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Additional file 2: Supplementary Fig. 2. Kaplan–Meier curve of overall survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone first or enzalutamide first.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Fig. 1. Kaplan–Meier curve of overall survival in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone and/or enzalutamide.

Additional file 1.

慢性炎症性脱髄性多発性神経障害(Chronic inflammatory demyelinating poly-neuropathy, CIDP)に合併した, 尿路結石症合併小児尿管ポリープの1例を経験した.ポリープは小児例ではあるが多発する結石による炎症性変化と考えた.また結石形成には著明な高カルシウム尿症が関与し, その背景にはCIDP治療のための大量ステロイド投与と, 神経障害による長期臥床という独特な状況が大きく関与していた.小児尿管ポリープに合併したステロイド尿路結石症は過去に報告がなく, またCIDPによる尿路合併症の報告としても1例目であった, A 14-year-old boy complained of left flank pain. He had been given high-dose corticosteroid therapy for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Retrograde pyelography revealed irregular defects at the left ureteropelvic junction (UPJ), and ureteroscopy demonstrated ureteral polyp. The polyp was removed and histologically diagnosed as fibroepithelial polyp. Hypercalciuria due to the corticosteroids and bedridden was assumed to have been a causative factor in the stone formation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a ureteral fibroepithelial polyp in children associated with urolithiasis, and associated with CIDP.

74歳男性。患者は検診にて尿潜血を指摘され, 著者らの施設へ受診となった。膀胱鏡では5mm以下の乳頭状腫瘍が全周性に認められ, 同時に行われたTUR-biopsyおよび前立腺針生検より膀胱腫瘍, 前立腺癌と診断された。腹部CTでは右腎上極に腎静脈浸潤を伴う腫瘍, ならびに被膜外浸潤, 左腎盂の腫瘍を認めた。以上より, 全尿路全摘の適応と判断し, 経腹的右腎摘除術, 左腎尿管膀胱前立腺全摘除術, 残存右尿管摘出術が施行された。その結果, 病理組織学的に右腎細胞癌, 左腎盂・尿管・膀胱の尿路上皮癌, 前立腺癌の同時性三重複癌であり, 術翌日より血液透析導入となった。術後13ヵ月現在, 再発はみられていない。, A 74-year-old male was referred to our hospital due to microhematuria that was pointed out at his health check-up. Cystoscopy showed many papillary bladder tumors under 5 mm in size. Intravenous pyelography also showed deformity of the right kidney and shadow defects in the left renal pelvis. Abdominal computed tomography revealed an 8 cm tumor invading the renal vein in the right kidney, and a 3 cm tumor in the left renal pelvis. Prostate biopsy was performed with PSA 3.4 ng/ml, and he was also diagnosed with prostate carcinoma. First, he received right radical nephrectomy, and secondly left nephroureterectomy and cystectomy. Our case should be called triple cancer because bladder cancer was thought to be daughter tumor of renal pelvic tumor. This is, to our knowledge, the 11th case report that occurred in the urinary tact, and the first case that needed total resection of urinary tract.

58歳男.陰茎腫脹にて受診し, 包皮炎の診断で排膿, 抗生剤治療を繰り返したが発熱が続き入院した.悪性腫瘍の可能性を考慮し生検を実施した結果, 亀頭部では扁平上皮が乳頭状に増殖し, 一部有棘細胞に核周明堤を認め, 尖圭コンジローマの所見を見た.基底細胞に悪性像は認めず, 包皮は瘢痕化した肉芽組織を認めるのみであった.抗生剤治療と連日, 創洗浄を行ったが排膿が続くため包皮切除施行したが改善が見られず, 陰茎切断, 尿路変更術を施行した.術中giant condylomaの診断で悪性像を認めなかったが, 感染巣は海線体内部に浸潤していたため脚部を残し, 全て切除し陰嚢後部に新尿道口を形成した.病理所見より陰茎癌SGC, pT2N0M0, StageIIと診断し, 術後, 放射線療法を実施した.18ヵ月後現在, 再発転移の所見を認めていない, We report a case of giant condyloma with malignant degeneration. A 56-year-old male was referred to our hospital due to a penile infection that was resistant to antibiotic therapy for more than a year. The swelling appeared to be a penile cancer. We suspected malignancy and performed penile biopsies twice; however, the histopathological diagnosis was condyloma acuminatum and malignant findings were absent. We continued the antibiotic therapy for 3 months; however, no improvement was achieved. Therefore, total penectomy and urinary diversion were performed. The pathological diagnosis of the resected tissues was not only condyloma but also squamous cell carcinoma, and cancer cells appeared on the cut surface of the specimens. We added radiation therapy. There was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis at 18 months after surgery.

66歳男性.患者は胆石を精査中, 腹部CTにて肝下面から右腎下方の脂肪性腫瘤を発見され, 著者らの施設へ紹介入院となった.入院時, 自覚症状は認めず, 腹部CTおよびMRIにて後腹膜脂肪腫が疑われ, 右腎・副腎を含む経腰的腫瘍摘出術を施行した.その結果, 摘出標本は20×14×8cmで, 病理組織学的に高分化型脂肪肉腫と診断された.術後, 経過は良好で, 術後12ヵ月経過現在, 再発はみられていない, We report a case of retroperitoneal liposarcoma. A 66-year-old male was referred to our hospital for a retroperitoneal tumor that was detected during gallbladder stone examination. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an extrarenal lipomatous tumor, 20 x 14 x 8 cm in size, in the right retroperitoneal space. He underwent surgical excision of the tumor with concomitant resection of the right kidney and adrenal gland. The resected tissue weighed 730 g. Histological examination revealed a well differentiated liposarcoma. He received no adjuvant therapy.

右精巣の無痛性腫脹を主訴とした39歳男で, 超音波検査及びMRIは両側同期精巣腫瘍を描出した.両側高位精巣摘除術を行った.組織学的に退形成性セミノーマと診断された.術後, 傍大動脈及び骨盤領域に予防的照射療法を行った.5ヵ月以上の追跡中, 転移の徴候は認められなかった, A 39-year-old man was referred to our hospital with right testicular swelling. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed bilateral, synchronous testicular tumors. Bilateral high inguinal orchiectomy was performed. Histological examination revealed anaplastic seminomas. Prophylactic radiation therapy was performed in the para-aortic and pelvic regions postoperatively, and no signs of metastasis have been found during the follow-up period of more than 5 months. Including the present case, 186 cases of bilateral testicular tumors reported in Japan are reviewed.

A 42-year-old man with testicular tumor arising in the left undescended testis is reported. The patient had bilateral cryptorchidism and was admitted to our clinic on March 20, 1989, complaining of a mass in the lower abdomen. Colography indicated complete obstruction at the sigmoid colon, and computed tomography showed a larger mass in the lower abdomen and paraaortic lymph node swelling, as well as left hydronephrosis. We suspected that a testicular tumor had arisen in the undescended testis, and ileus was caused by the tumor mass. Since the patient was in a poor condition from preexisting ileus, chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, bleomycin and vinblastine (PVB regimen) was immediately started without confirming the histology. After two courses of PVB regimen, bilateral orchiectomy, retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, and left nephrectomy were performed. Pathological examination of the testis and resected lymph nodes revealed no residual tumor cells, and we could not identify the original histology. Additionally, two courses of chemotherapy were performed after surgery. The patient is well without evidence of disease one year and ten months after surgery.

Objectives: We retrospectively reviewed the clinical outcome and long-term cancer control of patients with localized large renal-cell carcinomas (RCCs) who underwent laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in comparison to open procedure. Patients and Methods: One hundred and thirty-one patients with RCCs greater than 7 cm who underwent radical nephrectomy between 1996 and 2008 were studied: 52 patients in the laparoscopy group and 79 in the open group. In this analysis patients who had metastasis or pT4 disease or tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava were excluded. The median follow-up period was 41 months in the laparoscopy group and 51 months in the open group. Results: Patients in the laparoscopy group had tumors similar in size to those in the open group (88 and 89 mm, respectively), lesser blood loss (245 and 663 mL p < 0.01), but more intraoperative complications (15% and 2.5%). One laparoscopy patient was converted to open surgery because of an injury to the inferior vena cava (IVC). The 5- and 10-year disease-free rates and patient-survival rates were comparable in both groups. Conclusions: Laparoscopic nephrectomy is feasible for localized large RCC, although intraoperative complications were more frequent. No statistically significant differences were found in either disease-free or cause-specific patient survival rates between the laparoscopy and the open groups. Laparoscopic nephrectomy can be an alternative to the open procedure for localized large RCC. However, a longer follow-up period is necessary to confirm the oncological efficacy of this procedure.

αインターフェロンを用いて尖圭コンジローム18例の治療を試みた.1)局所投与を行った17例中完全消失は, 6例に認めた.2)総投与量が12×106単位を越えた, 11例での完全消失は5例であった.3)完全消失例の6ヵ月以内の再発は認められなかった, Eighteen cases of condyloma acuminata were treated by human lymphoblastoid interferon (HLBI). Seventeen were male and one was female. Five cases were recurrent cases. Except one patient, all the patients were administered HLBI by intralesional injection. Five patients were treated by single injection. Others were given 2 to 8 injections during one to 5 weeks. Total dose varied from 3 x 10(6) to 24 x 10(6) U. Of the eighteen patients, 6 showed a complete response and 3 a partial response (greater than 50% reduction in size of the lesion). In 5 of the 11 patients (45%) who were treated with a total dosage of more than 12 x 10(6) U, the lesion was completely cleared. Six patients who showed a complete response did not experience recurrent disease during the 6-month follow-up period. In conclusion, intralesional administration of HLBI for condyloma acuminata proved to be effective.

A 74-year-old male was referred to our hospital due to microhematuria that was pointed out at his health check-up. Cystoscopy showed many papillary bladder tumors under 5 mm in size. Intravenous pyelography also showed deformity of the right kidney and shadow defects in the left renal pelvis. Abdominal computed tomography revealed an 8 cm tumor invading the renal vein in the right kidney, and a 3 cm tumor in the left renal pelvis. Prostate biopsy was performed with PSA 3.4 ng/ml, and he was also diagnosed with prostate carcinoma. First, he received right radical nephrectomy, and secondly left nephroureterectomy and cystectomy. Our case should be called triple cancer because bladder cancer was thought to be daughter tumor of renal pelvic tumor. This is, to our knowledge, the 11th case report that occurred in the urinary tact, and the first case that needed total resection of urinary tract.

We report a case of retroperitoneal liposarcoma. A 66-year-old male was referred to our hospital for a retroperitoneal tumor that was detected during gallbladder stone examination. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an extrarenal lipomatous tumor, 20 x 14 x 8 cm in size, in the right retroperitoneal space. He underwent surgical excision of the tumor with concomitant resection of the right kidney and adrenal gland. The resected tissue weighed 730 g. Histological examination revealed a well differentiated liposarcoma. He received no adjuvant therapy.