Search

The fast-growing urbanization and slow progress in the field of waste management have led to the accumulation of large quantities of animal wastes. Present work focused on the synthesis of low-cost and eco-friendly chicken bile juice mediated silver nanoparticles (BJ-AgNP). Results reveals that bile juices have enough potentiality towards the synthesis of almost uniform sizes (average size < 50 nm) of BJ-AgNPs which remains stable for more than 6 months. Response surface methodology (RSM) successfully demonstrated the optimised condition of AgNP-BJ synthesis. Factor like concentration of salt and bile extract and temperature are significantly responsible for the synthesis of nanoparticle which was further characterized using UV-Vis, TEM, FESEM, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and EDS. The synthesised nanoparticle showed excellent bactericidal activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with MIC and MBC of 40 and 50 µg/mL for Bacillus subtilis (MTCC-441) and 60 and 60 µg/mL for Eschecheria coli (MTCC-1687) respectively. The synthesized nanoparticle also acted as an antibiofilm agent against Bacillus subtilis, with ~89% biofilm inhibition efficacy at 4 X MIC, having optimal bacterial concentration of 106 CFU/mL. Therefore, present findings clearly demonstrated that an absolute animal waste could be a valuable ingredient in the field of therapeutic nanoscience.

Landslide susceptibility assessment (LSA) is a method used to reduce landslide vulnerability defined as landslide spatial prediction with the help of associative factors. The goal of the analysis is to forecast potential (2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100 AC) rainfall and land use and land cover (LULC) with the aid of the CSIRO-MK3.6.0 General circulation models (GCMs) climatic model and the dynamic conversion of land use and its effects (Dyna-CLUE) model. The purpose of this work is to produce landslide susceptibility map (LSM) of potential cycles correlated with expected rainfall and LULC data utilizing the binary logistic regression (BLR) models in the Upper Rangit River basin of eastern Himalayan region, India. Including rainfall and LULC total nineteen factors have been incorporated, these are mainly topographical, hydrological, geological, and environmental factors. A total 671 landslide locations have been mapped which divided randomly as training (70%) and validation (30%) datasets of LSM. Current (2018) LSM was validated by 30% of landslide inventory location and the result of area under curve of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) indicated that the LSM has 92.4% and 89.6% of the success and prediction rate respectively. To demonstrate the accuracy of the BLR landslide susceptibility (LS) model, this model was used to generated future LSMs based on projected of rainfall and LULC. The result of projected representative concentration pathway (RCP)-based rainfall depicted that the increasing trend of rainfall in the future period and the moderate to very high LS zones has also increased from 2040 to 2100. This study will be used to further study of landslide hazard (LH) studies with climatic approaches, and will also contribute to regional planning and development of current and future Upper Rangit River basin.

The present research highlighted the reduction of fluoride toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant by the use of silica nanoparticles of size 90 nm. Two varieties of rice (MTU 1010 and IR 36) were taken and aqueous solutions containing different concentrations of fluoride (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mg/L), silica (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mg/L) and their combination i.e., fluoride + silica (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mg/L) were taken as main treatments. The results revealed that at lower concentrations of fluoride (1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 mg/L) germination rate of both varieties of rice ranged from 90 to 100%. On the other hand, germination, root and shoot length, level of chlorophyll and carotenoid were found to have improved at lower concentrations of silica nanoparticle solutions only. There was not much enhancement in biomass of the varieties. However, the fluoride load in MTU-1010 was found to have been reduced by 35% and 56% on application of nanosilica solutions of at 3.0 and 5.0 mg/L, respectively; Nanosilica application also supported improved the health of rice plants with respect to seed germination, low level of root ion leakage and proline. Moreover, silica nanoparticles had positive impact on plant growth and pigment level in rice leaves. However, further research may be necessary to confirm our findings.

Calcium hydroxyapatatite (CHAP) has been fabricated from waste material as an egg shell towards the applicability of glyphosate (GLY) removal from aqueous phase via biosorption method. However, regarding parameters, which have been obtained to influence adsorption capability to perform the optimization study by Box–Behnken design (BBD). The materials were characterized by BET surface, field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FESEM-EDX), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR study), zero-point charge (ZPC), X-ray patterns (XRD), etc. The highest optimization was recorded as 99.9532% adsorption, regarding adsorption dose of 0.05 g, GLY concentration of 49.99 mg/L and pH of 4.22, respectively. The adsorption kinetics study was demonstrated with pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion modelling, as compared to maximum fitted with pseudo-second order. The study of equilibrium was employed through Langmuir, Freudlich, Dubinin–Radushkevitch (D–R), Tempkin isotherms, leads maximum with Freundlich (KF = 177.47 Lmg−1) and Temkin to derive the mechanism as usually engaged chemisorption. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that ΔHo (5E-13 kJ/mol) has positive showed with negative on ΔSo (− 0.0572 kJ/mol) to conform endothermic reaction facilitated with spontaneous response. The regeneration study was examined by three types of eluting agents, the NaOH: NaCl medium is the best recommended in stage of six cycles with 80% efficiency. This adsorbent utility could be beneficial to GLY adsorption in sustainable ways.

In the present study, a toxic herbicide (glyphosate) was remediated through adsorption using biogenic conversion of amino-functionalized silica nanoparticles (silica NPs). The glyphosate adsorption and silica NPs were characterized using kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics models, pH zero point charge measurements, BET surface analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and regeneration study. The adsorption data were optimized by ANN multi-layer perceptron and multiple linear regression. The equilibrium glyphosate adsorption data were fitted to Freundlich, Langmuir, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) isotherm models. The adsorption capacity values recorded for the Freundlich and Langmuir models were 233.34 L/mg and 212.76 mg/g, respectively, at the maximum saturation dose. The fast rate-determining kinetics data were described by a pseudo-second-order model at different concentrations. The thermodynamics parameters clearly revealed that the adsorption of glyphosate was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Finally, the optimized conditions were recorded as follows: initial glyphosate concentration 39.99 mg/L, pH 12.66, dose 0.299 g, contact time 60 min, and temperature 100 °C, with 98.99% removal. More importantly, the silicon NPs were easily recovered in different media, with acetic acid medium showing excellent regeneration. The present findings suggest that silicon NPs are a promising adsorbent for glyphosate removal from aqueous solutions.

Present work is highlighted on the conversion of waste PET plastics to carbon nanosphere, their characterization by SEM-EDX, XRD and FTIR and finally their application in the field of germination of Cicer arietinum and biochemical analysis. SEM and XRD results revealed that PET plastic are comfortably converted to carbon microsphere with a diameter ranges between 2-8 µm with amorphous nature and FTIR study suggested that the existence of aromatic C-H and aromatic ring along with carbonyl groups. Root morphology suggested that both root length and seminal root number gradually decrease with increasing carbon microsphere dose. Biochemical results revealed that the level of proline, catalase and MDA levels significantly (p < 0.0001) increase with increasing the dose of carbon microsphere. Finally, it can be concluded that lower dose of carbon microsphere could be beneficial for both seed germination and seedling growth, but higher dose may have adverse effect on plant community.

The present study is focused on synthesis of silver nanoparticles from weeds and an assessment of their mosquito larvicidal efficacy. This study also presented the toxicological effects as well as the stability of these nanoparticles in aquatic mesocosms. The weed Digiteria sanguinallis was first time used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by various analytical techniques, such as UV-VIS, TEM, FESEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and zeta potential study. The result revealed that the nanoparticles are crystalline, spherical shape with band gap 2.44 eV, and average size 18 nm. The LC

Accumulation of plastic materials in terrestrial systems threatens to contaminate food chains. The aim of the current study is to determine the impact of microplastics synthesized from PET plastics (control, 50, 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg/L) with respect to morphological, biochemical impact on Cicer arietinum using standardized 72 h assay and cytotoxicity study on Allium cepa root tips. The synthesized microplastics were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. Germination studies clearly revealed that there is a sharp decrease in germination with increasing the concentration of microplastics. Both pigment and carbohydrate levels increased up to 500 mg/L concentration, although protein levels increased with increase of microplastic dose. Catalase activity also increased with increasing microplastic concentration. Finally, cytotoxicity studies revealed significant chromosomal aberration at higher dose of microplastics. Therefore, it may be concluded that the microplastics have significant biological and structural adverse effects on plant metabolism.

Glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl] glycine) pollution is mainly due to industrial drainage and unnecessary use for agricultural and residential weed control purposes, which in turn creates ecosystem and environmental toxins. There are very important research fields needed for decontamination in a sustainable way. In this chapter, we discuss an adsorption process of glyphosate from aqueous solution with influencing mechanisms, which are kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics. Reported results are depicted by consequence factors, namely pH, contact time, initial taken concentration, doses, etc. Adsorbents preparation and their characterization are elaborated, namely zero point charge (ZPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), etc. The review posits that glyphosate removal and comparisons between their adsorption capacity, removal percentage, and type of adsorbents are easily available. Outcome data have been described with kinetic models; basically, uses of pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, intraparticle diffusion, and equilibrium studies for monolayer capacity have been achieved through Langmuir isotherm, which also gives an empirical relationship between glyphosate concentration and heterogeneous/homogeneous adsorbent surface. Present studies highlight plant-mediated adsorbents, nanomaterials, soils, and miscellaneous adsorbent materials, which are emphasized due to being lead nonpollutant, lower cost, and greener. A comparison of other related adsorbents, which do not use glyphosate adsorption, is not available in this study. However, the reviews surveyed more or less glyphosate adsorption papers and related papers of pesticides, supporting lead pesticide remediation.

The equilibrium adsorption of carbaryl insecticide was examined by several easily available natural adsorbents like Alluvial soil, Pistia stratiotes biodust, Lemna major biodust, neem bark dust, and eggshell powder to remove carbaryl from an aqueous environment. The batch experiments were achieved as different operating parameters. For overall validity of the process, response surface (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were used. The maximum amount of Carbaryl adsorbed onto different adsorbents is presented in this chapter. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics of the process were also provided. Finally, results showed that neem bark dust (NBD) has the maximum adsorption capacity of carbaryl. Because NBD is easily prepared, it can be a used as effective adsorbent for removal of the insecticide from contaminated water.

Glyphosate (GPh-S) contaminants pose a threat to human health, life and the environment due to the misuse of agriculture and industry. As this perspective, silver nanoparticles are loaded towards GPh-S removal through the adsorption process to improve efficiency of activated carbon. The waste corn cobs were initially selected to prepare the activated carbon, then the silver nanoparticles were loaded. The synthesized precursor was characterized through Boehm titration, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, XRD, pHzpc, BETsurface, and Raman spectroscopy etc. The batch process was carried out following parameters like as pH, contact time, temperature, initial concentration and comparative doses between activated carbon (AC) and silver-nanoparticle loaded activated carbon (AC@AgNPs). The Langmuir of AC and Freundlich of AC@AgNPs isotherm model were best fitted to describe the adsorption equilibrium, associated with the pseudo-second order kinetic. The maximum adsorption capacity achieved at 42.92 mg/g of AC and 149.25 mg/g of AC@AgNPs respectively. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption processes were endothermic, spontaneous with favorable in higher temperature. In addition, the regeneration experiments showed that both precursors have reproduction ability. For both adsorbents, the statistical optimization through the central composite design (CCD) has been applied for experimental reduction, fitting the model in quadratic term (R2 > 0.9).

The present effort aims to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic impact of three widely used nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO

Present work is highlighted on the removal of U(VI) through batch experiment, by varying the parameters such as pH, adsorbent contact time & dose, temperature, initial concentration. The SB@Fe was characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Brunauer Emmett-Teller surface area (BETsurface), Point Zero Charge (ZPC), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XEDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Adsorption equilibrium were explained through kinetics and isotherm model. The pseudo-second order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm were comparatively the best fitted, with the highest adsorption capacity at pH 5.5 of 138.88 mg/g. The adsorption mechanism was ascribed by thermodynamics parameters, which recommended the process in terms of exothermic, spontaneous and large available of randomness. Finally, Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used for optimization of U (VI) removal up to 99.813%. Therefore, the present study indicated that the silicon containing biochar supported iron oxide nanoparticle could be a promising adsorbent for decontamination of U(VI) from underground water.

The present effort aims to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic impact of three widely used nanoparticles (ZnO, TiO2 and Al2O3) on root cells of Allium cepa as a test organism. The root tip of Allium cepa were treated with three different concentrations (0.1 10 and 100 mg/L) of the above-mentioned NPs and the observations were recorded after proper growth of root under both nanoparticle solutions and UV-B exposure in combined conditions and separately. The parameters such as mitotic index, various forms of chromosomal aberrations, various reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation such as superoxide radical (O−2·), hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical (·OH), lipid peroxidation and bio-uptake of nanoparticles were assessed. The results revealed that for all the three nanoparticles, mitotic index (MI) was highly reduced in comparison to control. Among the three nanoparticles, the MI value of TiO2 was 59.5% at 0.1 mg/L. Chromosomal aberration data suggest that nano Al2O3 exhibited disturbed metaphase at 0.1 mg/L, and abnormal anaphase and sticky metaphase at 10 and 100 mg/L, respectively. Similarly, lagged metaphase and anaphase with multiple chromatin bridges were recorded for both nano ZnO and nano TiO2 at 0.1 mg/L. But, nonsignificant (p > 0.05) results were recorded between only nano metal oxide and UV-B along with nano metal oxide. ROS generation data revealed that ZnO is more active under UV-B than TiO2 and Al2O3. The cellular deformation and the existence of metal in A. cepa under nano ZnO, TiO2 and Al2O3 treatment were evaluated by Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) study, respectively. It may safely be concluded that with respect to chromosomal aberration and mitotic index, out of the three nanoparticles, Al2O3 is the most severe at higher concentrations and nano ZnO shows lowest mitotic index under UV-B exposure.

Present study highlighted on the efficacy of onion peel dust (OPD) towards removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solution. The experiment was confined on the effect of initial nitrate ion concentration, pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and temperature on the nitrate removal. The point of zero charge was recorded 6.344. The optimum pH for the maximum removal of nitrate was 12.0. The adsorption equilibrium data nicely fitted with Langmuir isotherm with very high goodness of fit (R3 = 0.908). Study results revealed that OPD, a waste material, have good performance towards removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solutions. Kinetics of nitrate adsorption data clearly revealed that nitrate adsorption obeyed Intraparticle diffusion and Pseudo-first-order kinetics. The adsorbent surface morphology both before and after adsorption was assessed by Infrared spectral study. The maximum adsorption capacity of OPD was found to be 5.93 mg g−1and maximum 85% nitrate removal from the field samples was achieved by OPD. The values of thermodynamic parameters ΔH°, ΔG° and ΔS° indicated that the nature of nitrate adsorption is dominated through endothermic, spontaneous and feasible. The exhausted OPD was regenerated by 0.1 M NaOH solution. Therefore, present study indicates that OPD could be an inexpensive material for removal of nitrate from aqueous medium and exhausted adsorbent can be easily regenerated.

The present study highlights the use of forest soil for glyphosate removal from aqueous solutions under different experimental conditions through batch mode and optimizing the process conditions. Maximum glyphosate adsorption (161.29 mg/g) occurred at pH 12. Experimental data of glyphosate biosorption onto forest soil fitted well to Langmuir isotherm model in comparison with the Freundlich and D–R model. Kinetic studies were carried out to get useful information on the rate of glyphosate adsorption onto the forest soil, which was found to follow pseudo-second-order model. Four important process parameters including glyphosate concentration (5–30 mg/L), pH (2–14), contact time (5–120 min) and dose (0.05–1.5) were optimized to obtain the best response of glyphosate removal using the statistical Box–Behnken design. Optimized values of initial glyphosate concentration, pH, contact time and dose were found as 25.74 mg/L, 12.0, 119.99 min and 0.05 g, respectively, with the 87.8% removal efficiency. The efficiency of the operating variables was also assessed by the percent contribution and Pareto analysis. Thermodynamics data suggest that glyphosate adsorption is spontaneous in nature. The results revealed that forest soil can be used as an effective and low-cost adsorbent to remove glyphosate from aqueous solutions.