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To better understand the pathogenesis of nasal polyps (NPs) and sinonasal inverted papillomas (SIPs), we aimed to establish cell lines from fresh tissues of NPs and SIPs and characterize them. Primary cell cultures were obtained from two NP tissues (NP2 and NP3) and one SIP tissue (IP4). All the cells were polygonal in shape, expressed cytokeratin 14, and had normal diploid chromosome status. HPV58 DNA was detected in NP3. To obtain immortal primary cells, NP2 and IP4 cells were transduced with a combination of mutant CDK4, cyclinD1 and TERT. These cells were thereafter named NP2/K4DT and IP4/K4DT, respectively. HPV58-positive NP3 cells were transduced with TERT alone, the resulting cells named NP3/T. Phenotypic and genotypic identity of original tissues and derived cells was investigated. All the cell cultures with transgenes were confirmed to be derived from their parental cells and primary tumor tissues by analysis of short tandem repeats (STR) and maintained in vitro growth, genetic profiles and gene expression characteristics of the primary cells. These virtually immortalized cells, as well as the primary cells, have potential as in vitro models for studying the pathogenesis of NPs and SIPs and for preclinical study to develop new therapeutic agents., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Background: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a common microdeletion syndrome that affected various systems., Objective: To determine clinical phenotypes and immunologicalfeatures of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in north-eastern Thai children compare to western countries., Material and Method: The authors described the clinical and immunological features in 20 north-eastern Thai children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome that were followed-up at Srinagarind Hospital., Result: Clinical phenotypes were facial dysmorphism (100%), congenital heart disease (80%) and cleft palate (30%). Prevalence of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in this syndrome was higher than in western. Serious infections were found including pneumonia, septicemia and brain abscess. Only a patient had panhypogammaglobulinemia and subsequently died. Selective IgA deficiency was not found. There was a twin patient conceivedfrom intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)., Conclusion: TOF is more common in Asian patients than in western which different to selective IgA deficiency. The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome could be consequence from ICSI.

Endogenous nitrosation due to chronic inflammation is enhanced in opisthorchiasis and plays a crucial role in the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) family enzymes, especially CYP2A6 and CYP2E1, are involved in the metabolism of procarcinogens; these two enzymes metabolize endogenous nitrosamines to carcinogenic N-dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA). CYP2A6 activity is increased in patients infected with Opisthorchis viverrini. Our aim was to determine whether the expression and function of CYP2A6 and 2E1 in the livers of patients with O. viverrini-associated cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) was altered compared to livers without CCA. Livers of CCA patients (n = 13 cases) showed increased enzyme activities, protein and mRNA levels of CYP2A6 whereas the enzyme activity and protein levels of CYP2E1 were markedly decreased (P < 0.05). CYP2E1 mRNA levels were not altered. Large numbers of inflammatory cells and increased iNOS expression was found in areas adjacent to the tumor. The data provide evidence to support the concept that enhanced CYP2A6 activity and diminished CYP2E1 activity probably involve to the progression of CCA., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: To compare the bioavailability of two clozapine formulations (100 mg Clozaril tablet from Novartis Pharmaceuticals UK Ltd., UK, as a Reference formulation and 100 mg Cloril tablet from Atlantic Laboratories Corp., Ltd., Thailand, as a Test formulation). The present study was conducted under real-life conditions in schizophrenic patients using a steady-state, multiple-dose, randomized crossover design to avoid the risk of adverse effects in healthy volunteers and pharmacokinetic difference between single and multiple-dose of the drug., Methods: The subjects received 100 mg bid of either the Reference formulation or the Test formulation for 7 days. At day-7 of each study phase, blood samples were collected at 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 h after drug administration. Plasma was separated and stored at -80 degrees C until assay. The plasma concentration of clozapine was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the observed plasma-concentration time profiles. The bioequivalence between the two formulations was assessed by calculating individual peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-12 h)) ratios., Results: All subjects well tolerated both clozapine formulations. No serious side effects were reported. The Tmax, terminal half-life and the total plasma clearance of clozapine (uncorrected for bioavailability) observed in the present study were comparable to those observed in other previous reports. All of the pharmacokinetic parameters investigated in the present study calculated from the subjects after administration of Test and Reference formulations were close. The 90% confident interval for the ratio of means for the lnCmax (0.9784-1.0622) and lnAUC(0-12h) (0.9559-1.0441) are within the guideline range of bioequivalence (0.80 to 1.25)., Conclusion: The result demonstrated that the Test formulation was bioequivalent to the Reference formulation (Clozaril) when orally administered in schizophrenic patients, in terms of both the rate and extent of absorption.