani "Shohar-e Ahoo Khanoom" are found in contrast to 20 cases of orientational metaphors from Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go, which, in general, shows that the two authors pay the same attention to this metaphor.As expected, all the examined items in the English language have Persian representation, and no noun mapping was seen in the English language, which lacks linguistic representation in the Persian language. Examining the metaphorical evidence shows that the slight difference in the mappings in the construction of conceptual metaphors in both English and Persian languages confirms the influence of culture and environment on the construction of conceptual metaphors.

BackgroundThe emergence and rapid spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA), have posed a significant challenge to the medical community due to their ability to form biofilm and develop resistance to common antibiotics. Traditional antibiotics that were once effective in treating bacterial infections are now becoming increasingly ineffective, leading to severe consequences for patient outcomes. This concerning situation has called for urgent research to explore alternative treatment strategies. Recent studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as effective agents against biofilm-associated drug-resistant infections as well as to enhance the efficacy of conventional antibiotics. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of melittin AMP, both alone and in combination with penicillin and oxacillin, against biofilm-forming MDR-MRSA and -VRSA.MethodsIn this study, we investigated the kinetics of biofilm formation and assessed various parameters related to the antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy of melittin and antibiotics, both alone and in combination, against MDR-MRSA and -VRSA. The antimicrobial parameters included the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICi), Fractional Bactericidal Concentration Index (FBCi), and the antibiofilm activity of melittin and antibiotics indicated by the Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC), Minimal Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC), Fractional Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration Index (FBICi), and Fractional Biofilm Eradication Concentration Index (FBECi).ResultsThe MIC results showed that all S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin (≥0.25 μg/mL), and 66% of isolates were resistant to oxacillin. The geometric means of the MIC values for penicillin, oxacillin, and melittin were 19.02, 16, and 1.62 μg/ml, respectively, and the geometric means of the MBC values for penicillin, oxacillin, and melittin were 107.63, 49.35, and 5.45 μg/ml, respectively. The study revealed that the combination indexes of melittin-penicillin and melittin-oxacillin, as determined by FIC values against all isolates, were 0.37 and 0.03, respectively. Additionally, melittin-penicillin and melittin-oxacillin exhibited combination indexes based on FBC values against all isolates at 1.145 and 0.711, respectively. Besides, melittin inhibited the biofilm formation of all S. aureus isolates, with MBIC values ranging from 10 to 1.25 μg/mL, and MBEC values ranging from 40 to 10 μg/mL. Generally, the combination indexes of melittin-penicillin and melittin-oxacillin, determined using FBIC values against all isolates, were 0.23 and 0.177, respectively. Moreover, melittin-penicillin and melittin-oxacillin typically had combination indexes based on FBEC values against all isolates at 5 and 2.97, respectively.ConclusionIn conclusion, our study provides evidence that melittin is effective against both planktonik and biofilm forms of MRSA and VRSA and exhibits significant synergistic effects when combined with antibiotics. These results suggest that melittin and antibiotics could be a potential candidate for further investigation for in vivo infections caused by MDR S. aureus. Furthermore, melittin has the potential to restore the efficacy of penicillin and oxacillin antibiotics in the treatment of MDR infections. Applying AMPs, like melittin, to revive beta-lactam antibiotics against MRSA and VRSA is an innovative approach against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Further research is needed to optimize dosage and understand melittin mechanism and interactions with beta-lactam antibiotics for successful clinical applications.

Abstract Background Food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) are one of the most useful tools for studying and understanding diet-disease relationships. However, because FFQs are self-reported data, they are susceptible to response bias, social desirability bias, and misclassification. Currently, several methods have been created to combat these issues by modelling the measurement error in diet-disease relationships. Method In this paper, a novel machine learning method is proposed to adjust for measurement error found in misreported data by using a random forest (RF) classifier to label the responses in the FFQ based on the input dataset and creating an algorithm that adjusts the measurement error. We demonstrate this method by addressing underreporting in selected FFQ responses. Result According to the results, we have high model accuracies ranging from 78% to 92% in participant collected data and 88% in simulated data. Conclusion This shows that our proposed method of using a RF classifier and an error adjustment algorithm is efficient to correct most of the underreported entries in the FFQ dataset and could be used independent of diet-disease models. This could help nutrition researchers and other experts to use dietary data estimated by FFQs with less measurement error and create models from the data with minimal noise.

Hyrcanian forests are a green belt of deciduous forests in the south of the Caspian Sea whose integrity and survival of its commercial species, such as the chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia), are at risk due to anthropogenic activities. This study performed coupled spatial-statistical modeling to identify the rate and determinants of Q. castaneifolia in parts of the forest landscape (5400 km2) in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran. According to the Maximum Entropy model (MaxEnt), the species' most suitable habitats were small in area (9.03 % of the total forest cover of the region) and uneven in spatial distribution due to the prevailing effect of bioclimatic variables (Bios). Using object-based segmentation analysis, the oak’s suitable habitats were divided into spectrally and topographically homogenous areas as working units to search for their occurrence and rate thinning operations. The mean annual Landsat-NDVI of each unit was regressed against the year to use its slope as a measure of thinning, indicating that more than 80 % of the units experienced different thinning levels over the past two decades (2002–2022). Using the multiple linear regression model (p

Abstract A new aptasensor for detecting fumonisin B1 (FB1) in the maize samples was developed based on DNA- aptamer recognition and electrochemical technique. A thiol-modified single-stranded DNA (ss-HSDNA) was immobilized on a screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) electrodeposited by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The morphology and structure of SPCE and AuNPs/SPCE were evaluated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The SEM results demonstrated that the SPCE had a flat sheet-like structure, and the AuNPs were homogeneously electrodeposited on the SPCE. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments in the [Fe(CN)6]− 3/− 4 solution were conducted to investigate each step of electrode modification as well as aptasensor performance. Aptamer-FB1 interaction prevented the electron transfer permitting the determination of FB1 in the range of 0.5–500 ng/mL with a low detection limit (0.14 ng/mL). The designed aptasensor was also shown high selectivity, acceptable repeatability and reproducibility, good long-term stability, and excellent recovery. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the findings achieved via the designed aptasensor and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Therefore, a simple construction process and satisfactory electrochemical performance of the proposed aptasensor have a great potential for the detection of FB1 in maize samples.

Abstract Background Staphylococcal superantigens are virulence factors that help the pathogen escape the immune system and develop an infection. Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST)-1 is one of the most studied superantigens whose role in toxic shock syndrome and some particular disorders have been demonstrated. Inhibiting TSST-1 production with antibiotics and targeting TSST-1 with monoclonal antibodies might be one of the best strategies to prevent TSST-1-induced cytokines storm followed by lethality. Results A novel single-chain variable fragment (scFv), MS473, against TSST-1 was identified by selecting an scFv phage library on the TSST-1 protein. The MS473 scFv showed high affinity and specificity for TSST-1. Moreover, MS473 could significantly prevent TSST-1-induced mitogenicity (the IC50 value: 1.5 µM) and cytokine production. Conclusion Using traditional antibiotics with an anti-TSST-1 scFv as a safe and effective agent leads to deleting the infection source and preventing the detrimental effects of the toxin disseminated into the whole body.

Cryptocurrencies, which are digitally encrypted and decentralized, continue to attract attention of nancial market players across the world. Because of high volatility in cryptocurrency market, predicting price of cryptocurrencies has become one of the most complicated elds in nancial markets. In this paper, we use Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) models to predict price of four well-known cryptocurrencies of Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum(ETH), Litecoin (LTC), and Ripple (XRP). These models are subdivisions of Articial Intelligence, machine learning and data science. The main aim of this paper is to compare the accuracy of above-mentioned models in forecasting time series data, to nd out which model can better predict price in these four cryptocurrencies. 43 variables consisting of 28 technical indicators and t+10 lags were calculated and appended to the Open, High, Low, Close and Volume (OHLCV) data for selected cryptocurrencies. Applying random forest as feature selection, 25 variables werechosen, 24 of them selected as feature (independent variables) and one as a dependent variable. Each attribute value was converted into a relative standard score, followed by Min-max scaling; we compare models and results of Dieblod Mariano test that is used to examine whether the differences in predictive accuracy with these two models are signi cant, reveal that LSTM reaches better accuracy than GRU for BTC and ETH, but both models convey the same accuracy for LTC and XRP.

The ever-expanding urban architecture in developing areas requires more land space for construction purposes to be available. For this, utilizing the sub-surface areas through excavations in populous cities is now on the increasing trend. Two major concerns in such excavation projects are excavation-wall stability and the induced ground settlements which can be countered by a soil nailing-ground anchor system. In this regard, influential factors such as nail length and nail inclination angles can affect the overall performance of stabilized ground. Therefore, the focus of the present study is on how the aforementioned influence excavation-induced ground deformations. The numerical simulation is conducted using the software Plaxis 2D. The established numerical models help to explain how changes in the nails’ inclination angles and anchor lengths can change the observed behavior of the walls; from which helpful tips for practicing engineers are drawn accordingly. Such results could also be utilized for classroom presentations to aid students’ understanding of geotechnical engineering concepts.

Abstract Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (MRSA) are serious hazards of bone implants. The present study was aimed to use the potential synergistic effects of Melittin and tetracycline to prevent MRSA associated bone implant infection. Chitosan/bioactive glass nanoparticles/tetracycline composite coatings were deposited on hydrothermally etched titanium substrate. Melittin was then coated on composite coatings by drop casting method. The surfaces were analyzed by FTIR, XRD, and SEM instruments. Tetracycline in coatings revealed multifunctional behaviors include bone regeneration and antibacterial activity. Releasing ALP enzyme from MC3T3 cells increased by tetracycline, so it is suitable candidate as osteoinductive and antibacterial agent in orthopedic implants coatings. Melittin increased the proliferation of MC3T3 cells. Composite coatings with combination of tetracycline and Melittin eradicate all MRSA bacteria, while coatings with one of them could no t eradicate all of the bacteria. In conclusion, chitosan/bioactive glass/tetracycline/Melittin coating can be suggested as a multifunctional bone implant coating because of its osteogenic and promising antibacterial activity. Graphical abstract

Open universities have provided quality higher education through open and distance education to serve learners who could not attend traditional in-person universities. While open universities vary in terms of providing their services to learners at a distance, many have shifted to e-learning using cost-effective platforms. A common platform that is essential for online teaching and learning is the learning management system (LMS). While there are common processes observed among open universities in the way they use their LMS, there are also subtle differences caused by each institution's unique and special context. Their contextual challenges often drive them to develop technologies or techniques that may easily be adopted by others. Thus, benchmarking activities are often recommended for mutual improvement. In this regard, a comparative study of open universities in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Pakistan was conducted for decision-makers to understand how they could improve in providing quality education to their learners through Moodle, which is their primary LMS. The Delone and Mclean Model was used to systematically compare system, information, and service quality in e-learning delivered through their LMS. The authors hope that the results and recommendations from this study may help other educational institutions overcome similar challenges in their learning platforms.

It is impossible to understand literary without considering its social context. The victory of the Islamic Revolution in the late 1970s provided a suitable opportunity to reflect the educational values and beliefs of Iran’s society in transition in the form of literary works. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is educational criticism of dominance of girls based on the views of two famous psychologists namely Adler and Horney through analysis of the content of an Iranian novel. Researchers have used the qualitative method using case study approach. The research population includes all the works of Adler and Horney selected through purposeful sampling method. The method of data collection and analysis were documentary and semiotic analysis respectively. The research findings showed that from a sociological point of view, the trend of female domination cannot be easily explained by Adler and Horney theories, while semiotic analysis indicates a complete agreement between the characteristics of domineering women and the views of these two psychologists. Horney attributes the dominance to the insecure atmosphere of the family, while Adler emphasizes the role of the inferiority complex. The research findings also indicated the continuation of the patriarchal educational system in the context of the society in which the story of the novel "My Share" takes place. The educational critique of the present work emphasizes the continuation of the process of female domination at both macro and micro levels; an issue that draws the attention of policymakers to "revising gender policies" and providing new training to the younger generation.

Psychology and literature add to each other's richness through interrelationships. Psychological theories help to understand literary characters, and the literature provides concrete examples to support the views of psychologists. Based on this thought, the aim of the present study is to analyze the hermeneutics of two Iranian novels “Showhar-e Ahoo Khanom" (Ahoo Khoum’s husband ) written by Mohammad Ali Afghani and " The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra" by Reza Ghasemi based on Albert Bandura's theory of cognitive-social learning. The research method was a comparative type of qualitative content analysis and method of data collection was documentary. The research findings show that in both novels, the three key presuppositions of Bandura's theory, namely the interaction between people, environmental factors and key characters of the stories, are quite visible. The atmosphere of the stories also shows how observational learning is passed down from generation to generation. Another important finding is that the both novelists have shown that cognitive-social learning is impaired due to the conflict between tradition and modernism and has confused the characters of the stories. From an educational perspective, the present interpretation contributes to our understanding of the role of social change and the conflict between tradition and modernism in accelerating or disrupting the observational learning of the younger generation.

Background: Hemiscorpius lepturus is one of the most dangerous scorpions in Iran and the world. Numerous studies have been conducted on phospholipases, especially phospholipase D, in this scorpion’s venom, and the results have shown this protein to be the main cause of death. Therefore, one of the most effective ways of preventing fatalities is to produce a toxoid vaccine from the deadly toxin of the venom. The present study was conducted to assess the non-toxicity of this toxoid and the safety of the vaccine candidate in BALB/c mice. Methods: The production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 cytokines in the spleen cells of the mice was measured using ELISpot assay 28 days following immunization with rPLD toxoid. Results: The unpaired t-test results showed a significant increase in the concentration of IFN-γ cytokine in the vaccinat­ed mice (P= 0.001), indicating that the immune system is directed toward the Th1 pattern, while no significant differ­ence was observed in the levels of IL-4 (P= 0.16) despite an increase in this cytokine. The in-vivo tests showed that the mice immunized with interval doses of 80µg of toxoid were completely protected against 10 × the LD100 of the venom. Moreover, the toxoid had no dermonecrotic effects and caused no necrotic and inflammatory complications in the rabbit skin. Conclusion: As a vaccine, the toxoid has the potential to increase the Th1 cytokine response and, subsequently, in­crease acquired cellular immunity. Thus, this toxoid appears to be able to provide an effective vaccine against the ven­om of Hemiscorpius lepturus.

Abstract Anatomical and physiological changes alter airflow characteristics and aerosol distribution in the developing lung. Correlation between age and aerosol dosimetry is needed, specifically because youth are more susceptible to medication side effects. In this study, we estimate aerosol dosages (particle diameters of 1, 3, and 5 $$\upmu$$ μ m) in a 3 month-old infant, a 6 year-old child, and a 36 year-old adult by performing whole lung subject-specific particle simulations throughout respiration. For 3 $$\upmu$$ μ m diameter particles we estimate total deposition as 88, 73, and $$66\%$$ 66 % and the conducting versus respiratory deposition ratios as 4.0, 0.5, and 0.4 for the infant, child, and adult, respectively. Due to their lower tidal volumes and functional residual capacities the deposited mass is smaller while the tissue concentrations are larger in the infant and child subjects, compared to the adult. Furthermore, we find that dose cannot be predicted by simply scaling by tidal volumes. These results highlight the need for additional clinical and computational studies that investigate the efficiency of treatment, while optimizing dosage levels in order to alleviate side effects, in youth.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) strains are increasingly emerging as serious pathogens because they can be resistant to many antibiotics called multidrug resistance (MDR) that limit the therapeutic options. In the case of vancomycin- and rifampin-resistant MDR-MRSE, the physicians are not allowed to increase the doses of antibiotics because of severe toxicity. Accordingly, we investigated the synergistic activity of melittin antimicrobial peptide with vancomycin and rifampin against vancomycin-resistant, and rifampin-resistant MDR-MRSE isolates. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi), and fractional bactericidal concentration index (FBCi) of antimicrobial agents against isolates were determined. Coagulate activities and serum and salt stability as well as melittin cytotoxicity on the human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and human red blood cells (RBCs) at their synergistic concentrations. MIC and MBC values for melittin were in the range of 0.312–2.5 and 0.312–5, respectively. Results also showed that the interaction of melittin with drugs was highly synergistic in which the geometric means of FICi and FBCi were < 0.5. Induced synergism led to a decrease in melittin, rifampin, and vancomycin concentrations by 8–1,020, 2–16, and 4–16-folds, respectively. This phenomenon caused a reduction in melittin toxicity by which the synergistic concentration of melittin needed to kill bacteria did not show cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity. Besides, no coagulation activity was found for the synergistic and alone concentrations of melittin in both Prothrombin Time (PT) and Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT). Interestingly, the antibacterial activity of melittin in Mueller Hinton Broth (MHB) containing human serum did no significant differences between MIC and MBC values of melittin in MHB and MHB containing 10% human serum. The present findings showed that the therapeutic index of melittin was improved by 32.08- and 12.82-folds when combined with vancomycin and rifampin, respectively. Taken together, the obtained data show that melittin alone was effective against MDR-MRSE isolates and this antimicrobial peptide showed highly synergistic effects with vancomycin and rifampin without causing toxicity. Therefore, the combination of melittin and traditional antibiotics could be a promising strategy for the treatment of infections caused by MDR-MRSE.

1. Introduction Aesthetics is one of the most important and essential issues in the literature of nations, therefore it is necessary to study this issue in the authentic works of Persian literature based on other aesthetic theories. Mathnavi Manavi is one of the most outstanding treasures of Persian literature and mysticism, which can be considered in order to understand the concept and function of beauty. In this valuable work, the most important fundamentals of mystical aesthetics are explained. The issue under study is to examine the deep structure concepts of aesthetics based on proportion, perfection, taste and pleasure in Mathnavi Manavi. Considering the concept of "proportionality and harmony" from Movlana's point of view, the origin of existence of all creatures of the universe is from God almighty, and all the creatures are illustrations of the divine soul and spirit, thus in their nature there is proportion and harmony and there are no defects or disproportion in them and they have all been created in complete balance and harmony. Movlana considers two aspects to the concept of pleasure, that is, external and internal pleasure. He defines pleasure as a pleasant and desirable sense that is derived from the meaning of something, and he only considers a kind of pleasure as authentic which is derived from the wisdom of human beings. Considering perfection, from Movlana's point of view beauty is a stage and means towards perfection. He considers the perfection of creatures in reaching their real potentials and origin, and the closer they get to that real potential and origin, the more beautiful and perfect they are. 2.Methodology In this article, first, the sources related to aesthetics have been studied thoroughly. After studying Mathnavi, the characteristics and components of aesthetics have been extracted from this work by considering the view point of scholars in this field and attempts have been made to study aesthetics in Movlana's thoughts and words based on the concept of "proportionality, usefulness, pleasure and perfection" and Mathnavi Manavi verses have been investigated by content-analytical method. 3. Discussion Beauty is one of the most important and difficult concepts that has been considered and studied in the field of philosophy and mysticism for a long time, and comprehending what it is and how to obtain and understand it has had an important role in the formation of literary. and artistic creations and their characteristics in different ages for different schools of thoughts. Islamic scholars and mystics have expressed their opinions on beauty based on their specific epistemological concepts and principles and worldview, and their views cover all the elements of human life, and these works of art are emerged and reflected in individual and social activities. In other words, in Islamic wisdom and mysticism, beauty is mostly an ontological concept, so much that in mysticism, "the discussion of beauty is the discussion of existence and creatures ... [because in this view] beauty is the emergence of existence and truth" (Pazouki, 2003, p. 4). One of the most outstanding and magnificent literary and mystical texts that can be used to comprehend the truth of beauty is Mathnavi Manavi. This work is considered a great masterpiece in the history of literature and is one of the most complete philosophical and wisdom works in verse in Persian language and can be studied in the field of philosophy of art and philosophical aesthetics. The poet aims at evoking the feelings and emotions and manifesting true spirit in a human being. The whole beauty of the poem is also a production of joining and creating harmony between each of its elements. The coordination between different parts of the poem including surface beauty (surface structure section) and in-depth beauty (deep structure section) constructs the whole principle of poetic aesthetics. "The different parts in the surface structure section include language (phonemes, words, phrases, and syntactic forms), music (external, side, internal and spiritual) and imaginary forms. The deep structure section includes what is related to the content or deep meaning of the poem and includes emotions, the thought underlying the emotion and the subject or message or whatever which is proposed in classical literature as the meaning of the poem” (Sehba, 2005, p. 93). This study has a philosophical approach to beauty and aesthetics and goes beyond external and structural forms. The concept of beauty and aesthetics has various dimensions which cover a wide range of in-depth meanings, including materialistic (superficial) and spiritual meanings. Here are some general definitions of beauty: Aesthetics based on good proportion (harmony) and usefulness; "Plato's closest definition of beauty is the definition of beauty in proportion and harmony, which applies to both tangible and over-tangible beauty". He certainly acknowledged that there were two, and one covered the other one" (Madadpour, vol. 2, 2004, p. 182). Aristotle also considers proportionality as a criterion for beauty, as Will Durant puts it: "Aristotle's answer to the question of beauty is the unique answer of the Greek; beauty means the coordination and proportionality and excellent order in the components which make the whole. Whether we are talking about beauty in living beings or objects which are composed of different parts, among these parts there must be an order and coordination, there must also be a limit and certain size to each part , because the criterion for beauty is having a certain size and order” (Durant, 1995, p. 217). Imam Mohammad al-Ghazali has also expressed his views on beauty. He considers the real beauty to be in proportionality and believes that everything that is proportionate is a manifestation of the beauty of the afterlife world and believed: "The essence of man is connected with the afterlife world - which is called the world of souls - and the afterlife world is the world of goodness and beauty. Goodness and beauty are proportionate, and whatever is proportionate is an illustration of the beauty of the afterlife world, since the beauty and proportion that is observed in this world is all the production of goodness and beauty and proportion of the afterlife world” (Balkhari, 2008, p. 46). Attention to beauty and aesthetics is one of the main and important principles of Persian love poetry and mystical poetry, and Movlana is no exception in this issue. According to him, there are no defects or disproportion in God's creations. All the living beings in the universe are created by the God almighty who has created them in the right proportion and in a balanced and compatible way. So they are all beautiful. Since all the creatures of the universe have received the origin of their existence and soul from God and thus are illustrations of the divine soul and spirit, so in their essence there is order and proportion. Movlana also associates proportionality with efficacy. In his view, a living being is beautiful and proportionate when it is beneficial and useful. In this case, the more distant the creature from its goal and end, the more disproportionate and ugly it will be. For example, a tree is proportionate when it is green with plenty of fresh fruits and not just upright in appearance. Aesthetics based on the meaning of taste; in the contemporary literature on aesthetics, taste is a broad concept from which the aesthetic aspect of a phenomenon can be gained. Early writers such as Shaftesbury and Hutcheson believed that aesthetic judgment relied on an "inner feeling" close to one's moral conscience. Those who consider taste to be a form of aesthetic perception or intuition generally accept that taste is a kind of inner feeling by which the beauty or glory and extraordinary attributes of a phenomenon can be discerned, and the obvious aspect is the feeling of satisfaction and pleasure that a person gains. Beauty in the sense of "pleasure," is also rooted in ancient Greek and Epicurean philosophy. "Epicureans described beauty as something enjoyable." (Balkhari, 2008: 45) As Epicure said, "Every creature is looking for pleasure, and happiness is in pleasure" (Copleston, vol. 1, 1989, p. 467). There are many theories about the discussion of pleasure in beauty, and some experts in this field have included "pleasure" in their definition of beauty. One of them is William Ahaloureny. This is his definition of beauty: "Beauty is something that is inherently enjoyable, and in other words beauty is something which gives pleasure to mind and arouses love" (Tolstoy, 1971, p. 329) . Movlana has used the concept of pleasure with the words "joy", "taste" and "pleasure", and he considers pleasure to be of two kinds: superficial and inner pleasure. He defines pleasure as a pleasant and desirable feeling derived from the meaning of something. According to Movlana, pleasure is the hidden meaning in things, and this gives motivation for the man to acquire everything. In fact the motivation to move and try to achieve different things derives from the hidden and shapeless taste and pleasure in their meaning. This aspect of pleasure is sometimes immaterial and sometimes material and visible and Movlana believes that some people are misled by material and physical pleasures which bring about their destruction , and he considers only immaterial pleasure to be genuine which is the result of shrewd evolved mind. Aesthetics based on the meaning of perfection; from view point of Muslim scholars and philosophers, beauty and aesthetics are always associated with perfection, because " every perfection requires beauty and there is a very strong connection between them and beauty should not be separated from perfection. Beauty is inherently related to perfection" (Avani, 1996, p. 321). From Farabi's point of view " God is the source of beauty since he created the man and this world from his own beauty. God is the most perfect being, and all the goodness and beauty is from him" (Bahrami, 2015, p. 137). Considering perfection as beauty Plato says: " God wanted the creatures to be as perfect as possible, and their perfection was to be like the most perfect being, and since there was no more perfect being than God Himself, God's will was to make all things like Himself " Plato says (Durant, vol 1, 1996, p. 283). Movlana considers beauty and attractiveness to be a stage of perfection, and the manifestation of the ultimate perfection and beauty is in God almighty. He considers all the creatures to be beautiful and he believes that each of them is created for a purpose which is beyond the visible beauty, and those beauties lead the man to ultimate beauty which God possesses. According to him, all the enthusiasm and passionate movements of the creatures of the universe are in the attainment of perfection and connection with the ultimate perfection. According to Christine Woolf, "the reason for the existence of this perfect world is to reflect the infinite perfection of God. The reason for the existence of shrewd and sensitive living beings such as man is to be able to comprehend and appreciate the perfection of God, which is crystallized in the world of creation. In a book called "Rational Thoughts on the End of Natural Affairs", he states that "the ultimate goal of the world is to find the perfection of God through it ..." (Wolff, 1726, p. 6). In Movlana's view point, perfection is the highest stage of beauty because it somehow includes all stages of beauty, such as goodness and usefulness, proportion and pleasure. 3. Conclusion From Greek philosophy to Baumgarten, we are faced with variety and diversity of many meanings of aesthetics, which can hardly be attributed to a number of semantic variations of aesthetics; furthermore beauty is not subject to fixed rules and regulations. Thus beauty and aesthetics have different dimensions that cover a wide range of superficial (apparent) and deep (spiritual) meanings. In Movlana's view, the whole universe is a manifestation of his existence. God has various manifestations in the world. Movlana considers all the components of creation as a unique manifestation of God. Thus, in Movlana's view, existence is a mirror in which God is constantly manifested. Movlana finds all the components of existence to be full of beauty, and since the origin of all creatures is from God, there is proportion and order in their nature, and in God's creations there are no defects or disproportion. God almighty has created all the living beings in balance and therefore they are all beautiful. Furthermore, Movlana considers proportionality to be equivalent to usefulness, and in no way considers proportionality to mean the observance of numerical and mathematical proportions in the appearance of living beings, thus in his view a living being is beautiful and proportionate when it is useful and effective. A creature which is far removed from its purpose of creation will be just as disproportionate and unattractive. Regarding aesthetics based on pleasure Movlana considers pleasure to be of two kinds: superficial and inner pleasure. He defines pleasure as a pleasant and desirable feeling derived from the meaning of something. Movlana believes that some people are misled by material and physical pleasures which bring about their destruction; he considers pleasures such as the acquisition of superficial sciences and knowledge - which are the result of partial egoism and reasoning and thus devoid of true knowledge - to be phony and unstable, and he considers only deep inner pleasure to be genuine which is the outcome of shrewd evolved mind. Therefore, true pleasure is an inner and intrinsic thing, not an external and superficial thing. And in order to attain true happiness, the man on the way to real pleasure must move in the direction of spiritual life. Concerning aesthetics based on perfection, Movlana considers beauty and attractiveness to be a stage of perfection, and the manifestation of the ultimate perfection and beauty is in God almighty. He considers all the creatures to be beautiful and he believes that each of them is created for a purpose which is beyond the visible beauty, and those beauties lead the man to ultimate beauty which God possesses. According to him, all the enthusiasm and passionate movements of the creatures of the universe are in the attainment of perfection and connection with the ultimate perfection. SoMovlana believes that the perfection of all the creatures is in reaching their real potential and origin and the closer they get to that stage of perfection, the more beautiful they will be and thus they will benefit more from the real perfection.

Beauty is one of the most important concepts that has long been considered and studied in the field of philosophy and mysticism. One of the most prominent literary and mystical texts that can be referred to in order to perceive the truth of beauty is the Masnavi Manavi of Rumi which beholds the most central foundations of aesthetics in the form of the most accurate allegories. In this literary artwork, there are several anecdotes, each of which is a clear example of artistic beauty. In the meantime, the legend of the Zat-al Sovar Castle is one of the most famous stories of this work. In this research, the place of theological and knowledgeable concepts of art and aesthetics within this story is considered and analyzed. Moreover, the mentioned analysis is accomplished via a descriptive and analytical approach and dependent on library sources. The findings of the research indicate that the story of Zat-al Sovar Castle or the fortress of Hoosh Roba is one of the very deep and perplexing stories of the Masnavi that beholds ​​extraordinary and heavenly denotations. The Zat-al Sovar Castle is the world of divine manifestations and the expression of luminous forms and instances in tangible forms. These numerous and beautiful motifs can, on the one hand, veil and hinder the understanding of the truth, and at this stage restrict and halt the seeker from tangible forms and borrowed beauties, and has to power to indicate true beauties and to provide the means of human liberation and salvation. Understanding true beauty is possible only through attaining self-knowledge and perceiving with the inner eye. For man, through the external senses, perceives only the world of sensations, and through the esoteric senses he enters the sea of ​​truths, and it becomes impossible for one who remains within the limits of the external senses to comprehend the truth of belongings. Hence, Rumi emphasizes the aesthetical features and motifs of appearance. Research aims: 1. A study of the theological concepts of art and beauty in the Masnavi Manavi 2. An analysis of the theological concepts of art and beauty in the Story of the “Zat-al Sovar Castle” Research questions: 1. What is the place of theological concepts of art and beauty in Rumi's Masnavi Manavi? 2. What is the effect of the story of “Zat-al Sovar Castle” in conveying the mystical concepts of art and beauty?

New methods have been studied in the past few decades to decrease exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of diesel engines. Using new combustion methods as low-temperature combustion (LTC) strategies and also utilizing new fuels as bio-diesel are beneficial ways to overcome diesel engine issues. This numerical study focused on the effect of split injection strategies as well as swirl ratio (SR) on the biodiesel premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion process and the related emissions. In this regard, KIVA-3V code as a CFD tool has been utilized to analyze the combustion and emission characteristics of the diesel engine. Single and split injection strategies have been executed on biodiesel PCCI combustion and have been compared in order to probe and examine the injection strategies. The results show that in both strategies, advancing the injection timing can lower the combustion emission and improve the engine performance by optimizing the start of injection (SOI) as sweet spot value. Utilizing a high swirl ratio with the split injection strategy has a negative effect on overall combustion, emission, and performance in comparison with the single injection strategy. For multi-injection scheme, SOI = −35 ATDC, SR = 1.1, and for single injection scheme, SOI = −40 ATDC, SR = 1.1 are considered as optimum cases regarding minimum total exhaust emissions and highest performance.

سابقه و هدف: آگاهی‌یافتن فرد از ابتلا به بیماری دیابت می­تواند سبب ایجاد بحران معنوی و احساس تنهایی در وی شود؛ این عوامل خود می­تواند سبب تشدید این بیماری شود. هدف پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثربخشی آموزش ذهن‌آگاهی با رویکرد اسلامی بر بهزیستی معنوی و احساس تنهایی زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو بود. روش کار: این پژوهش به‌شیوۀ نیمه­آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون و گروه کنترل اجرا شد. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش تمامی زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو عضو انجمن حمایت از بیماران دیابتی استان یزد در سال 1398 بودند که از میان آنان 30 زن به‌روش نمونه­گیری مبتنی بر هدف انتخاب؛ و به‌طور تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش (15 نفر) و کنترل (15 نفر) جایگزین شدند. افراد گروه آزمایش در هشت جلسه، برنامۀ آموزش ذهن‌آگاهی را با رویکرد اسلامی دریافت کردند و گروه کنترل در فهرست انتظار قرار گرفت. برای جمع­آوری داده­ها از پرسش‌نامه­های بهزیستی معنوی دهشیری و همکاران و احساس تنهایی دی توماسو و همکاران استفاده شد. داده­ها نیز با روش آماری تحلیل کوواریانس چندمتغیّره تحلیل شد. در این پژوهش همۀ موارد اخلاقی رعایت شده است و مؤلفان مقاله هیچ­گونه تضاد منافعی گزارش نکرده­اند. یافته‌ها: یافته ­ها نشان داد که با کنترل اثر پیش‌آزمون، بین میانگین نمرات مؤلفه­های بهزیستی معنوی (شامل ارتباط با خدا، ارتباط با خود، ارتباط با طبیعت و ارتباط با دیگران) و احساس تنهایی (شامل تنهایی رمانتیک، تنهایی خانوادگی و تنهایی اجتماعی) در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل در مرحلۀ پس‌آزمون، تفاوت معناداری وجود داشت (001/0>P). نتیجه‌گیری: بر اساس یافته‌های به‌دست‌آمده می‌توان گفت آموزش ذهن‌آگاهی با رویکرد اسلامی بر ارتقای بهزیستی معنوی و کاهش احساس تنهایی زنان مبتلا به دیابت نوع دو اثربخش است. استناد مقاله به این صورت است: Foroghian-Yazdi F, Askarizadeh Gh, Pourmohammad-Ghouchani K. Effectiveness of Mindfulness Training with Islamic Approach on Spiritual Well-being and Loneliness in Women with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of Pizhūhish dar dīn va salāmat. 2021;6(4):32-44. https://doi.org/10.22037/jrrh.v6i4.26588

A novel aptasensor based on electrospun carbon nanofiber (ECNF) mat modified with gold naoparticles (AuNPs) and aptamer was developed to detect aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in the milk. The electrospinning and heat treatment technique were firstly used to construct the ECNF mat electrode. Then, this platform was electrodeposited by AuNPs and immobilized with a thiol-modified single stranded DNA (ss-HSDNA). The effect of processing parameters such as concentration of HAuCl4 and ss-HSDNA in the electrolyte, incubation time of aptamer and AFM1, pH and temperature of the electrolyte on the performance of aptasensor was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments in the [Fe(CN)6]-3/-4 solution. The results showed that the optimum concentration of HAuCl4 in the electrolyte was 4mM. An increment in ss-HSDNA aptamer of electrolyte led to improvement of the electrochemical current response. Furthermore, the peak currents of CV enhanced with increasing incubation time of aptamer or AFM1. By increasing temperature of the electrolyte, the CV peak currents increased and then decreased. This trend was also observed in pH of electrolyte.

Identity is one of the most complex concepts in the field of humanities and social sciences; A multifaceted phenomenon that reveals different principles and meanings from dissimilar perspectives. In a general view, identity can be considered as the result of the dialectic of the mental system and social and cultural structure. By adopting an identity view, the history of the report is not merely events, and the historian does not appear to be purely a static and inactive reporter, but the historian and his work have identities that find meaning in the general structure of other identities. National identity has several subsets, the most important of which is the status of language in its various dimensions, attention to national and ancient culture, and reference to ancient national beliefs and convictions. The history of Beyhaqi is one of the valuable historical monuments of the history of Iran in the Islamic period. The study of Iranian identity in this work is a matter for reflection. This research has been done by a descriptive and analytical method based on library data. The findings of the study indicate that although the Ghaznavid era should be considered a period of "weak Iranian identity" and the main reason was the non-Iranian roots of the rulers and the influence of the Baghdad caliphs in Iran, but Beyhaqi, like Ferdowsi, revived other Khorasanis. Persian literature has accomplished great efforts and in the margins of history has expressed the ancient Iranian customs, national ceremonies and Iranian poems and proverbs. During the mention of history, Beyhaqi has quoted verses from poets such as Rudaki, Ansari, Bo Hanifa Scafi, Daqiqi Labibi and a number of unknown poets on various occasions in order to take a step towards preserving and spreading the Persian language and literature and reviving Iranian culture. He has quoted 319 Persian verses and 290 Persian proverbs in the volumes of the history of Beyhaqi, and in contrast, he has used only 128 Arabic verses and 77 Arabic proverbs; moreover, he has also referred to ancient Iranian customs in four cases. Research aims: 1. Examining the relationship between historical and political developments and the category of national identity. 2. Inspecting the fields of confrontation and conflict of Iranians with the phenomenon of intellectual invasion of foreign ethnic groups and the description of Abolfazl Beyhaqi's civil behaviors and cultural struggles. Research questions: 1. What was the process of identity in the history of Beyhaqi? 2. What effect did social currents in the Ghaznavid period have on the national identity of Iranians?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) bacteria are being recognized as true pathogens as they are able to resist methicillin and commonly form biofilms. Recent studies have shown that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising agents against biofilm-associated bacterial infections. In this study, we aimed to explore the antibiofilm activity of melittin, either alone or in combination with vancomycin and rifampin, against biofilm-producing MRSE strains. Minimum biofilm preventive concentration (MBPC), minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC), and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC), as well as fractional biofilm preventive-, inhibitory-, and eradication concentrations (FBPCi, FBICi, and FBECi), were determined for the antimicrobial agents tested. Cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity of melittin at its synergistic concentration were examined on human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293) and Red Blood Cells (RBCs), respectively. The effect of melittin on the downregulation of biofilm-associated genes was explored using Real-Time PCR. MBPC, MBIC, and MBEC values for melittin were in the range of 0.625–20, 0.625–20, and 10–40 μg/μL, respectively. Melittin showed high synergy (FBPCi, FBICi and FBECi < 0.5). The synergism resulted in a 64–512-fold, 2–16 and 2–8-fold reduction in melittin, rifampicin and vancomycin concentrations, respectively. The synergistic melittin concentration found to be effective did not manifest either cytotoxicity on HEK-293 or hemolytic activity on RBCs. Results showed that melittin downregulated the expression of biofilm-associated icaA, aap, and psm genes in all isolates tested, ranging from 0.04-folds to 2.11-folds for icaA and from 0.05 to 3.76-folds for aap and psm. The preventive and therapeutic indexes of melittin were improved 8-fold when combined with vancomycin and rifampin. Based on these findings, the combination of melittin with conventional antibiotics could be proposed for treating or preventing biofilm-associated MRSE infections.