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Abstract The rapid growth of urban populations, particularly in the global south, has led to significant challenges in urban security. Insufficient urban security measures can hinder the achievement of future development goals. This study explores the impact of rapid urbanization in capital cities on social, cultural, and environmental issues. The influx of individuals who are not fully integrated into the city can compromise urban security and increase vulnerability in certain groups and areas. The research aims to investigate urban privacy in relation to urban security, with a specific focus on privacy management in the capital city. The study utilizes an applied approach with a descriptive and analytical methodology. The statistical population consists of 856,565 individuals, with a sample of 383 people selected through simple random sampling. The questionnaire was validated by experts, and the reliability of different sections was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. The findings highlight the influence of factors such as lack of collaboration among security experts, diverse attitudes and political views, and legal and managerial differences on urban privacy vulnerability. Many studies have focused on general urban issues or specific crimes without addressing urban security. Weak regulations, inadequate plans and budgets, and a lack of security equipment are identified as variables affecting the security of the capital city. Managerial, legal, and structural vulnerabilities contribute to insecurity, lawlessness, cultural disparities, and a lack of safety and security in Tehran. The factor with the greatest impact (16.07%) is "coalition between security professionals," while the factor with the smallest impact (6.32%) is "sufficient security for investment and safety in night travel" among the total variables.

Abstract Land use evaluation and capacity assessment for sustainable urban development in Ahvaz city has become crucial due to rapid urban expansion negatively impacting current and future development. Urban population growth and resource demands have led to a decline in environmental quality. Over the past decades, Ahvaz has identified potential areas for future expansion until 2030. This study assesses the city's physical expansion and spatial development patterns, aiming to identify optimistic future development scenarios. Emphasizing balanced and equitable development, the study focuses on suitable areas, environmental preservation, pollution reduction, and mitigating urban hazards . Various factors, including land use, soil type, vegetation density, landform, groundwater level, geology, and distances from railways, industries, roads, hinterland cities, water networks, faults, and the city itself, are considered. Three decision-making methods—logic, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and integrated Fuzzy-AHP—are applied to map urban physical development. Fuzzy logic, AHP models, Expert Choice, Arc GIS software, and a land fit zoning map are used for data analysis. The AHP assesses the factors' relative importance, followed by standardization based on fuzzy set theory. Criteria factors are then combined using AHP and fuzzy logic to generate a land suitability map. The study identifies five zones for Ahvaz's future development—very high, high, medium, low, and very low—based on their physical expansion potential. The third scenario, supported by maps, indicates favorable conditions for future development in the northwest and southwest zones, considering environmental characteristics, infrastructure, and land continuity.

In the border regions of Iran, which include West Azerbaijan province, the interwoven dynamics between development and security present a multifaceted set of challenges. This comprehensive study delves into the intricate relationship between these two critical elements, with a focus on elucidating potential scenarios that impact on development and security alike. Employing a rigorous methodological approach, using advanced data analysis tools and incorporating insights from experts, this research identifies seven pivotal factors that play a crucial role in shaping the sustainable development and security landscape of these border regions. By using the Method for Inserting Knowledge into Decision Support Models (Méthode d’Insertion de Connaissances dans les Modèles d’Aide à la Décision) MicMac software, an in-depth analysis of both direct and indirect variables was conducted to precisely gauge their influence in border security. The outcomes of this extensive analysis provide a solid foundation for the construction of diverse scenarios, thus offering a wide spectrum of potential future trajectories for the region. The examination of these scenarios grants invaluable insights into the intricate nexus between development and security, reinforcing the essential need for a holistic and integrated approach to regional planning. This research effectively underscores the vital imperative of nurturing synergies between security and development for the sustained progress of Iran’s border areas. With a focus on empirical data and informed projections, this study sheds light on the intricate dynamics at play, emphasising the pivotal role of an integrated approach to regional advancement.

Abstract The interplay between urban centers and peri-urban villages plays a pivotal role in rural development, particularly in the economic dimension. Analyzing these relationships and their influence on the progress and prosperity of peri-urban villages, coupled with capacity building, empowerment, and the integration of urban-rural management, is essential to reduce disparities and promote spatial justice, aligning with the sustainable development of rural areas. This study aims to assess the effects of Zanjan city's economic drivers on the livability quality of Do Asb and Payin Kouh, two peri-urban villages situated in Zanjan city. Employing a descriptive-analytical and practical approach, the study's statistical population comprises the aforementioned villages in Zanjan city. A sample of 219 households was selected from among the sample population based on Cochran's formula. Data collection involved both library research and fieldwork, including the use of questionnaires. Descriptive and inferential statistics (multivariate regression) were employed for data analysis, along with descriptive statistics (averages) and geographic information systems to analyze land use changes. The research findings unveiled a robust correlation (0.87) between the quality of life in peri-urban villages and the economic drivers of Zanjan city. This indicates a significant and positive relationship between Zanjan city's economic drivers (independent variable) and the quality of life in peri-urban villages (dependent variable). Among the examined variables, communication flow for purchases, with a coefficient of 0.28, contributed most to the variance analysis of the quality of life in peri-urban villages. In contrast, the investment flow of urban residents in village economic activities and the flow of money exchange had relatively lower coefficients of 0.13 and 0.14, respectively. Thus, the research underscores the considerable impact of Zanjan's economic drivers on enhancing the quality of life in peri-urban villages and highlights the pivotal role of rural-urban links in fostering sustainable rural development.

Tourism has a significant multiplier effect on other socioeconomic sectors, leading to improved infrastructure and public services. Its environmental impact, however, remains a subject of concern and there has been a growing emphasis on increasing the sustainability of tourism attractions. Despite the global importance of sustainability evaluation, there are just a few widely accepted methodologies for evaluating it. The life cycle concept is utilised to assess environmental, economic and social impacts and one critical life cycle tool is social life cycle assessment (S-LCA). Tourism-associated activities are ideally suited for the elaboration of data related to social sustainability due to tourism-specific service specifications. As a result, the main question is how can S-LCA help to ensure the long-term viability of cultural tourism destinations. This paper investigates the theoretical evolution of both S-LCA and cultural tourism in order to answer this question. A new framework S-LCA for sustainable cultural tourist destinations is developed and examined, as are potential application gaps. The hypothesized S-LCA conceptual framework S-LCA can thus play an effective role in accomplishing the principles and objectives of sustainable tourism destination management by bringing all stakeholders’ interests together.

Abstract This study conducts a comprehensive evaluation of air pollution in Tehran, focusing on its origins and potential remedial measures. Data from the Mehrabad station in Tehran were meticulously analyzed to scrutinize the spatiotemporal dynamics over a three-year period. Leveraging the Universal Radio Sound Observation (RAOB) program, we probed atmospheric attributes up to 750 m on specific critical dates: January 22, 2014; January 25, 2015; and November 27, 2016, which represent peak pollution events. Employing mathematical models, we scrutinized air temperature inversion profiles and applied the Heffter method to gauge the impact of atmospheric inversions on Tehran's air quality. Our investigation unequivocally identified January 25, 2015, as the most polluted date, unveiling precise atmospheric conditions during a radiation inversion, encompassing altitudes, temperatures, humidity, wind speed, and inversion depth. This research significantly advances our comprehension of the intricate interplay between atmospheric inversions and air pollution. It provides critical insights that can inform the development of targeted strategies to mitigate air quality issues not only in Tehran but also in analogous urban settings worldwide.

This study explores the major factors affecting the creative tourism market in Iran and their potential to drive national and regional development in the long run. The study employs the MicMac and Scenario Wizard software to identify the variables and their relationships and influence on each other. The study finds that communication infrastructure is a general factor that affects all guest communities, while others are specific to capital attraction from Middle Eastern countries. These include improving political relations with these countries and digital advertising and marketing of Iran’s development. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a new teaching methodology on student performance in mathematics. The methodology involved a combination of interactive lectures, group discussions, and hands-on activities. A quasi-experimental design was used, with one group of students receiving the new methodology and a control group receiving traditional teaching methods. The study was conducted over the course of one semester with pre- and post-tests administered to both groups. The results showed a significant improvement in the performance of the experimental group compared to the control group. The experimental group had a mean post-test score of 87.5, compared to the control group’s mean score of 76.2. The influence graph shows the relationships between the variables and how they influence one another, and the spatial structure of the direct driving forces of creative tourism development in Iran is indicated at a rate of 25%. This research offers insights and recommendations for policymakers, tourism practitioners, and scholars interested in the development of creative tourism in Iran. These findings suggest that the new teaching methodology can be an effective way to improve student performance in mathematics. Further research could explore the impact of this methodology on other subjects and in different settings.

Sprawl is one of the forms of expansion that has entered the literature of urban management and planning in the last half-century. Iranian cities are very good example for city sprawl and they have experienced this kind of expansion in very short period and very fast. This paper aims to identify, describe, and analyze Shiraz scatter and sprawl development and its resulting functional-structure, this research is based on exploratory, descriptive and analytical methods. Data collection in this research is through the secondary data and fieldwork research techniques. Data analysis demands descriptive and inferential statistics (Pearson regression correlation). This study suggests that since 1952 Shiraz city has experienced rapid growth, continuous and non-continuous. The proportion of scatter and sprawl development with respect to Shiraz expansion increased from 22.02 in 1957-1967 to 72.8 in 1977-2007. There are three period the first rapid development between 1957 and 2967 after that 5 years gap and the next period which is longer from 30 years between 1977 and 2007. This turning points is in two specific periods are as the result of some consequences: Conversion of agricultural function as a predominant economic function in neighboring communities, into multi-functional agricultural function with emphasis upon services; of some of the rural settlements into Shiraz; The development of extended spatial, administrative, economic, social and structural changes in residential part of Shiraz. Therefore, socioeconomic activities are the main cause of urban sprawl in Shiraz and made Shiraz the most attractive place for in Fars Province. Population growth with correlation between degree of Shiraz scatter development and number of people engaged to service sector by 0.9 has caused a dramatically decline in agriculture (-0.8) and industry (-0.811) sectors. As result rapid urban population growth rate correlation by (0.127) and urbanization coefficient (0.726) and it shows urban and rural migration very important role on scatter development.

Rent is defined as surplus or non-productive profits that are pursued to create naturally (inherited) or fabricated scarcity from a specific product. The value of the land is about the natural and fabricated drivers influence on finalization of the land price and the value of the consumption and trading of urban lands causes “rent” and the unequal profit from the production of housing. Building violations in the city refer to processes for the building and use of which are not licensed (or licensed) or in conflict with the building permit issued by the city hall. This research paper is about the occurrence of building violations, land/housing rent, and the performance of the city hall in this regard in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011. This research is fundamental and applied research, which has been done by the descriptive-analytical method. Data and information about this research were collected through available documents, reports, and library books, field studies, descriptive statistics, and Pearson Correlation Coefficient were interpreted and analyzed. Based on the findings of this study, out of 8,772 building licenses issued in Sanandaj from 2003 to 2011, 2,886 cases (35.75%) resulted in 6,291 violations per plot of 20,4294 square meters. The results of this study have shown that land rent and housing, a licensing process and sales of building surplus and city hall earnings have a significant effect on the occurrence had a significant impact on the spatial distribution of building violations in Sanandaj city. The most of the issuance of building permits (98.22%), sales of the floor area ratio surplus of a building, and building violations occurred in the district 3 of Sanandaj, which enjoyed higher land rent, housing, and a remarkable proportion of the city hall’s revenue, was also provided.

Effective land use and land cover (LULC) change assessment requires tools to measure past, current, and based on them to create a future scenario. LULC changes are unavoidable in the world, particularly in developing countries. Since LULC are too dynamic and complicated without the identification of appropriate methods and approaches the future perdition will be less accurate. Therefore, the integrated Cellular Automata Markov chain (CA-Markov) model is known as a capable estimator. In this study, LULC changes in Zarriné-Rūd River Basin (ZRB) in Iran was analyzed based on different images and data extracted from satellite data in 1989 and 2019 to create the LULC scenario in 2049. The model was validated using actual and projected to 2019. The overall agreement on two extracted maps was 97.85% in 1989 and 96.55% in 2019. The more detailed analysis of validation of calibration based on the kappa showed the highest data reliability of 0.98 in 1989 and 0.95 in 2019, respectively. According to the transition matrix of probabilities, the most significant changes in the ZRB based on the past scenario (1989–2019) is in rainfed and built up land classes of LULC in 2049. Concurrently, the other classes continue to decline except irrigated agriculture and water bodies. The results obtained showed that the pasture and mountain LULC class had continued to reduce more than other classes. Furthermore, water resources and the amount of the precipitation in past and future are important to spatial and temporal expansion on LULC classes.