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Objective: There are many observational and clinical studies on pain treatment in farmers; however, little is known about the effects of interventions based only on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue (D-MSCT). This review aimed to summarize evidence on the effects of non-surgical interventions for pain relief and symptom improvement in farmers with D-MSCT. Materials and Methods: We searched seven databases, including MEDLINE, and three clinical trial registries, including the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, from inception up to February 15, 2021, to identify studies that included at least one treatment group wherein nonsurgical interventions were applied. We focused on 1) pain relief and symptom improvement and 2) quality of life and improvement in physical fitness. Results: Four studies (three on low back pain and one on knee osteoarthritis) met all the inclusion criteria. Overall, the risk of bias was high, and meta-analysis could not be performed due to heterogeneity. However, a participatory ergonomic approach, exercise centered on strength training with a transtheoretical model, and/or a combination of both could be included in effective educational programs, at least in the short term, to prevent and/or reduce exacerbation of D-MSCT in farmers. Based on internal and external validity, we could postulate a future research agenda and a conceptual education model to prevent D-MSCT in farmers. Conclusion: Participatory ergonomic intervention, exercise centered on strength training, and/or a combination of both could be included for effective educational programs to prevent and reduce exacerbation of D-MSCT in farmers. High-quality RCTs with a less risk of bias will be implemented for many agricultural work types in various parts worldwide (especially developing countries and regions) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Hiroharu Kamioka,1 Sachihiko Nobuoka,2 Junichi Iiyama3 1Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; 2Laboratory Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan; 3Department of Rehabilitation, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, JapanCorrespondence: Hiroharu Kamioka Email h1kamiok@nodai.ac.jpBackground: The objectives of this review were to summarize systematic reviews with meta-analysis of balneotherapy (BT) and spa therapy (ST) based on randomized controlled trials, and to provide a perspective for future research.Methods: Eligible studies were systematic reviews based on randomized controlled trials with meta-analysis that included at least one group treated with BT or ST. We searched the following databases for articles published in English from the year 2000 to 20 November 2019: Cochrane Database Systematic Review, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Ichushi-Web.Results: Eighteen studies met all inclusion criteria. Based on the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, among these 18 studies, 8 (44%) were about “#15 Diseases of the musculoskeletal system or connective tissue”, 5 (28%) were about “#21 Symptoms, signs or clinical findings, not elsewhere classified”, 4 (22%) were about “#11 Diseases of the circulatory system”, and 1 study (6%) was about “#8 Diseases of the nervous system”. Both BT and ST provided significant pain relief and improved quality of life in chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissues. Additionally, BT and ST with exercise under water improved physical fitness and function in patients across diseases.Conclusion: Researchers need to conduct studies on the treatment of many kinds of potential diseases using the keywords of pain relief and QoL. In addition, depending on patients’ symptoms, physical fitness, and disabilities, performing exercise under water may improve treatment effects on physical function and fitness.Keywords: balneotherapy, spa therapy, aquatic exercise, randomized controlled trials, pain, quality of life, rehabilitation

application/pdf, In Japan， a fams a third biggest cause which elderly persons become bedridden． Prevention of a fams veryimportant for elderly population to keep good health and QOL（quali吐y of li fe）・1nternal and external risk factors offalhng down in elderly population have been reported． Furthermore， the epidemiological study have demonstratedthat many interna置and externai factors cause elderly population falhng down． Many of these factors are difficultfor elderly population to prevent from falling down by themselves， f6r example， patients with certain disease suchas Parkinson syndrome have a tendency toward falhng down easily． On the other hand， elderly population are able｛o avoid some of risk factors with their efforts． One of吐hemis to have more active li fe style or to preserve and increase the capability of movement having Proper amount of亀exercise． This capability dearly decreases as peoP且e grow old， however， it will go down dramatically withoutexerclse． Recently， hospital staffs and researchers have developed classes to teach Iocal elderly populations how toprevent from falling down in many countries・ln Japan・the lirst class lbr prevention of fal］has been operated atTokyo Koseinenkin Hospita且since DecemberJ 997 and good resu且ts have been obtained． The proper exercise is acornerstone to prevent from famng down」t should be sa t’e and efficlenしhowever， it is dit’ficult to keep properexercise量felderly peoPle could not enjoy iし In this study， we introduce a new concept of recreation and a concrete method to improve the sense ofbalance abihty on the basis ofevidences and prac吐ical ins｛ructions of exercise・, 論説(Article)

Hiroharu Kamioka,1 Kiichiro Tsutani,2 Minoru Yamada,3 Hyuntae Park,4 Hiroyasu Okuizumi,5 Koki Tsuruoka,6 Takuya Honda,7 Shinpei Okada,8 Sang-Jun Park,8 Jun Kitayuguchi,9 Takafumi Abe,9 Shuichi Handa,5 Takuya Oshio,10 Yoshiteru Mutoh111Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; 2Department of Drug Policy and Management, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 3Kyoto University Graduate School Research, Kyoto, Japan; 4Department of Functioning Activation, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan; 5Mimaki Onsen (Spa) Clinic, Tomi, Nagano, Japan; 6Graduate School of Social Services, Japan College of Social Work, Tokyo, Japan; 7Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan; 8Physical Education and Medicine Research Foundation, Tomi, Nagano, Japan; 9Physical Education and Medicine Research Center Unnan, Shimane, Japan; 10Social Welfare Service Corporation CARE-PORT MIMAKI, Tomi, Nagano, Japan; 11The Research Institute of Nippon Sport Science University, Tokyo, JapanObjective: The objective of this review was to summarize evidence for the effectiveness of music therapy (MT) and to assess the quality of systematic reviews (SRs) based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs).Study design: An SR of SRs based on RCTs.Methods: Studies were eligible if they were RCTs. Studies included were those with at least one treatment group in which MT was applied. We searched the following databases from 1995 to October 1, 2012: MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL (Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science, Global Health Library, and Ichushi-Web. We also searched all Cochrane Database and Campbell Systematic Reviews up to October 1, 2012. Based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, we identified a disease targeted for each article.Results: Twenty-one studies met all inclusion criteria. This study included 16 Cochrane reviews. As a whole, the quality of the articles was very good. Eight studies were about "Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-99)"; there were two studies on "Diseases of the nervous system (G00-99)" and "Diseases of the respiratory system (J00-99)"; and there was one study each for "Endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (E00-90)", "Diseases of the circulatory system (I00-99)", and "Pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium (O60)". MT treatment improved the following: global and social functioning in schizophrenia and/or serious mental disorders, gait and related activities in Parkinson's disease, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality.Conclusion: This comprehensive summary of SRs demonstrated that MT treatment improved the following: global and social functioning in schizophrenia and/or serious mental disorders, gait and related activities in Parkinson's disease, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality. MT may have the potential for improving other diseases, but there is not enough evidence at present. Most importantly, no specific adverse effect or harmful phenomenon occurred in any of the studies, and MT was well tolerated by almost all patients.Keywords: ICD-10, schizophrenia, mental disorders, Parkinson's disease, depression, sleep

application/pdf, This study attempted to grasp actual state of the body image（B1）in college female athletes of trampohne，and to clalify its differences between the levels ofcompetition of trampoline． Aquestionnaire study was conducted with 40 college female athletes of trampoline and 55 f¢male specialschool students who did not belong to school athletic teams．The questionnaire contained the Japanese translation of BSQ which cooper PJ．et aL had invented，and the space to write subjecビs height，weight， and ideal weight． Analyses of the comparisons between athletes and non－athletes，between BMI and ideal BMI，between the levels of competition were conducted． Results suggested that college female athletes of trampoline had Iess distortion of their body images than young female non－athletes，but they were not content with things as they were and wished to reduce weight．Also it was fbund that l 5％of them experienced vomiting or taking laxative， However，The difference of the levels of competition in this study was significant．

application/pdf, The life style of the university students has been varing with the rapid transition of social economy and the trasient variation of culture lately． And it was quite possible that such abrupt variations exerted an ill infuluence on the mental and phyical health and the social life of the students． It was so serious a problem that it was important to clear the actual state of the usual life style and the subjective state of health， and then to evidence the relationship between them． On the one side， it was well known that the factors affecting the mental health， besides the life style， were the demographic fact（sex distinction， age， social and economical state），biological charactaristic（physical condition， clinical history， physique， physical fitness and so forth）， creed，estimation of value and so on． However， little work was designed in the subject of university students to elucidate the factors corelated with the health status（GHQ：The General Health Questionnaire）． Therefore， the purpose of the present paper is to reveal the health status and the life style of the students in the Gakushuin university and to the throw some light on the remarkable factors related to the mental health status． The questionnaire was put into operation to the subject of the students taking alesson in physical practise（The health and sports science I，named in this university）late in november，1996． The subjects were the first－year students belonging to the department of literature or science． The recovered data were presupPosed to be the representative of the first－year students this university， because they were required to study the lesson in physical practise． The 28－item General Health Questionnaire was utilized in order to detect the status of mental health． In addition， several articles were supplemented on the life style， fundamental attribution， creed， estimation of value and so forth with reference to the preceding Papers．As the index of the physical charactaristic（physique）， height and weight and BMI（Body Mass Index：weight（kg）／Height（m）2）were measured under the regular physical checkup in April，1996． The outcome of the physical strength and exercise examination fixed in September yearly was applied to the charactaristic of physical fitness． The score of Harvard－Step－Test was applied to the index of the aerobic work capacity（ general physical endurance）． Medicine－ball－throw and Standing－broad－jump were measured to the index of the anaerobic work capacity（power）． Side－step was to the index of the agility． As a result of statistical analysis by means of the quantification theory type I， the followings were obtained． There were some sexual differences in the items of the life style corelated with the mental health status remarkably． In male， the great factors related to the GHQ score were “Harvard－Step－Test” that indicated the general physical endurance， irregularity of eating habbit”， evaluation of student life”，and ‘‘the frequency of intentional neglect of class” in order of intensity． That is to say， general phyisical endurance and living a regular life and a substantial student life were exeedingly concerned in the mental health status． In female，“evaluation of student life”in itself like“the school record”，was most important． And also greatly participated “anxiety about health” like sickly，“increase and decrease in body weight” and “gamble”“Irregularity of eating habbit”“hours of spare time”and “average hours of sleep”also contributed to the GHQ score．

Low Back Pain in Female Caregivers in Nursing Homes

Hiroharu Kamioka1, Kiichiro Tsutani2, Yoshiteru Mutoh3, Hiroyasu Okuizum4, Miho Ohta5, Shuichi Handa4, Shinpei Okada6, Jun Kitayuguchi7, Masamitsu Kamada7, Nobuyoshi Shiozawa8, Sang-Jun Park4, Takuya Honda4, Shoko Moriyama41Faculty of Regional Environment Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan; 2Department of Drug Policy and Management, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3Department of Physical and Health Education, Graduate School of Education, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; 4Mimaki Onsen (Spa) Clinic, Tomi City, Japan; 5Laboratory of Aqua, Health, and Sports Medicine, 6Physical Education and Medicine Research Foundation, Nagano, Japan; 7Physical Education and Medicine Research Center Unnan, Unnan City, Japan; 8Department of Longevity and Social Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, JapanBackground: The objectives of this review were to integrate the evidence of curative effects through aquatic exercise and assess the quality of studies based on a review of nonrandomized controlled trials (nRCTs).Methods: Study design was a systematic review of nonrandomized controlled trials. Trials were eligible if they were nonrandomized clinical trials. Studies included one treatment group in which aquatic exercise was applied. We searched the following databases from 2000 up to July 20, 2009: MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, and Ichushi-Web.Results: Twenty-one trials met all inclusion criteria. Languages included were English (N = 9), Japanese (N = 11), and Korean (N = 1). Target diseases were knee and/or hip osteoarthritis, poliomyelitis, chronic kidney disease, discomforts of pregnancy, cardiovascular diseases, and rotator cuff tears. Many studies on nonspecific disease (healthy participants) were included. All studies reported significant effectiveness in at least one or more outcomes. However results of evaluations with the TREND and CLEAR-NPT checklists generally showed a remarkable lack of description in the studies. Furthermore, there was the problem of heterogeneity, and we were therefore not able to perform a meta-analysis.Conclusion: Because there was insufficient evidence on aquatic exercise due to poor methodological and reporting quality and heterogeneity of nRCTs, we were unable to offer any conclusions about the effects of this intervention. However, we were able to identify problems with current nRCTs of aquatic exercise, and propose a strategy of strengthening study quality, stressing the importance of study feasibility as a future research agenda objective.Keywords: aquatic exercise, systematic review, nonrandomized controlled trials&nbsp