Search

Xiphydria camelus (Linné, 1758) (Figs 2A, B; 3A, B; 4A, F) Ichneumon camelus Linné, 1758: 560. Xiphydria camelus: Takeuchi, 1936: 54 (part); Takeuchi, 1938: 181 (part); Maa 1949: 49; Takeuchi, 1950: 1331, fig. 3826 (part); Watanabe, 1956: 8 (part);? Okutani, 1959: 553 (part); Okutani, 1965: 464 (part); Okutani, 1967: 44 (part); Taeger et al. 2006: 470; Taeger et al., 2010: 119 (part); Smith et al., 2011: 68. Summary of taxonomic characters. Length 12.5–19.5 mm in female and 9.5–17.5 mm in male. Clypeus, lower frons and malar space entirely black (Figs 3A, B; 4A); gena black, lower part often with creamy white spot (not extending anteriorly to malar space) (Fig. 4A, F); no whitish spot above each torulus (Fig. 3A, B). Frons coarsely, rather finely sculptured, mat, without any distinct carinae or smooth surface. Antenna with 15–19 antennomeres (n=33) in female and 15–19 antennomeres (n=16) in male. Pronotum usually with very narrow whitish area along posterior margin. Legs with femora, tibiae and bases of tarsi pale reddish brown (Figs 2A, B; 4A, F). Female: creamy white lateral spots usually on abdominal segments 4–6 and 8, rarely also on segments 3 and 7. Male: creamy white lateral spots on abdomen usually small and only on segments 4, 5 or 6. Sawsheath length about 1.0–1.3× basal plate length (n=18). Material examined. 25♀ 9♂ (8♀ 1♂ from Europe, 1♂ from Sakhalin, 1♂ from Korea, 9♀ 5♂ from Hokkaido and 8♀ 1♂ from Honshu). See Appendix for collection data. Distribution. Europe, Russia (Sakhalin), Korea, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). Host plants. In Europe and Siberia, Acer, Alnus, Betula, Ostrya, Populus, Prunus, Quercus and Ulmus are recorded as host plants of this species (Taeger et al. 1998). Several specimens collected on Mt. Irumukeppu were obtained by “branch trapping” (see Appendix) but the host has not been specified. Remarks. This species is well characterized by the almost entirely pale reddish brown legs and very dark color pattern of the head. All the European specimens examined have a whitish patch on the lower gena, which does not extend to the malar space anteriorly. No Japanese specimens of X. camelus were found in Takeuchi’s collection. The specimens from Teshio identified with X. camelus s. str. (Takeuchi 1938, p. 182) actually belong to X. albopicta. One specimen from Poland and one specimen from Sapporo examined were referred to by Watanabe (1956) as his “reddish brown type ” (light form) of X. camelus. Togashi (1972) and Abe & Togashi (1989) recorded “ Xiphydria camelus ” from Kyushu but Togashi (1991) did not include it in the distribution of the same species. Togashi’s (1972) material of “ Xiphydria camelus ” has not been available for study but it is most probably referable to X. eborata., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko & Kameda, Yuichi, 2019, DNA barcodes and morphology revealed three species masquerading in Xiphydria camelus of authors (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) in Northeast Asia: X. eborata sp. rev. and X. albopicta sp. nov., pp. 171-186 in Zootaxa 4612 (2) on pages 174-175, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4612.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/3234294, {"references":["Linne, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, per regna tria naturae secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Vol. 1. Editio Decima, Reformata. Laurentius Salvius, Holmiae, 824 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 542","Takeuchi, K. (1936) Tenthredinoidea of Saghalien (Hymenoptera). Tenthredo, 1, 53 - 108.","Takeuchi, K. (1938) A systematic study on the suborder Symphyta (Hymenoptera) of the Japanese Empire (1). Tenthredo, 2, 173 - 229.","Maa, T. (1949) A synopsis of Asiatic Siricoidea with notes on certain exotic and fossil forms. Notes d'Entomologie Chinoise, 13 (2), 11 - 189","Takeuchi, K. (1950) Xiphydria camelus Linne. In: Ishii, T. et al. (Eds.), Iconographia Insectorum Japonicorum Editio Secunda Reformata. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, p. 1331. [in Japanese]","Watanabe, C. (1956) Notes on Xiphydriidae of Japan (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Insecta Matsumurana, 20, 6 - 10.","Okutani, T. (1959) [Symphyta.] In: Esaki, T. et al. (Eds.), Illustrated Insect Larvae of Japan. Hokuryukan, Tokyo, pp. 548 - 582. [in Japanese]","Okutani, T. (1965) Xiphydriidae. In: Furukawa, H. et al. (Eds.), Genshoku Konchu Hyakka Zukan. Shueisha, Tokyo, pp. 464 - 465. [in Japanese]","Okutani, T. (1967) Food plants of Japanese Symphyta (I). Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 11, 43 - 49. [in Japanese with English abstract] https: // doi. org / 10.1303 / jjaez. 11.90","Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2006) European sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) - A species checklist for the countries. In: Blank, S. M., Schmidt, S. & Taeger, A. (Eds.), Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, pp. 399 - 504.","Taeger, A., Blank, S. M. & Liston, A. D. (2010) World catalog of Symphyta (Hymenoptera). Zootaxa, 2580 (1), 1 - 1064. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2580.1","Smith, D. R., Tripotin, P. & Shinohara, A. (2011) Xiphydriid woodwasps (Hymenoptera, Xiphydriidae) of Korea. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 113, 61 - 70.","Taeger, A., Altenhofer, E., Blank, S. M., Jansen, E., Kraus, M., Pschorn-Walcher, H. & Ritzau, C. (1998) Kommentare zur Biologie, Verbreitung und Gefahrdung der Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). In: Taeger, A. & Blank, S. M. (Eds.), Pflanzenwespen Deutschlands (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Kommentierte Bestandsaufnahme. Goecke & Evers, Keltern, pp. 49 - 135.","Togashi, I. (1972) Sawflies of Mt. Hiko, Kyushu (Hym., Symphyta). Mushi, Fukuoka, 46, 53 - 64.","Abe, M. & Togashi, I. (1989) Xiphydriidae. In: Hirashima, Y. (Ed.), A Check List of Japanese Insects. Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, p. 559. [in Japanese]","Togashi, I. (1991) The Japanese species of the genus Xiphydria Latreille (Hymenoptera, Symphyta Xiphydriidae). Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society, Matsuyama, 19, 171 - 175."]}

Onycholyda flavicostalis Shinohara, 2012 (Fig. 2) Onycholyda flavicostalis Shinohara, in Shinohara and Wei, 2012: 57. Distribution. China (Shaanxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan). Host plants. Rubus adenophorus Rolfe., Rubus sp. Field observations and rearing records. Case A. One leaf-roll on Rubus adenophorus containing seven gregarious middle-instar larvae was found in Mt. Yunshan, Hunan Province on May 2, 2009. The leaf-roll was on the underside of the leaf and remains of the egg shell were not found. The larvae were fixed on May 8 (including sample nos. 783���785, Table 1). Case B. Nine leaf-rolls, one each containing one larva, were found on R. adenophorus at Yaolangou, Muyu, Shennongjia, Hubei Province, on May 18, 2010. All the nine larvae were fixed in ethanol on May 19 and 21 (one of them, sample no. 466). Another leaf-roll containing three larvae was also found on R. adenophorus at the same locality on the same day. The three larvae were fixed in ethanol on May 22 (sample nos. 470���472). For all the ten leaf-rolls examined, remains of the egg shells were not found. Case C. Two leaf-rolls were found on R. adenophorus in Qianjiaping, Shennongjia, Hubei Province on May 18, 2012. One of them (Fig. 2A) contained one larva and the other (Fig. 2B) contained two larvae. Each of the leaf-rolls was on the underside of the leaf and remains of the egg shell were not found. The larvae matured (one of them in Fig. 2C) and were fixed on May 22 (including sample nos. 775, 777). Case D. Two groups of eggs, consisting of five eggs and three eggs, respectively, were found on the same leaf of R. adenophorus in Guanmenshan, Shennongjia, Hubei Province on May 23, 2012. The groups of eggs were deposited on the lateral veins in a line in the basal part of the underside of a leaf (Fig. 2E, F). The eggs hatched on May 27 and the larvae were fixed on June 6 (one of them sample no. 781). Case E. One leaf-roll containing one larva was found on Rubus sp. along a narrow unpaved car road at about 1600 m in altitude about 32 km from Baoguosi on Mt. Emeishan, Sichuan Province, on May 14, 2015. The larva was fixed in ethanol on May 18 (sample no. 587). Egg. Normal for pamphiliids, yellowish white, deposited in a row along lateral veins in basal part of the leaf (Fig. 2E, F). Larva. Mature larva (Fig. 2C, D). Head black, with epicranial suture and part of clypeus greenish; antenna creamy white, each antennomere more or less dark brownish; labrum and mandible dark brown, palpi pale brown, and other mouthparts greenish, partly marked with blackish brown; trunk pale greenish, terminal segment largely creamy white; cervical sclerite partly blackish; thoracic legs and subanal appendage greenish white; suranal hook dark brown. Remarks. Our molecular analysis has clearly shown that the larvae feeding on Rubus adenophorus from Shennongjia, Hubei Province, and Mt. Yunshan, Hunan Province, and those feeding on Rubus sp. from Mt. Emeishan, Sichuan Province, belong to O. flavicostalis, which was described from Mt. Yunshan, Hunan Province. This is the first record of the host plant and larva of O. flavicostalis and the first distribution record of this sawfly from Hubei and Sichuan Provinces. Onycholyda flavicostalis and O. odaesana Shinohara and Byun, 1993, occur together on Mt. Yunshan in Hunan Province (Shinohara and Wei 2012) and the larvae of the two species feed on the same host plant, R. adenophorus (Shinohara and Wei 2010; present study). The larva of O. flavicostalis is a gregarious or solitary leaf-roller with a black head, whereas the larva of O. odaesana is solitary and has a pale brown head with three black spots. Among the non-Chinese species, the larva of O. esakii (Takeuchi, 1938) from Japan is a gregarious leaf-roller and has a color pattern very similar to that of O. flavicostalis (Shinohara and Kojima 2009). We are not able to distinguish the larvae of the two species based on a current knowledge besides the differences in distribution and the host plant species. The mature larva of O. sichuanica also has an entirely black head and a pale green trunk but the cervical sclerite is entirely pale in this species, unlike those of O. flavicostalis and O. esakii. As noted in the section of field observations above, the female of O. flavicostalis deposits eggs in a row (up to seven eggs together) and the middle-instar larvae live gregariously in one leaf-roll, whereas the late-instar larvae may live in a small group or even solitarily. The range of variation in the larval gregariousness of this species should be confirmed by obtaining further information., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Kiyoshi, Takuya, Wei, Meicai & Kameda, Yuichi, 2018, Identification of Larvae and Recognition of New Synonymy for Two Chinese Onycholyda Sawflies (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) based on Molecular Data, pp. 75-81 in Species Diversity 23 (1) on pages 77-80, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.75, http://zenodo.org/record/4585145, {"references":["Shinohara, A. and Wei, M. - C. 2012. Pamphiliid sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Mt. Yunshan, Hunan Province, China. Memoirs of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (48): 53 - 74.","Shinohara, A. and Byun, B. - K. 1993. Pamphiliid sawfly genera Neurotoma and Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Korea. Insecta Koreana 10: 75 - 91.","Shinohara, A. and Wei, M. - C. 2010. Discovery of host plant and larva of Onycholyda odaesana (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) in Hunan Province, China. Japanese Journal of Systematic Entomology 16: 105 - 107.","Shinohara, A. and Kojima, H. 2009. Host plants and larvae of three species of the sawfly genus Onycholyda (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) in Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum and Nature and Science, Tokyo, Series A 35: 103 - 111."]}

Shinohara, Akihiko, Kiyoshi, Takuya, Wei, Meicai, Kameda, Yuichi (2018): Identification of Larvae and Recognition of New Synonymy for Two Chinese Onycholyda Sawflies (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) based on Molecular Data. Species Diversity 23 (1): 75-81, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.75, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/specdiv.23.75

Onycholyda sichuanica Shinohara, Naito and Huang, 1988 (Fig. 3) Onycholyda sichuanica Shinohara, Naito and Huang, 1988: 92; Xin and Wu, 2010: 10; Shinohara and Wei, 2012: 56. Onycholyda fanjingshanica Jiang, Wei and Zhu, 2004: 44; Shinohara and Wei, 2012: 56. N. syn. Distribution. China (Sichuan, Gansu, Guizhou, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Anhui, Fujian). Host plants. Rubus spp. Field observations and rearing records. On June 8, 2013, Shinohara found seven leaf-rolls (four of them in Fig. 3 A���D), containing ten larvae, on Rubus spp. at Huatai, ca. 900 m, Mt. Hupingshan, Hunan Province. Of the seven leaf-rolls, one contained three larvae (three egg shells), one contained two larvae (one of them sample no. 486, two egg shells, Fig. 3D, E), while the other five contained one larva, respectively (sample nos. 480���482, 488, 489; for four of them, no egg shells were found, whereas five egg shells were found on the remaining one leaf, Fig. 3B, F). Of the ten larvae, one larva (sample no. 489) matured and was fixed in ethanol on June 9, two (sample nos. 481, 482) on June 10, two (sample nos. 480, 488) on June 11, one (sample no. 486) on June 12, while the remaining four were fixed in ethanol on June 14 before maturation. Six of the ten larvae were used for molecular analysis (Table 1). All the leaf-rolls and remains of the egg shells were found on the under surface of the leaves and all the egg shells were located on the lateral veins near the base of the leaf (Fig. 3 B���F). The larval abodes were irregular in shape (Fig. 3 A���D). Larva. Late instar (Fig. 3G, H): Head black; antenna creamy white, each antennomere more or less dark brownish; trunk pale greenish white, terminal segment largely creamy white; thoracic legs and subanal appendage white. Mature larva (Fig. 3I): Similar to the preceding, but antenna pale brown and trunk, including thoracic legs and subanal appendage, vivid pale green. Remarks. Shinohara and Wei (2012) suspected that O. sichuanica (only males known) and O. fanjingshanica (only females known) are opposite sexes of the same species, because the two ���species��� had much in common in morphology and were obtained together in the same area on Mt. Yunshan, Hunan Province. Our analysis based on mitochondrial COI+tRNA(Leu)+COII gene sequences perfectly supported the hypothesis that the two taxa are conspecific, and we hereby propose to treat them as synonyms. The adult specimens from Mt. Yunshan (sample nos. 763, 764, 779, 780) and larval material from Mt. Hupingshan (sample nos. 480���482, 486, 488, 489), both localities in Hunan Province, agreed in mitochondrial COI+tRNA(Leu)+COII gene sequences and we determine the larvae as O. sichuanica. This is the first record of the larvae and host plant of this sawfly. The previously unknown larva of this species is well characterized by the entirely black head and entirely pale green trunk in late-instar and prepupal stages (Fig. 3 G���I). It is quite similar to that of O. flavicostalis except for the entirely pale cervical sclerite (compare Fig. 3 G���I with Fig. 2D). The larva of the Japanese O. esakii also has a similar color pattern, but the cervical sclerite is black (Shinohara and Kojima 2009). The observed larvae of O. sichuanica were solitary or living together in a small group., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Kiyoshi, Takuya, Wei, Meicai & Kameda, Yuichi, 2018, Identification of Larvae and Recognition of New Synonymy for Two Chinese Onycholyda Sawflies (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae) based on Molecular Data, pp. 75-81 in Species Diversity 23 (1) on page 80, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.75, http://zenodo.org/record/4585145, {"references":["Shinohara, A., Naito, T., and Huang, F. - S. 1988. Pamphiliid sawflies (Hymenoptera) from Xizang (Tibet) and Sichuan, China. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, (N. S.) 24: 89 - 97.","Xin, H. and Wu, X. - Y. 2010. The investigation and taxonomical research of the sawflies [sic] species from Gansu Province II. A list of the genera and species (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae, Megalodontesidae). Journal of Gansu Forestry Science and Technology 35 (1): 9 - 11. [In Chinese with English abstract]","Shinohara, A. and Wei, M. - C. 2012. Pamphiliid sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta) of Mt. Yunshan, Hunan Province, China. Memoirs of the National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo (48): 53 - 74.","Jiang, J. - G., Wei, M. - C., and Zhu, X. 2004. Two new species of Pamphiliidae from China (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). Journal of Central South Forestry University, Zhuzhou 24 (2): 44 - 46.","Shinohara, A. and Kojima, H. 2009. Host plants and larvae of three species of the sawfly genus Onycholyda (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) in Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum and Nature and Science, Tokyo, Series A 35: 103 - 111."]}

Onycholyda tianmushana Shinohara & Xiao, 2006 (Fig. 4) Onycholyda tianmushana Shinohara & Xiao, 2006: 290; Shinohara & Wei, 2016: 308. Distribution. China (Zhejiang, Hunan, Jiangxi). Host plant. Unknown. Description of the male: Length about 6.5 mm. Head black: creamy white are whole frontal surface approximately from line just above level of facial crest, and malar space (Fig. 4C). Mandible creamy white, brownish at apex; palpi creamy white. Antenna with scape and pedicel creamy white, and apex of pedicel and entire flagellum black. Thorax black, with tegula creamy white. Wings very slightly infuscated; veins and stigma blackish, with very narrow base of stigma pale (Fig. 4A, B). Legs creamy white, with coxal bases black and tibiae (except very bases) and tarsi slightly dark brownish. Abdomen black, with 3rd and 4th segments pale orange and broad posterior margins of sterna creamy white. Head generally similar to other Onycholyda males. Upper frons below ocelli very strongly angularly convex, with shallow but distinct notch medially; ocellar basin deep, triangular in outline, without distinct anterolateral extension; median fovea shallow but distinct; clypeus divided medially by sharply carinate frontoclypeal crest, each half shallowly concave; facial crest very strongly convex and sharply carinate; clypeus with anterior margin not distinctly thickened. Head generally very smooth, almost impunctate; gena very shallowly rugose, punctate and pilose. Left mandible (Fig. 4D) bidentate, without median tooth and right one (Fig. 4E) tridentate, with incision between apical and median teeth much wider and deeper than incision between median and basal teeth. Left antenna with 27 antennomeres and right one 26 antennomeres; 1 st flagellomere about 1.6× length of 2nd. Subgenital plate with posterior margin subtriangularly produced into narrowly rounded apex. Genitalia normal for the genus, similar to those of O. fulvicornis (see fig. 4 in Shinohara & Wei 2016). Remarks. Onycholyda tianmushana was described from a female specimen from Xitianmushan, Zhejiang Province (Shinohara & Xiao 2006) and later recorded from Hunan Province and Jiangxi Province also based on female specimens only (Shinohara & Wei 2016). Here we describe the male for the first time. Based only on the female adult morphology, particularly because of the absence of a middle tooth on the left mandible, Shinohara and Xiao (2006) placed O. tianmushana in the wongi complex of the wongi subgroup of the luteicornis group defined by Shinohara (2002). However, the newly discovered male specimen revealed that O. tianmushana belongs to the amplecta group. The male of O. tianmushana has an entire, high and carinate frontoclypeal crest (Fig. 4C), which is characteristic of the species of the amplecta group. Onycholyda tianmushana is the only species of the amplecta group that has a bidentate left mandible (Fig. 4D). Among the Chinese species of the amplecta group, the male of O. tianmushana is similar to that of O. subquadrata (Maa, 1944) in having the head quite smooth and shiny (Fig. 4C). Onycholyda tianmushana is a small species (about 6.5 mm) characterized by the bidentate left mandible (Fig. 4D), creamy white pale part of the head, and almost entirely blackish stigma and veins C and Sc in the forewing (Fig. 4A, B). Onycholyda subquadrata is larger (about 8.5–9.5 mm) and has the left mandible tridentate with a low but distinct median tooth, the pale part of the head pale yellow, and the broad base of the stigma and the veins C and Sc pale yellow. Onycholyda sinica Shinohara, Naito & Huang, 1991, is also a large species (about 10 mm) having most of the head covered with microsculpture, not very smooth, the left mandible tridentate, the antennal pedicel and flagellum pale brown, and the 2nd and 3rd abdominal terga orange.

Onycholyda xanthogaster Shinohara, 1999 (Fig. 2) Onycholyda xanthogaster Shinohara, 1999: 66; Shinohara & Xiao, 2006: 288. Distribution. China (Sichuan [new record], Shaanxi). Host plant. Rubus inopertus (Focke) Focke. Field observations (by Shinohara). Sichuan Province, Mt. Emeishan, approximately 32 km west of Baoguosi. In May, 2014, larvae were found on bushes of Rubus inopertus along a narrow unpaved car road at about 1600 m above sea-level. On May 24, four larval abodes were collected (three of them Fig. 2A–C), each containing one larva, and one egg (Fig. 2C). Two larvae matured on May 30 (Fig. 2J, sample nos. 606, 607) and two on June 2 (sample nos. 637, 638), whereas the egg did not hatch. On May 25, three larval abodes with solitary larvae were found. One of them died in a few days, one matured on June 2 (sample no. 634) and the third one matured on June 6 (sample no. 635). On May 30, one larval abode was found. The larva matured on June 8 (sample no. 636). All the mature larvae were fixed in ethanol. The remains of the egg shells were often not located, probably because the larva had already consumed the part of the leaf with the egg shell, but, when found, they were always on the under surface of the leaf. The eggs were deposited on or close to the main or lateral vein (Fig. 2B). The larval abodes were always on the under surface of the leaf. The larval abodes were rather irregular in shape (Fig. 2A–C). Larva. Early instar (Fig. 2D, E): Head black; antenna whitish; trunk creamy white; blackish spot on dorsal surface of prothoracic shield; cervical sclerite black; thoracic legs and subanal appendage whitish. Middle to late instar (Fig. 2F–I): Similar to early instar, but head mostly pale brown with irregular black areas along posterior margin, frons and mouth parts. Mature larva (Fig. 2J): Similar to the preceding, but antenna pale brown and trunk, including thoracic legs and subanal appendage, vivid pale green. Remarks. Onycholyda xanthogaster was first described based on a single male specimen from Shaanxi Province (Shinohara 1999), and the female was described later by Shinohara & Xiao (2006) also from Shaanxi Province. The two adult males used for molecular work are from Shaanxi Province and agree well with the holotype (Shinohara 1999), except that the large pale mark on the mesepisternum is missing. The larval material from Sichuan Province agreed with the Shaanxi adults in DNA barcodes and we determine them as O. xanthogaster. This is the first record of O. xanthogaster from Sichuan Province. The mature larva of this species is characterized by the largely pale brown head and the almost entirely pale green trunk. A similar color pattern is known for the mature larvae of O. minomalis (Takeuchi, 1930) and O. similis Shinohara, 1987, from Japan (Shinohara & Kojima 2013; Shinohara & Ibuki 2014), and O. fulvicornis (see below). The mature larvae of the four species are not at present distinguishable, except by their different host plants., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Kakuda, Tsuneo, Wei, Meicai & Kameda, Yuichi, 2018, DNA Barcodes Identify the Larvae and Unassociated Male of Three Onycholyda Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) from China, pp. 123-132 in Zootaxa 4403 (1) on pages 126-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4403.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1212055, {"references":["Shinohara, A. (1999) Leaf-rolling sawflies of the genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) from Shaanxi Province, China. Bulletin of the National Science Museum, Tokyo, Series A, 25, 65 - 71."]}

Onycholyda fulvicornis Shinohara, 2016 (Fig. 3) Onycholyda fulvicornis Shinohara, in Shinohara & Wei, 2016: 305. Distribution. China (Shaanxi, Zhejiang). Host plant. Rubus hirsutus Thunb. Field observations (by Shinohara). Zhejiang Province, Mt. Tianmushan, Chanyuansi, 480 m. On April 16, 2014, three leaf-rolls were found (two of them Fig. 3A, B), each on one leaf and containing one larva, on Rubus hirsutus. One of the larvae matured on April 28 (Fig. 3D, F, H) and was fixed in ethanol (sample no. 495). Others did not survive. On April 9, 2015, three eggs and five solitary larvae were found on R. hirsutus, each egg and larva on a separate leaf. The three eggs hatched on April 13, and these larvae matured on April 28 (fixed in ethanol, sample nos. 575, 576, 577). Two of the five larvae collected in the field matured on April 23 (Fig. 3E, G, fixed in ethanol, sample nos. 573, 574) while the others died before maturity. One leaf-roll was found on the same plant on April 12 (Fig. 3C), but the larva died thereafter. The remains of the egg shells, when located, were always on the under surface of the leaf, on or between the lateral veins (Fig. 3A���C). The larval abodes were simple and always on the under surface of the leaf (Fig. 3A���C). Larva. Mature larva (Fig. 3D���H): Head pale brown with irregular black areas along posterior margin, frons and mouth parts; antenna pale brown; trunk, including thoracic legs and subanal appendage, vivid pale green; obscure blackish spot on dorsal surface of prothoracic shield; cervical sclerite black. Remarks. This species was described from a series of specimens from Zhejiang and Shaanxi Provinces, with the holotype from Mt. Tianmushan in the former province (Shinohara & Wei 2016). The adult specimens used for molecular work (Table 1, sample nos. 491���493) were from the type locality of the species and agree well with the type series and the original description. The larval material (sample nos. 495, 573���577) is also from the type locality and doubtless belongs to O. fulvicornis, as the molecular analysis indicates. The mature larva of this species, characterized by the largely pale brown head and the almost entirely pale green trunk, is similar in color pattern to those of O. minomalis, O. similis and O. xanthogaster. We are not at the moment able to separate the mature larvae of the four species. The host plant, Rubus hirsutus, does not occur in Shaanxi Province (Lu & Boufford 2003), where several adults of this species have been collected (Shinohara & Wei 2016). Some other species of Rubus must serve as host plants of O. xanthogaster in Shaanxi Province., Published as part of Shinohara, Akihiko, Kakuda, Tsuneo, Wei, Meicai & Kameda, Yuichi, 2018, DNA Barcodes Identify the Larvae and Unassociated Male of Three Onycholyda Sawflies (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) from China, pp. 123-132 in Zootaxa 4403 (1) on pages 127-130, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4403.1.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1212055, {"references":["Lu, L. - D. & Boufford, D. E. (2003) 28. Rubus Linnaeus. In: Flora of China. Vol. 9. Available from: http: // www. efloras. org / florataxon. aspx? flora _ id = 2 & taxon _ id = 128837 (accessed 23 October 2017)"]}

The Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred from 16S. Each number and colour at the terminal branch of the tree indicates the sample number, species name and collected region (Fig. 1 and Additional file 1). Numbers at the branch nodes represent BPP, MLBV, and NJ. On the right side, the vertical bars indicate nominal clades. (PDF 267Â kb)

The Bayesian phylogenetic tree inferred from H3. Each number and colour at the terminal branch of the tree indicates the sample number, species name and collected region (Fig. 1 and Additional file 1). Numbers at the branch nodes represent BPP, MLBV, and NJ. On the right side, the vertical bars indicate nominal clades. (PDF 263Â kb)

Nishikawa, Teruaki, Komatsu, Hironori, Kameda, Yuichi, Tani, Kenichiro (2017): A New Find of the Whale-fall Lancelet Asymmetron inferum (Cephalochordata) near a Hydrothermal Vent at Oomuro-dashi Submarine Volcano in the Izu Islands, Pacific Coast of Japan, as a Possible Case to Prove the Stepping-stone Hypothesis. Species Diversity 22 (1): 69-72, DOI: 10.12782/sd.22_69, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.12782/sd.22_69

Shinohara, Akihiko, Kameda, Yuichi, Ibuki, Shin-Ichi, Kiyoshi, Takuya, Kakuda, Tsuneo, Kojima, Haruyoshi (2016): Pamphilius ishikawai feeds on Astilbe: the first record of Pamphiliidae (Hymenoptera) associated with Saxifragaceae. Zootaxa 4098 (1): 167-178, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4098.1.8

In this thesis we study inferability in the limit from positive data for the classes of bounded and unbounded unions of certain class of languages. In order to show inferability, we put an emphasis on a characteristic set of a given language. This thesis consists of two parts: one for bounded unions, and the other for unbounded unions. In both cases, the notion of characteristic sets plays an important role to show inferability and to construct learning algorithms concretely. We consider a class of languages called a closed set system C. For bounded unions, we consider the bounded union ∪^C of closed set systems C and we assume the following three conditions: (1) C is Noetherian, (2) C is compact, and (3) a characteristic set of a given closed set in ∪^C can be constructed from its characteristic set in C. Then we have a learning algorithm of ∪^C concretely under these conditions, by using the notion of hypergraphs. We give two examples of closed set systems that satisfy the above three conditions, and apply our algorithm to them. For unbounded unions, we consider the unbounded union C⋆ of closed set systems such that there exists an algorithm for generating a characteristic set consisting of one element. We construct a learning algorithm of C⋆ concretely, and give two examples. Furthermore, we investigate relation between those examples and transaction databases, and attempt to apply our algorithm to the transaction databases., 首都大学東京, 2011-03-25, 博士（理学）