Search

The solitary entoproct species, Loxosomella diopatricola is recorded from the Bay of Bengal, southeastern coast of India. The species was found on the eunicid polychaete Diopatra sp. collected from depth of 15 m. Loxosomella diopatricola is a medium-sized species with average body length up to 396 µm, eight tentacles and oval in calyx shape. The Loxosomella diopatricola was first time recorded in India. A list of all Loxosomella species associated with polychaetes is given.

Loxosomella diopatricola Williams, 2000 The species was originally described by Williams (2000) from the shallows of southeast Australia as epibionts of Diopatra sp. Our specimens were collected in Bay of Bengal (Tamilnadu, Southeastern coast of India). Samples were collected from the depth of 15 m. Water temperature was 30��C, salinity range 30 psu, pH 8.1. Numerous loxosomatids were found on the body surface and notopodia of Diopatra sp. Description: Medium-sized species with average body length 396 ��m (from 288 to 565 in measured specimens) (measurements of several specimens are given in Table 1). Calyx length 200 - 369 ��m, usually close 300 ��m. Average calyx width 185��m. Calyx oval in shape, without prominent compression. Calyx bears 8 tentacles faced disto-frontally or distally in contracted state (Figs. 4C, F, G). Stomach large, roundish. Papillae absent. Stalk shorter than calyx, with variable length, average length 116 ��m. In some specimens stalk very short, less than 60 ��m (Figs. 4A, B, D). Foot reduced, but pedal gland persists in adults. Pedal gland large, occupies almost entire width of base of stalk. Reproduction: Only one specimen with buds observed. Two buds originate from latero-frontal budding areas located at mid-stomach level, one bud on each side (Fig. 4C). Both buds young, without developed foot. Many specimens with developing embryos. Up to five embryos can develop in calyx of one specimen (Fig. 4K). Ecology: The loxosomatids were abundant on host���s body surface. Total number of specimens on one polychaete about 550. They attach to anterior part of antennae, palps, mouth region and to parapodia and parapodial gills all over body, except for the ventral surface (Figs. 2A). Gills most populated by loxosomatids, up to 10 specimens on one gill (Fig. 2E). Remarks. The specimens from the Bay of Bengal closely match the original description of Loxosomella diopatricola in general appearance, tentacle number, and stalk base structure, but they have some differences in sizes. Indian specimens are slightly larger than Australian. The body length up to 565 ��m in Indian specimens and up to 450 ��m in Australian specimens. Average calyx length is also bigger in Indian specimens ��� 280 ��m against 230 ��m of females and 200 ��m of males from Australian waters. The stalk of Australian specimens is between one-half and two-thirds that of the calyx, when in Indian specimens it is much more variable in length and can be from 1/5 to 9/10 of the calyx. Williams (2000) mentions that L. diopatricola has only one ovary but we cannot confirm or reject this description for our specimens because the ovaries are not clearly distinguishable. The main difference between Indian and Australian loxosomatids is the structure of the adhesive organ of specimens attached to the gills. Australian specimens attach to gills with expanded attachment disc. Indian specimens attached to the gills lack the attachment disc and have the same attachment structure as specimens from other parts of polychaetes body���the pedal gland at the base of the stalk., Published as part of Bharathidasan, Veeraiyan, Borisanova, Anastasia O., Sarathy, Palanivel Partha & Murugesan, Perumal, 2022, New entoproct-polychaete association recorded in the Bay of Bengal, southeastern coast of India, pp. 482-500 in Zootaxa 5100 (4) on pages 484-485, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5100.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/6224790, {"references":["Williams, J. B. (2000) Descriptions of two loxosomatids (Entoprocta), with emphasis on a relationship between symbiont attachment structures and host cuticle. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78 (1), 110 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / cjz- 78 - 1 - 110"]}

A new solitary species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta), Loxosoma discoides n. sp., is described. The specimens were found in the intertidal level of two locations in the Galician (NW Spain) coast. This new species, with “table-tennis bat” appearance, is characterised by showing large lateral wings in the calyx, which confer the singular aspect. It is the first record of this genus at the coast of the Iberian Peninsula.

Background Entoprocta affinities within Lophotrochozoa remain unclear. In different studies, entoprocts are considered to be related to different groups, including Cycliophora, Bryozoa, Annelida, and Mollusca. The use of modern methods to study the neuroanatomy of Entoprocta should provide new information that may be useful for phylogenetic analysis. Results The anatomy of the nervous system in the colonial Barentsia discreta was studied using immunocytochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The ganglion gives rise to several main nerves: paired lateral, aboral, and arcuate nerves, and three pairs of tentacular cords that branch out into tentacular nerves. The serotonergic nervous system includes paired esophageal perikarya and two large peripheral perikarya, each with a complex net of neurites. Each tentacle is innervated by one abfrontal and two laterofrontal neurite bundles. Sensory cells occur regularly along the abfrontal side of each tentacle. Star-like nerve cells are scattered in the epidermis of the calyx. The stalk is innervated by paired stalk nerves. Conclusions The neuroanatomy of the colonial Barentsia discreta is generally similar to that of solitary entoprocts but differs in the anatomy and ultrastructure of the ganglion, the number of neurite bundles in the calyx, and the distribution of serotonin in the nerve elements. A comparison of the organization of the nervous system in the Entoprocta and Bryozoa reveals many differences in tentacle innervations, which may indicate that these groups may not be closely related. Our results can not support with any certainty the homology of nervous system elements in adult entoprocts and adult “basal mollusks”.

The solitary entoproct Loxosoma axisadversum Konno, 1972 was found on the body surface of the maldanid polychaete Nicomache personata Johnson, 1901 obtained among roots of the seagrass Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino collected at a depth of about 1 m in Oshoro Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. The species had previously been known from elsewhere in northern Japan, attached to another maldanid, Nicomache minor Arwidsson, 1907. The morphology of the new material is briefly described with photographs taken in life. A preliminary phylogenetic analysis using concatenated partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, as well as the nuclear 18S and 28S rRNA genes, placed L. axisadversum as the sister taxon to all the rest of Solitaria included in the analysis, indicating non-monophyly of the genus Loxosoma Keferstein, 1862.

Loxosomella decorata n. sp. Holotype: Specimen found in the tubes of the maldanid polychaete Axiothella rubrocincta (Johnson, 1901) from an intertidal sandy-muddy bottom, False Bay, San Juan Island, WA, USA, July 2007, collected by Dr Tim Wollesen. SEM preparation deposited in The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen: ZMUC-ENT-27. Fig. 1 A,D. Paratypes: SEM preparations are deposited at The Natural History Museum of Denmark: ZMUC-ENT- 28, -29, -30 (Fig. 2 B), -31 (Fig. 2 C). The COI gene of other specimens was partially sequenced and the 710 bp sequence deposited in GenBank (acc. # JQ614997) (Merkel et al. 2012). Etymology: The specific epithet decorata refers to the crenelated latero-posterior edges of the attachment organs of the foot. Description: A medium sized species total length (from the upper edge of the tentacle membrane to the ���heel��� of the foot) up to about 950 ��m. Twelve long tentacles in the adults and ten in the large buds. The width of the tentacle membrane is up to about 400 ��m. The body is widest at the median part of the body, up to about 300 ��m. From there, the body tapers gradually towards the foot; the lateral parts of the body below the stomach are thin ���lateral wings���. The foot is up to about 275 ��m long. It has a conspicuous foot gland, a foot groove with accessory gland cells, and a pair of rounded adhesive organs at the tip (Fig. 2 B). Two cells of different appearance are associated with each adhesive organ, indicating a duo gland system (Hermans 1983). The adhesive organs are thin with scalloped lateroposterior edges. Buds develop from a pair of latero-frontal zones level with the upper wall of the stomach. Up to two buds on each side have been observed. The largest bud had a total length of about 400 ��m; it had ten tentacles. Up to 20 small eggs/embryos, diameter about 50 ��m, have been observed in the atrium (Fig. 2 A). The larvae are clearly of the small, planktotrophic type found for example in L. atkinsae (Fuchs & Wanninger 2008) and L. elegans (Nielsen 1971). Discussion: About 120 species have been referred to the genus Loxosomella s.l. (Nielsen 2010; Varela et al. 2011). There is a wide variation of morphology, but a number of characters distinguish groups of species, which are sometimes treated as genera (Iseto & Hirose 2010). The most important characters are found in the morphology and fate of the differentiated foot of the buds, the defining character of the genus (Iseto & Hirose 2010). The attachment of the buds to the parent can be either with the tip of the foot or with the back side of the body. The foot can persist after attachment or be lost after having secreted the cement attaching the specimen permanently to the substratum (variable in a few species, see (Nielsen 1964; Nielsen & Jespersen 1997)). The foot can have a pointed tip or it can have two or four small attachment organs at the tip, or papillae all the way around the foot; it may also have lateral, wing-like expansions. The number of tentacles seems to be rather constant in species with eight or ten tentacles, but to vary in species with higher numbers of tentacles. However species with 12 tentacles in the adults usually attain a stage with 10���12 tentacles already in the large buds, whereas species with higher numbers of tentacles appear to add new tentacles after settling of the buds. The new species has 12 tentacles in the adult and 10 in the large buds. Its buds are attached to the parent with the tip of the foot, which is retained in the adults. The foot is of a type close to that described from Loxoxomella s.str. (Iseto & Hirose 2010; Nielsen & Jespersen 1997), and it shows a pair of characteristic attachment organs at the tip (Fig. 2 B). The foot lacks lateral wings. Among the previously described species, this combination of characters is found only in two species: L. elegans and L. vancouverensis (Rundell & Leander 2012). L. elegans has a prominent Y-shaped row of large cells on the posterior side if the body lacking in the new species and both species lack the characteristic scalloped lateroposterior edges of the attachment organs., Published as part of Nielsen, Claus, 2017, Loxosomella decorata n. sp., a new solitary entoproct from San Juan Island, WA, USA, pp. 594-596 in Zootaxa 4238 (4) on pages 594-596, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4238.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/375522, {"references":["Merkel, J., Wollesen, T., Lieb, B. & Wanninger, A. (2012) Spiral cleavage and early embryology of a loxosomatid entoproct and the usefulness of spiralian apical cross patterns for phylogenetic inferences .. BMC Developmental Biology, 12, 11. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / 1471 - 213 X- 12 - 11","Hermans, C. O. (1983) The duo-gland adhesive system. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 21, 283 - 339.","Fuchs, J. & Wanninger, A. (2008) Reconstruction of the neuromuscular system of the swimming-type larva of Loxosomella atkinsae (Entoprocta) as inferred by fluorescence labelling and confocal microscopy. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 8, 325 - 335. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ode. 2008.05.002","Nielsen, C. (1971) Entoproct life-cycles and the entoproct / ectoproct relationship. Ophelia, 9, 209 - 341. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00785326.1971.10430095","Nielsen, C. (2010) A review of the taxa of solitary entoprocts (Loxosomatidae). Zootaxa, 2395, 45 - 56.","Varela, C., Tierno de Figueroa, J. M. & Sanchez-Tocino, L. (2011) A new species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta) from the Atlantic Ocean: Loxosomella cubana n. sp. Zootaxa, 3051, 57 - 61.","Iseto, T. & Hirose, E. (2010) Comparative morphology of the foot structure of four genera of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta): Implications for foot functions and taxonomy. Journal of Morphology, 271, 1185 - 1196. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / jmor. 10863","Nielsen, C. (1964) Studies on Danish Entoprocta. Ophelia, 1, 1 - 76.","Nielsen, C. & Jespersen, A. (1997) Entoprocta. In: Harrison, F. W. (Ed.), Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates. Fol. 13. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp. 13 - 43.","Rundell, R. J. & Leander, B. S. (2012) Description and phylogenetic position of the first sand-dwelling entoproct from the western coast of North America: Loxosomella vancouverensis sp. nov. Marine Biology Research, 8, 284 - 291. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 17451000.2011.619545"]}

Several species of solitary entoprocts of the genera Loxosoma and Loxosomella occur on maldanid polychaetes or in their tubes (Nielsen 1964). New species turn up almost every time maldanids from new localities are studied, and the species described below has been the subject of a study of spiral cleavage (Merkel et al. 2012). This paper describes a new species of Loxosomella from tubes of the maldanid polychaete Axiothella rubrocincta (Johnson, 1901) from False Bay, San Juan Island, WA, USA.

Borisanova, Anastasia O., Potanina, Darya M. (2016): A new species of Coriella, Coriella chernyshevi n. sp. (Entoprocta, Barentsiidae), with comments on the genera Coriella and Pedicellinopsis. Zootaxa 4184 (2): 376-382, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4184.2.9

Pedicellinopsis fruticosa Hincks, 1884. Pedicellinopsis fruticosa Hincks, 1884: 363 ���365, pl. 14; MacGillivray, 1887: 221; Harmer, 1915: 25 ���26; Johnston & Walker, 1917: 62; Wasson, 2002: 13 ���15, fig. 11 Ascopodaria fruticosa ��� Busk, 1886: 42 ���44, pl. 9; Whitelegge, 1889: 293 Type material not located. Habitat: substratum not known. Distribution: Western and South Australia and Tasmania, 84��� 274 m., Published as part of Borisanova, Anastasia O. & Potanina, Darya M., 2016, A new species of Coriella, Coriella chernyshevi n. sp. (Entoprocta, Barentsiidae), with comments on the genera Coriella and Pedicellinopsis, pp. 376-382 in Zootaxa 4184 (2) on page 380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/164796, {"references":["Hincks, T. (1884) Contributions towards a General History of the Marine Polyzoa. XIII. Polyzoa from Victoria and Western Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 13 (5), 363 - 365.","MacGillivray, P. H. (1887) A catalogue of the marine Polyzoa of Victoria. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, 23, 187 - 224.","Harmer, S. F. (1915) The Polyzoa of the Siboga Expedition, Part I: Entoprocta, Ctenostomata and Cyclostomata. Siboga Expeditie, 28 a, 1 - 180. [pls 1 - 12]","Johnston, T. H. & Walker, M. J. (1917) A new species of Pedicellina from Sydney Harbour. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 29, 60 - 63.","Wasson, K. (2002) A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 126, 1 - 20.","Busk, G. (1886) Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-the Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Pedicellinea. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger (Zoology), 17, 1 - 47.","Whitelegge, T. (1889) List of the marine and fresh-water invertebrate fauna of Port Jackson and the neighbourhood. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, 23, 163 - 323."]}

Genus Coriella Kluge, 1946 Type species: Coriella stolonata Kluge, 1946 The stem of the colony is represented by a bunch of several closely adjoined stolons. Sterile stolons can lie around fertile stolons of the stem. The stem branches as a result of divergence of stolons in a bunch. Colony attaches to a substratum by numerous sterile stolons., Published as part of Borisanova, Anastasia O. & Potanina, Darya M., 2016, A new species of Coriella, Coriella chernyshevi n. sp. (Entoprocta, Barentsiidae), with comments on the genera Coriella and Pedicellinopsis, pp. 376-382 in Zootaxa 4184 (2) on page 380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/164796, {"references":["Kluge, H. A. (1946) Kamptozoa from the Arctic Ocean. In: Buinitski, V. K. (Ed.), Report of the Expedition to Drifting Ice in the Central Arctic Ocean in the Ice-breaking Steamer G. Sedov, 1937 - 1940. Vol. 3. pp. 149 - 157. [In Russian]"]}

Coriella stolonata Kluge, 1946: 155, table 1 Type material: ZIN 1/50642 Habitat: substratum not known. Distribution: Arctic Ocean, to the North of the New Siberian Islands (7716' N 14324 ' E), 45 m., Published as part of Borisanova, Anastasia O. & Potanina, Darya M., 2016, A new species of Coriella, Coriella chernyshevi n. sp. (Entoprocta, Barentsiidae), with comments on the genera Coriella and Pedicellinopsis, pp. 376-382 in Zootaxa 4184 (2) on page 380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/164796, {"references":["Kluge, H. A. (1946) Kamptozoa from the Arctic Ocean. In: Buinitski, V. K. (Ed.), Report of the Expedition to Drifting Ice in the Central Arctic Ocean in the Ice-breaking Steamer G. Sedov, 1937 - 1940. Vol. 3. pp. 149 - 157. [In Russian]"]}

Coriella chernyshevi n. sp. (Figs. 1, 2) Material examined. Holotype: ZMMU № UK-13 (fragment of colony, 6 mm in length, with 12 zooids and several buds), RV ��� Akademik Oparin, Sea of Okhotsk, near the Iturup Island, western Pacific, 4502'7'' N, 14700'6'' E, depth 305���624 m, coll. 10 July 2011 by A.V. Chernyshev. Paratype: ZMMU № UK-14 (fragment of colony, 8 mm in length, with 18 zooids), RV ��� Akademik Oparin, Sea of Okhotsk, near the Iturup Island, western Pacific, 4502'7'' N, 14700'6'' E, depth 305���624 m, coll. 10 July 2011 by A.V. Chernyshev. Description. Two fragments of colonies were investigated. One of the fragments was 3 cm in length (a part of this fragment, 6 mm in length, was provided to ZMMU as holotype), and the other was 1.8 cm in length (a part of this fragment, 8 mm in length, was provided to ZMMU as paratype). Zooids departed from closely adjoined stolons that formed a central stem. The stem of the holotype colony is formed of six adjoining stolons (Fig. 1 A). The stolons are lying straight, almost parallel to each other. The diameter of the stem is 0.5���0.6 mm, and the thickness of each separate stolon is 0.17���0.18 mm. The stem of the paratype colony is formed by up to 12 stolons (the diameter of the stem is about 1 mm). The inner stolons are straight and fertile, whereas the peripherical stolons are curved and do not give rise to zooids (Fig. 1 B). The colonies branch out. At the branching area the stolons of the stem disjoin and form two thinner stems (Fig. 2 A, 2B). All stolons of the stem in both fragments have a thick cuticle, which gives them a considerable rigidity. Stolons with zooids are not subdivided into fertile and sterile zones. Cuticular septa divide stolons only on fertile zones, from which zooids depart. The distance between zooids is relatively constant (about 1.8 mm). All zooids of each fertile stolon in the stem sprout at the same angle. As stolons in a stem are arranged in a circle, zooids are situated all around a stem within a colony. New zooids form at the tip of stolons. Buds and juvenile zooids are adjacent, with no septa between them. Zooids are 5.4���7.3 mm in length (Table 1). Each zooid consists of a calyx and a stalk; the stalk is subdivided into a peduncle and a muscular base (Figs. 1 C, 2C). The calyx is slightly laterally compressed and asymmetric (more gibbose on the aboral side). The calyx length is 0.95���1.2 mm and the calyx width is 0.8���1 mm (Table 1). The upper part of the calyx is twice as wide as the lower part. The calyx bears 32���34 thin, long (0.8���0.9 mm) tentacles. The stomach is roundish. The calyx is separated from the stalk by a cuticular septum. Under the septum, the stalk is not covered by a thick cuticle and forms a small expansion, where several spikes are placed. Spikes are organized into two or three circles with 2���3 spikes per circle (Fig. 2 D). The length of a spike in the top circle is 110���130 ��m, and in the lower circle is 50���60 ��m. The stalk length is 4.4���6.1 mm (Table 1). The overall calyx length/stalk length ratio is 4.89 (Table 1). The peduncle length is 2.9���4 mm (Table 1), and the peduncle width is 0.115���0.12 mm. Numerous pore complexes slightly project above the surface of a peduncle and occupy about 30���40% of the peduncle���s surface (Fig. 2 E). The peduncle is separated from the muscular base by a well-pronounced septum, through which cells of the body cavity pass into the muscular base (Fig. 2 F). The muscular base length is 1.6���2.1 mm (Table 1), and the muscular base width is 0.45���0.48 mm. The overall peduncle length/muscle base length ratio is 1.86 (Table 1). Etymology. Named after Alexey Viktorovich Chernyshev, a leading researcher at the A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, who collected the entoproct samples and kindly transferred them to the authors for this study. Remarks. The only species of Coriella described prior to this study is Coriella stolonata Kluge, 1946, found in the Arctic Ocean at a depth of 45 m. Coriella stolonata is similar to C. chernyshevi in terms of stem structure formed by several adjoining stolons, and in zooid organization, with one muscular base and a peduncle with numerous pore complexes. However, zooids of C. stolonata are smaller (length up to 3.4 mm, whereas in C. chernyshevi they can reach 7 mm), and have fewer tentacles (22���24 in C. stolonata and 32���34 in C. chernyshevi). Coriella stolonata lacks spikes on the tip of the stalk when C. chernyshevi stalk bears several circles of spikes under the septum between stalk and calyx. In C. chernyshevi, the stem is thick and consists of 6 or 12 stolons when the stem of C. stolonata consists of 3-4 stolons. The stolons of C. stolonata are branched, and young zooids are present along the entire length of the stem, whereas in C. chernyshevi, stolons do not usually branch, and buds form only on the top growing end of a colony. Holotype and paratype colonies of C. chernyshevi differ from each other by number of stolons (six stolons in the stem of holotype and 12 in stolons in the stem of paratype) and by stem thickness (about 0.5���0.6 mm in holotype and about 1 mm in paratype), and also by presence of sterile stolons in the paratype colony. These differences in stem structure can be accounted for by differences in the age of the fragments taken from different parts of colonies. The holotype colony with the thin stem without sterile stolons was probably taken from the top part of a colony at its growing edge. The paratype fragment with a more complex stem structure was likely taken closer to the base of the colony. Thickening of the stem by sterile stolons at the base of the colony during growth arises from the need to support the vertically expanding colony. The fragment with the sterile stolons is small enough so it remains unclear how these sterile stolons originate; however, we propose that these are most probably the result of branching of stolons at the base of a colony. Hincks (1884) described another genus of Barentsiidae, Pedicellinopsis, with a colony structure similar to that of Coriella. Pedicellinopsis includes one species, P. fruticosa, found in the coastal waters of South and Western Australia (Hincks, 1884; Wasson, 2002). Pedicellinopsis fruticosa forms large colonies (up to 30 cm in length), with zooids spiraled around a rigid central stem. The zooids of P. fruticosa are similar to the zooids of Coriella, with a muscular base and a peduncle without additional muscular nodes. The peduncle of both Pedicellinopsis and Coriella is decorated by rows of numerous pores. However, the structure of the upper part of the stalk differs between genera. In P. fruticosa, a large cuticular spine extends past the stalk-calyx junction. Coriella does not have such a spine. Coriella chernyshevi bears several circles of spikes under the stalk-calyx junction. Coriella stolonata does not bear neither spines nor spikes. Pedicellinopsis zooids are up to 6 mm in length and the calyx bears about 20 tentacles (Hincks, 1884; Wasson, 2002). Coriella chernyshevi zooids are larger (up to 7.3 mm) and have more tentacles (32���34) than Pedicellinopsis, whereas C. stolonata zooids are smaller (about 3.4 mm) and with almost the same number of tentacles as in P. fruticosa (22���24 tentacles). A rigid stem is a unique feature of Pedicellinopsis and Coriella that distinguishes them from all other entoproct colonial genera. Emergence of a tough central stem allows colonies of Coriella and Pedicellinopsis to shift from the creeping colonies typical for other barentsiids, to the bushy colonies rising upright over a substratum (Busk 1886, Wasson 2002). The stem structure of Pedicellinopsis and Coriella differs from each other. The stem of Pedicellinopsis is formed by a single thick hard tube, whereas the stem of Coriella consists of several adjoined stolons. The inner structure of the stem of Pedicellinopsis has not been described in detail, and it remains unclear how it is formed. However, we can assume that it is the result of accretion of separate stolons. Such a scenario is supported by the fact that the base of Pedicellinopsis colonies consists of a large number of free thin stolons, which serve for attachment to a substratum (Hincks, 1884; Wasson, 2002). Wasson (2002) noted that free stolons can line up the stem of P. fruticosa, intertwining with it. These free stolons resemble peripherical sterile stolons of the stem of Coriella chernyshevi. Based on the similarity in zooids structure, general structure of the colonies, the presence of the stem and free stolons around the stem and at the base of the colony, we suggest a close relationship between the Coriella and Pedicellinopsis genera, which probably would form a single clade, with a central stem as a shared characteristic. An overview of the Coriella and Pedicellinopsis species is given below., Published as part of Borisanova, Anastasia O. & Potanina, Darya M., 2016, A new species of Coriella, Coriella chernyshevi n. sp. (Entoprocta, Barentsiidae), with comments on the genera Coriella and Pedicellinopsis, pp. 376-382 in Zootaxa 4184 (2) on pages 377-380, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4184.2.9, http://zenodo.org/record/164796, {"references":["Kluge, H. A. (1946) Kamptozoa from the Arctic Ocean. In: Buinitski, V. K. (Ed.), Report of the Expedition to Drifting Ice in the Central Arctic Ocean in the Ice-breaking Steamer G. Sedov, 1937 - 1940. Vol. 3. pp. 149 - 157. [In Russian]","Hincks, T. (1884) Contributions towards a General History of the Marine Polyzoa. XIII. Polyzoa from Victoria and Western Australia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 13 (5), 363 - 365.","Wasson, K. (2002) A review of the invertebrate phylum Kamptozoa (Entoprocta) and synopsis of kamptozoan diversity in Australia and New Zealand. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, 126, 1 - 20.","Busk, G. (1886) Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Part II-the Cyclostomata, Ctenostomata, and Pedicellinea. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger (Zoology), 17, 1 - 47."]}

Loxosomella unicornis sp. nov. (Figs 2, 3) Material examined. Holotype: ZMMU No. Uk- 5 (an adult), from Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea (66 ° 34 ' N, 33 °08' E), 24 m, 26 June 2013, on the bryozoan Cribrilina sp. living as an epibiont on a shell of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758. Paratypes: ZMMU No. Uk- 6 (7 paratypes, all adults), from the same locality as holotype. Additional material examined: the same locality, 5 m, 27 August 1983, on the bryozoan Electra sp., 20 adult specimens. Etymology. Greek unicornis, horn, alluding to the horn-shaped appendage on the top part of the calyx. Diagnosis. Adults: Medium-sized species, total length of body from end of foot to base of tentacles 300–350 µm (up to 650 µm) (Table 2). Calyx length 130–215 µm, width 120–230 µm. Calyx compressed in anteroposterior axis, about twice as wide as thick. Stalk length varies from 90 to 320 µm, stalk width about 70–105 µm. There is pair of thin, transparent lateral wings on sides of calyx making it rounded in frontal view. Calyx with 8 rather short tentacles, directed forward; 2 pigmented semicircular strips located on lateral margins around tentacle crown. Top part of back side of calyx above tentacle ring bearing a conspicuous horn-shaped appendage about 50–60 µm in length. Two pairs of ciliated lateral papillae are located on each side of calyx. Stomach about twice as wide as high, with lateral lobes. Stalk with prominent longitudinal muscles. Foot reduced. Reproduction: Buds emerge from paired laterofrontal areas at lower level of stomach, one bud on each side. Some specimens have 1–2 developing larvae in brood chamber. Larva with well-developed frontal and apical organs, prototroch diameter about 85 µm and episphere height about 110 µm. Specimen 1 2 3 4 5 6 * * Total length 296 250 289 370 398 355 377 515 Loxosomella unicornis sp. nov. differs from all described loxosomatid species in having a large horn-shaped appendage on top of the calyx. It is known that some loxosomatids have conspicuous appendages on their calyces (Table 3), but these appendages in the other species are thinner and longer, and have different locations, than in L. unicornis. Some individuals of L. vivipara Nielsen, 1966 bear an enigmatic organ on the back side of the calyx, above the anus, in the same position as the horn-shaped appendage in L. unicornis. However, there are structural differences between these organs in the two species—in L. vivipara the enigmatic organ consists of a ring of cells radiating from an opening that leads into a hollow, ball-shaped structure whilst in L. unicornis the appendage is solid and lacks an opening. Another remarkable feature of L. unicornis is the presence of two pigmented semicircular strips around the tentacle crown. A very similar structure was recorded in L. ameliae Sánchez-Tocino & Tierno-de-Figueroa, 2009. There is a field of well-marked gland cells along the base of the tentacle crown, but this species lacks the horn-like structure on top of the calyx, and additionally differs in tentacle number (10–12), foot structure (having a foot groove and glandular cells) and body size (520–820 µm). Loxosomella unicornis sp. nov. appears to be an epibiont of bryozoans. Indeed, most Loxosomella species are epibionts of different invertebrate animals such as polychaetes, bryozoans and sponges. Individual species of Loxosomella are usually associated with only one type of host animal (Nielsen 1964). About 20 loxosomatid species have been found associated with bryozoans. Five of them are similar to L. unicornis in having lateral compressions (wings) on the calyx and a similar number of tentacles, viz L. nordgaardi Ryland, 1961, L. marisalbi Bagrov & Slyusarev, 2002 and three species of uncertain position that were described as Loxosoma but which probably belong to Loxosomella species: L. cingulata Kluge, 1946, L. loricatum Harmer, 1915 and L. rotunda Kluge, 1946. All of these species differ from L. unicornis in different respects. L. nordgaardi lacks lateral papillae; L. marisalbi has a calyx with three pairs of sensitive receptors; and Loxosoma cingulata lacks stomach lobes and bears 8–10 glandular cells along lateral wings; L. loricatum differs in size (its total length is up to 210 µm) and stomach shape (without lobes) and has only one pair of papillae; L. rotunda is very small (total length about 270 µm) with a very short stalk and no lateral papillae.

Borisanova, Anastasiya O., Krylova, Elena M. (2014): A new species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta, Solitaria) from the White Sea: Loxosomella unicornis sp. nov. Zootaxa 3861 (3): 290-296, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3861.3.6

THE MYOSOMA GENUS–GROUP Within the tribe Braconini the Myosoma genus-group is distinguished by the following features: 1.) First tergite very long and narrow, two to five times as long as broad behind (Fig. 83 in QUICKE 1997: 172; Figs 29, 46, 56) 2.) Second tergite considerably transverse, i.e. 3.3–4 times as broad behind as long medially, laterally narrowing (Figs 37, 46, 65, 81, 91, 97). 3.) Second submarginal cell long, i.e. 3–SR at least 1.5–1.6 times, frequently more than twice, longer than 2–SR (Figs 26, 34, 42, 53, 62, 71, 79, 89, 95). The genus-group comprises three genera: Amyosoma VIERECK, Myosoma BRULLÉ and Mysomatoides QUICKE. The three genera and the species of Myosoma and Myosomatoides are separated by the features keyed: 1 (4) Second tergite with a distinct mid-longitudinal ridge (Fig. 4 in QUICKE 1994: 229). Hind femur and tibia flattened (Fig. 3 in QUICKE l.c.; Fig. 94). The two Myosomatoides species are keyed after QUICKE (1994: 230) Myosomatoides QUICKE, 1994 2 (3) Wings uniformly brown. (= myersi QUICKE, 1994 syn. n., = pennipes MYERS, 1931) M. fasciatus (BRULLÉ, 1846) 3 (2) Wings largely hyaline with apical third of the forewing brown (Fig. 1 in QUICKE l.c.) M. pennipes (WESTWOOD, 1882) 4 (1) Second tergite without ridge. Hind femur and tibia not flattened (Figs 24, 32, 40, 51, 60, 69, 77, 87). 5 (6) Hind femur and tibia with short hairs as usually in Braconinae (Fig. 32). Vein 1r–m of hind wing weakly bent (Figs 36, 45) to almost straight (Fig. 44). See the key to the six species of the genus Amyosoma in VAN ACHTERBERG & POLASZEK (1996: 21). The seventh species, A. cavei sp. n., runs to A. rufescens (QUICKE et INGRAM, 1993) with the help of this key, the distinction of these two species is presented at M. (A.) cavei sp. n. Amyosoma VIERECK, 1913 6 (5) Hind femur and hind tibia with long hairs (Figs 24, 51, 69, 87). Vein 1r–m of hind wing distinctly bent (Figs 64, 73) Myosoma BRULLÉ, 1846 7 (10) Fore wing: Second submarginal cell relatively short, i.e. 3–SR 1.5–1.6 times longer than 2–SR; SR1 1.5–1.7 times longer than 3–SR (Figs 79, 89). Temple in dorsal view strongly rounded to receded (Figs 75, 82, 85). 8 (9) First tergite twice longer than broad behind, scutum clearly broadening posteriorly (Fig. 91). Head in dorsal view relatively more transverse, 1.7 times as broad as long, temple strongly rounded (Fig. 85). Vein SR1 of fore wing approaching tip of wing (Fig. 89). ♀: 6 mm. – Brazil M. rubriventre BRULLÉ, 1846 9 (8) First tergite five times as long as broad behind, scutum less broadening posteriorly (Fig. 81). Head in dorsal view relatively less transverse, 1.6 times as broad as long, temple receded (Figs 75, 82). Vein SR1 of fore wing reaching tip of wing (Fig. 79). ♀: 8–8.5 mm. – Colombia M. lagopus (KRIECHBAUMER, 1900) 10 (7) Fore wing: Second submarginal cell relatively long, i.e. 3–SR 1.8–2 times longer than 2–SR; SR1 1.1–1.3 times longer than 3–SR (Figs 26, 53, 62, 71). Temple in dorsal view rounded to less rounded (Figs 22, 49, 58, 67). 11 (14) Second submarginal cell very long, 3–SR 2.4–2.6 times as long as 2–SR (Figs 26, 53). Head in dorsal view a bit more transverse, 1.7 times as broad as long (Figs 22, 49) 12 (13) Eye in dorsal view slightly less protruding and 1.5 times as long as temple (Figs 38–39). Hind femur less thick, 3.8 times as long as broad medially (Fig. 40). Metasoma black, second tergite laterally reddish. Fore wing brown fumous, distally (beyond pterostigma) subhyaline. ♀: 8 mm. – Bolivia M. brullei SZÉPLIGETI, 1906 13 (12) Eye in dorsal view slightly more protruding and 1.6 times as long as temple (Fig. 49). Hind femur thick. 2.9 times as long as broad medially (Fig. 51). Metasoma testaceous, tergites 6–8 black. Fore wing brown fumous, basally subhyaline. ♀: 10 mm. – Brazil M. errans (SZÉPLIGETI, 1902) 14 (11) Second submarginal cell long, 3–SR 1.8–1.9 times as long 2–SR (Figs 62, 71). Head in dorsal view a bit less transverse (Figs 58, 67). 15 (16) Basal lobe of claw deep (Fig. 70). Eye in dorsal view 1.7 times longer than temple (Fig. 67). Scape in outer-lateral view longer than broad apically (Fig. 66). Metasoma reddish. ♀: 8.5 mm. – Ecuador M. hirtipes BRULLÉ, 1846 16 (15) Basal lobe of claw less deep (Fig 61). Eye in dorsal view 1.4 times longer than temple (Fig. 58). Scape in outer-lateral view cubic-form, i.e. as long as broad apically (cf. Fig. 48). Metasoma testaceous, apically black. ♀: 9 mm. – Brazil, Belize M. fuscipenne BRULLÉ, 1846 Taxonomic remarks – 1.) The genera Amyosoma VIERECK, 1913 and Myosoma BRULLÉ, 1846 were considered as two valid taxa, however, recently QUICKE & INGRAM (1993: 317) and BELSHAW et al. (2001: 423) formally considered them congeneric. However, the genus Amyosoma is a valid genus accepting VAN ACHTERBERG & POLASZEK’ s (1996: 20) point of view on the distinction of the two genera in question. 2.) Ichneumon mutator FABRICIUS, 1775 was rearranged by BRULLÉ (1846: 453) into the genus Myosoma; recently QUICKE & INGRAM designated it as the type species of their new genus Poecilobraconoides QUICKE et INGRAM, 1993. Furthermore, the species Iphiaulax bipartitus SZÉPLIGETI, 1905 is conspecific with P. mutator (FABRICIUS) (QUICKE 1991: 175) distributed in Australia. 3.) The sixth species of the genus Myosoma, M. luteum, described by SZÉPLIGETI in 1913 was placed in the genus Cratocnema SZÉPLIGETI, 1914 (QUICKE 1991: 184, PAPP 2000: 155). Concerning the new combination (Cratocnema lutea) QUICKE (l.c.) pointed out: “Very aberrant species of Cratocnema...” As a result of the examination of the female lectotype of Myosoma luteum I confirm QUICKE’ s statement with the supplementary comment that it does not represent the genus Cratocnema but, perhaps, it belongs to an undescribed genus. 4.) The present taxonomic status of the Myosoma species by CAMERON see the checklist in Appendix., Published as part of Papp, J., 2012, A Taxonomic Study Of The Myosoma Genus-Group With Description Of Amyosoma Cavei Sp. N. From Honduras (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae: Braconini), pp. 1-29 in Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58 (1) on pages 6-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5732026, {"references":["QUICKE, D. L. J. (1994) Myosomatoides gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Neotropical larval parasitoid of stem-borer pests, Diatraea (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 3: 227 - 231.","MYERS, J. G. (1931) Descriptions and records of parasitic Hymenoptera from British Guiana and the West Indies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 22: 267 - 277.","BRULLE, A. (1846) Hymenopteres. In: LEPELETIER DE, A. L. M., FURGEAU, ST. suites a BUFFON: Histoire naturelle des Insectes, Roret Paris, 4: 689 pp. (Myosoma: pp. 450 - 454.)","WESTWOOD, J. O. (1882) Descriptions of new or imperfectly known species of Ichneumones adsciti. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 25: 17 - 48.","QUICKE, D. L. J. & INGRAM, S. N. (1993) Braconine wasps of Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33 (1): 299 - 336.","VIERECK, H. L. (1913) Descriptions of six new genera and twelve new species of Ichneumon-flies. Proceedings of the Unites States National Museum 44: 639 - 648.","KRIECHBAUMER, J. (1900) Von Ihrer Konigl. Hoheit der Prinzessin Therese von Bayerns auf einer Reise in Sudamerika gesammelten Insekten (Fortsetzung). I. Hymenopteren. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 45: 97 - 107.","SZEPLIGETI, GY. (1906) Braconiden aus der Sammlung des Ungarischen National-Museums. I. Theil. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 4: 547 - 618.","SZEPLIGETI, GY. (1902) Tropische Cenocoelioniden und Braconiden aus der Sammlung des Ungarischen National-Museums. II. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek 25: 39 - 84.","BELSHAW, R., LOPEZ - VAAMONDE, C., DEGERLI, N. & QUICKE, D. L. J. (2001) Paraphyletic taxa and taxonomic chaining: evaluating the classification of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using 28 S D 2 - 3 rDNA sequences and morphological characters. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 73: 411 - 424.","QUICKE, D. L. J. (1991) The non-European Braconinae types of Szepligeti housed in Budapest (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 83: 169 - 186.","PAPP, J. (2000) Cratocnema juxtacasum sp. n. from Malgasy (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Braconinae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 61: 149 - 156."]}

Papp, J. (2012): A Taxonomic Study Of The Myosoma Genus-Group With Description Of Amyosoma Cavei Sp. N. From Honduras (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Braconinae: Braconini). Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58 (1): 1-29, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5732026, {"references":["ACHTERBERG, C. VAN. (1993) Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 283: 1-189.","ACHTERBERG, C. VAN & O'TOOLE, C. (1993) Annotated catalogue of the types of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) in the Oxford University Museum. Zoologische Verhandelingen 287: 1-48.","ACHTERBERG, C. VAN & POLASZEK, A. (1996) The parasites of cereal stem borers (Lepidoptera: Cossidae, Crambidae, Noctuidae, Pyralidae) in Africa, belonging to the family Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden 304: 1-123.","BALTAZAR, C. R. (1972) Reclassification of some Indo-Australian and African Braconinae and Rogadinae (Braconidae, Hymenoptera). Philippine Journal of Science 98 (1969): 259-277.","BELSHAW, R., LOPEZ-VAAMONDE, C., DEGERLI, N. & QUICKE, D. L. J. (2001) Paraphyletic taxa and taxonomic chaining: evaluating the classification of braconine wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) using 28S D2-3 rDNA sequences and morphological characters. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 73: 411-424.","BRAET, Y. (2006) Coup d'oeil sur la biodiversite des Braconidae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonoidea) de Guyane francaise et classification de certaines especes decrites par Brulle. Bulletin S. R. B. E. / K. B. V. E. 142: 21-38.","BRULLE, A. (1846) Hymenopteres. In: LEPELETIER DE, A. L. M., FURGEAU, ST. suites a BUFFON: Histoire naturelle des Insectes, Roret Paris, 4: 689 pp. (Myosoma: pp. 450-454.)","CAMERON, P. (1900) Hymenoptera (Families Tenthredinidae-Chrysididae). Biologia centralis-americana 1(1887): 312-419.","CAMERON, P. (1902) On the Hymenoptera collected by Mr. Robert Shelford at Sarawak, and on the Hymenoptera of the Sarawak Museum. Journal of the Straits Branch of Royal Asiatic Society (Singapore) 37: 19-131 (Myososma species: pp. 37-40.","EADY, R. D. (1968) Some illustrations in the Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society in London (A) 43: 66-72.","HARIS, R. A. (1979) A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology 28: 1-31.","KRIECHBAUMER, J. (1900) Von Ihrer Konigl. Hoheit der Prinzessin Therese von Bayerns auf einer Reise in Sudamerika gesammelten Insekten (Fortsetzung). I. Hymenopteren. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 45: 97-107.","MAETO, K. (1992) Japanese species of the Myosoma generic group (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Japanese Journal of Entomology 60(4): 714.","MASON, W. R. M. (1978) A synopsis of the Nearctic Braconini, with revisions of Nearctic species of Coeloides and Myosoma (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The Canadian Entomologist 110: 721-768.","MYERS, J. G. (1931) Descriptions and records of parasitic Hymenoptera from British Guiana and the West Indies. Bulletin of Entomological Research 22: 267-277.","PAPP, J. (2000) Cratocnema juxtacasum sp. n. from Malgasy (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Braconinae). Folia Entomologica Hungarica 61: 149-156.","QUICKE, D. L. J. (1986) Seven new genera and species of Braconinae (Hym., Braconidae) from Australasia and Indonesia. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 122: 9-30.","QUICKE, D. L. J. (1991) The non-European Braconinae types of Szepligeti housed in Budapest (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 83: 169-186.","QUICKE, D. L. J. (1994) Myosomatoides gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Neotropical larval parasitoid of stem-borer pests, Diatraea (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 3: 227-231.","QUICKE, D. L. J. & INGRAM, S. N. (1993) Braconine wasps of Australia. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 33(1): 299-336.","QUICKE, D. L. J. & SHARKEY, M. J. (1989) A key to and notes on the genera of Braconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from America North of Mexico with descriptions of two new genera and three new species. The Canadian Entomologist 121: 337-361.","QUICKE, D. L. J. & WHARTON, R. A. (1989) Myosoma nyanzaensis sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitic on the stem-borer pest Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Kenya. Bulletin of Entomological Research 79: 1-5.","SCHULZ, W. A. (1903) Kritische Bemerkungen zur Hymenopteren-Fauna des nordwestlichen Sudamerika. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 253-262.","SHENEFELT, R. D. (1978) Braconidae 10: Braconinae, Gnathobraconinae, Mesostoinae, Pseudodicrogeniinae, Telengainae, Ypsistocerinae, plus Braconidae in general, major groups, unplaced genera and species. In: VECHT, VAN DER J. & SHENEFELT, R. D. (eds): Hymenoptera Catalogus (nova editio) pars 15: 1425-1872.","SZEPLIGETI, GY. (1902) Tropische Cenocoelioniden und Braconiden aus der Sammlung des Ungarischen National-Museums. II. Termeszetrajzi Fuzetek 25: 39-84.","SZEPLIGETI, GY. (1904) Sudamerikanische Braconiden. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 2: 173-197.","SZEPLIGETI, GY. (1906) Braconiden aus der Sammlung des Ungarischen National-Museums. I. Theil. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 4: 547-618.","SZEPLIGETI, GY. (1913) Neue afrikanische Braconiden aus der Sammlung des Ungarischen National-Museums. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 11: 592-608.","VIERECK, H. L. (1913) Descriptions of six new genera and twelve new species of Ichneumon-flies. Proceedings of the Unites States National Museum 44: 639-648.","WATANABE, C. (1932) A revision of braconid-species parasitic in the injurious insects of rice-plant and sugar-cane in Japan and Formosa. Transactions of Sapporo Natural History Society 12(2): 63-71.","WESTWOOD, J. O. (1882) Descriptions of new or imperfectly known species of Ichneumones adsciti. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 25: 17-48.","YU, D. S. C., ACHTERBERG, C. VAN & HORSTMANN, K. (2005) World Ichneumonoidea 2004. Taxonomy, biology, morphology and distribution. Taxapad 2005: Scientific names for information management, pp. 1-96 + DVD version."]}

Loxosomella cubana n. sp. (Figs 1, 2; Table 1) Material examined. Holotype: ANC. 0 6. 0 10 and paratypes ANC. 0 6.011, deposited in the Marine Natural Collection of the Cuba National Aquarium (Havana, Cuba). All individuals of the new species were collected on and inside the channels of the sponge Aiolochroia crassa growing in the Cuba National Aquarium (Havana, Cuba) on 15 April 2011. Type locality. Cuba National Aquarium (Havana, Cuba). Etymology. The species is named after the country, Cuba, where it was collected. Description. A large species; holotype 3000 ��m long in life (from the apex of the calyx to the end of the foot), comprising calyx length of 740 ��m (calyx width 530 ��m) and stalk length 1795 ��m (stalk width 170 ��m); foot without lateral lobes, foot length 465 ��m, foot width ca. 250 ��m. Stalk length was measured as distance between basal end of calyx (at minimum width) and basal end of foot. Biometrical data of the holotype and some other live individuals are given in Table 1. Tentacle number 18 in all studied individuals (holotype and paratypes); tentacle length in live animal ca. 350 ��m. Calyx ca. 1.4���1.5 times longer than wide (although tentacle crown is circular), without lateral expansions or wings/lobes, gradually narrowing towards stalk. No conspicuous gland cells observed in calyx. Gonads spherical, situated above lateral parts of stomach. Stomach with almost parallel sides, slightly longer than wide, pointed basally and slightly narrower at its apex. Foot without lateral wings. Main foot gland oval. Middle groove of foot clearly lined by glandular cells on both sides. Some specimens carried a lateral bud at the level of the lateral expansion of the calyx. Bud on holotype: 840 ��m total length, 260 ��m calyx width., Published as part of Varela, Carlos, Figueroa, Manuel Tierno De & S��nchez-Tocino, Luis, 2011, A new species of Loxosomatidae (Entoprocta) from the Atlantic Ocean: Loxosomella cubana n. sp., pp. 57-61 in Zootaxa 3051 on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207649

A new species of Entoprocta belonging to the genus Loxosomella is described: L. cubana n. sp. It has been found on the coast of Cuba living as an epizoite on the sponge Aiolochroia crassa. It is one of the largest Loxosomatidae described up to now and the first record of an entoproct for Cuba. Published nuevas especies esponjas Acuario Nacional de Cuba Halotipos Aiolochroia crassa Paratipos

O Filo Entoprocta compreende cerca de 180 espécies de metazoários aquáticos e sésseis, na grande maioria marinho. Esses animais são encontrados em substratos diversos, incluindo seixos, algas, conchas e outros animais. Apesar da semelhança com outros organismos coloniais, como hidrozoários e briozoários, os entoproctos são distintos pelo corpo constituído por um cálice distal com tentáculos ciliados, sustentado por um pedúnculo fixo no substrato através do pé ou estolão. A relação do grupo é bastante obscura, e estudos taxonômicos e morfológicos são escassos em todo mundo. Devido sobretudo ao trabalho de Ernest Marcus e Eveline Du Bois-Reymond-Marcus, realizado entre as décadas de 1930 e 1970, são conhecidas 18 espécies na costa brasileira, 16 das quais relatadas para o estado de São Paulo. Infelizmente, grande parte do material tipo descrito por eles está provavelmente perdido, sendo localizados apenas alguns nas coleções do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP) e Natural History Museum em Londres (NHMUK). Assim, o conhecimento sobre a taxonomia, biologia e ecologia é restrito a algumas espécies e localidades. A ausência de levantamentos faunísticos e monitoramentos dificulta uma avaliação detalhada da composição e alteração da fauna em regiões impactadas. Atualmente, não existem especialistas em Entoprocta em São Paulo ou no Brasil, e devido à baixa diversidade do filo, só se justifica a capacitação de especialistas que se dediquem também a outros grupos, como Ectoprocta (Bryozoa). A formação de coleções científicas, como a do MZUSP, pode atrair o interesse de pesquisadores para estudo taxonômicos e de outros aspectos dos espécimes brasileiros, até agora pouco conhecidos. The phylum Entoprocta comprises about 180 species of aquatic, sessile metazoans, the vast majority marine. These animals are found on many substrata, such as stones, algae, shells and other animals. Despite the similarity with other colonial organism, such as hydrozoans and bryozoans, the entoprocts are distinct by having a body that comprises a cuplike calyx with ciliated tentacles, supported by a stalk attached on substrata by a foot or stolon. The evolutionary history of the group is still obscure, and taxonomic and morphological studies are scarce. Due to the work of Ernest Marcus and Eveline Du Bois-Reymond-Marcus, published between the 1930's and 1970's, 18 species are so far known for the Brazilian coast, 16 of those reported from São Paulo state. Unfortunately, most of type material of species described by them is probably lost, only a few being preserved in the Museum of Zoology, University of São Paulo (MZUSP), and at the Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK). Thus, the knowledge on taxonomy, biology and ecology is restricted to some species and localities. The absence of biological surveys and monitoring makes it difficult to evaluate changes in the composition of fauna in impacted regions. Today, there are no experts on Entoprocta neither in São Paulo nor in Brazil, and due the low diversity of this phylum, it is only justified the capacitation of experts who also embrace other taxa, such as Ectoprocta (Bryozoa). The formation of scientific collections like the one of MZUSP, can be an attractive for researches to investigate taxonomy and other aspects of the Brazilian specimens, hitherto little known.

Loxosomella almugnecarensis n. sp. (Figs 1 A, B; 2 A) Material examined. Holotype: 26.01 / 5 and paratype 26.01 / 6, deposited in the Invertebrate Collection of Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, Spain. A second paratype is deposited in the Departamento de Biolog��a Animal, Universidad de Granada (Granada, Spain). All individuals of the new species were collected on Hyrtios collectrix at Punta del Vapor, Almu����car (Granada, Spain) on 10 May 2005. Type locality. Punta del Vapor, Almu����car, Granada, Spain. Etymology. The species is named for the locality, Almu����car, where it was collected. Description. Individuals small (Fig. 1); holotype 400 ��m long in life, comprising calyx length of 250 ��m (calyx width 200 ��m) and peduncle length 150 ��m (peduncle width 55 ��m); foot length 152 ��m, foot width (including lateral expansions) 105 ��m. Peduncle length was measured as distance between basal end of calyx (at minimum width) and basal end of foot. Holotype and paratype biometry data given in Table 1. Tentacle number 10 in all studied individuals (holotype and paratypes); tentacle length of fixed animal (paratype) ca. 75 ��m. Calyx longer than wide, widest near upper side of stomach (coinciding with conspicuous lateral expansions or wings) gradually narrowing towards upper part and towards stout stalk. No conspicuous gland cells observed in calyx. Stalk shows randomly arranged epithelial cells. Gonads yellow, spherical, situated above lateral parts of stomach. Stomach pentagonal, slightly wider than long, pointed basally. Foot with rounded lateral wings slightly narrower at their base. Main foot gland spherical. Middle groove of foot clearly lined by glandular cells on both sides. Sometimes a lateral bud at level of lateral expansion of calyx; it can reach a considerable size relative to adult. Bud on holotype 208 ��m total length, 104 ��m calyx width, 125 ��m calyx length., Published as part of Figueroa, Manuel Tierno De & S��nchez-Tocino, Luis, 2009, Loxosomella almugnecarensis n. sp. (Entoprocta: Loxosomatidae) ��� a new sponge epizoite from the Iberian Mediterranean Sea, pp. 65-68 in Zootaxa 2236 on pages 65-66, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.190445

The Loxosomatidae is the most species-rich of the four families belonging to the phylum Entoprocta, comprising more than two-thirds of the total number of entoprocts worldwide (Iseto et al. 2008). It comprises solitary forms, usually commensal, whereas the species of the other three families are colonial (Nielsen 2001). Members of this family and of the colonial family Loxokalypodidae can be distinguished from other entoprocts because they lack a star-cell complex at the transition between stalk and body (Nielsen 1989). Although loxosomatids can be found on a range of living and non-living substrata, sponges are common hosts for these animals and 17 entoproct species have been found inhabiting them (Iseto et al. 2008; Sánchez-Tocino & Tierno de Figueroa 2009b). Until now, only five valid species have been reported from sponges from the Mediterranean Sea: Loxosomella raja (Schmidt), L. cochlear (Schmidt), L. tethyae (Salensky), L. pes (Schmidt) and L. ameliae Sánchez-Tocino & Tierno de Figueroa (Prenant and Bobin 1956; Nielsen 2008; Sánchez-Tocino & Tierno de Figueroa 2009b). In the present paper, we describe a new Loxosomella species that lives on the sponge Hyrtios collectrix (Schulze) in the Alboran Sea (West Mediterranean Sea), where L. tethyae, L. pes and L. ameliae have been reported (Sánchez-Tocino & Tierno de Figueroa 2009a, b).