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Attosecond delay lines are key to enable time-resolved measurements on atoms, molecules, plasma and solid-state materials. This tutorial review presents the current status of a wide variety of attosecond delay lines operating from the infrared to the X-ray spectral region. Depending on the wavelength regime of the pump and probe pulses, we have divided attosecond delay lines into four broad categories: IR–IR, XUV–IR, XUV–XUV and X-ray–X-ray delay lines. Further, the designs differ as to whether they are based on amplitude division or wavefront division of the laser beam. We discuss the design ideas, compactness, calibration and stability of various attosecond delay lines and compare their performance in corresponding experiments. Applications of the delay lines to resolve selected attosecond phenomena are shown along with future perspectives towards achieving zeptosecond resolution.

69 year old woman with hypertension, sleep apnea and who had a recent knee replacement, was brought in to the emergency room (ER) for syncope. She had her physiotherapy session earlier in the day and became symptomatic with dizziness and shortness of breath and passed out. In the ER she had a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 90mmHg and an oxygen saturation (O2 sat) of 80% on room air. She was given fluid bolus with improvement of SBP to 110mmHg. O2 sat improved to 99% with 10L of oxygen. Treatment was started with full dose of Enoxaparin subcutaneously. A 12-lead electrocardiogram (EKG) showed sinus tachycardia (ST) at 117 beats per minute (BPM), right bundle branch block (RBBB) and S1Q3T3 pattern. A bedside echocardiogram showed right ventricular (RV) distension. A CT-angiogram showed bilateral main stem pulmonary emboli (PE) with signs of RV strain. Patient was admitted and remained hemodynamically stable. A repeat EKG done the following day showed ST at 110 BPM with resolution of RBBB. An echocardiogram done now showed normal RV size and function. Patent was eventually discharged home on full dose apixaban. Q3S1T3 Figure 1 - ST, RBBB, S1Q3T3 pattern Figure 2 - ST Discussion: The patient presented with new RBBB (Figure 1) due to RV strain from acute PE as shown by the CT-angiogram and bedside echocardiogram. The EKG also showed S1Q3T3 pattern. With the resolution of the RV strain the following day, as noted on the subsequent echocardiogram, the 12 lead EKG showed the resolution of the RBBB and the QRS complex became narrow (Figure 2). RBBB is thought to be caused by acute RV overload and dilatation, accompanied by subendocardial ischemia in the right bundle. The S1Q3T3 pattern is historically considered as a “classic” EKG pattern associated with acute PE, even though it is neither sensitive nor specific for acute PE. Conclusion: The RBBB along with the S1Q3T3 pattern and its resolution with improvement of RV hemodynamics, is the first reported case in the literature.

High harmonic generation (HHG) from atoms near a plasmonic nanostructure interacting with a relatively low intensity driving laser field is a promising candidate for table top attosecond pulse source. The effect of carrier envelope phase (CEP) of the few cycle driving pulse on inhomogeneous high harmonics generation is well studied in literature, for example, the harmonic cut-off can be efficiently controlled by tuning the CEP. Here, we show selective enhancements of harmonic spectra due to half-cycle cutoff (HCO) which is highly sensitive to the CEP, in both spatially homogeneous and inhomogeneous driving laser fields. Essentially the selective enhancement of spectral structures results from contributions of both short and long trajectories in certain HCO regions. Compared to the homogeneous HHG in the presence of inhomogeneity, these enhanced groups eventually merge to the background with the increase of the strength of inhomogeneity. This limits the maximum possible tunability of selective enhancement. Further, near cut-off harmonics can be a good candidate to produce isolated attosecond pulses, with substantial control via CEP of the driving laser pulse along with the strength of inhomogeneity.

We show a noise self-canceling real-time picometer scale interferometer by exploiting the unique spiral phase structure of twisted light. We use a single cylindrical interference-lens to implement the twisted interferometer and perform simultaneous measurement on N phase-orthogonal single-pixel intensity pairs chosen on the petal of the daisy-flower-like interference pattern. A cancellation of various noises by three orders of magnitude was achieved in our setup compared with a conventional single-pixel detection, enabling a sub-100 picometer resolution in measuring a non-repetitive intracavity dynamic event in real-time. Furthermore, the noise cancellation capability of the twisted interferometer scales up statistically for higher radial and azimuthal quantum numbers of the twisted light. The proposed scheme could find applications in precision metrology and in developing analogous ideas for twisted acoustic beam, electron beams, and matter waves.

White light interferometry is a well established technique with diverse precision applications, however, the conventional interferometers such as Michelson, Mach-Zehnder or Linnik are large in size, demand tedious alignment for obtaining white light fringes, require noise-isolation techniques to achieve sub-nanometric stability and importantly, exhibit unbalanced dispersion causing uncertainty in absolute zero delay reference. Here, we demonstrate an ultrathin white light interferometer enabling picometer resolution by exploiting the wavefront division of a broadband incoherent light beam after transmission through a pair of micrometer thin identical glass plates. Spatial overlap between the two diffracted split wavefronts readily produce high-contrast and stable white light fringes, with unambiguous reference to absolute zero path-delay position. The colored fringes evolve when one of the ultrathin plates is rotated to tune the interferometer with picometric resolution over tens of μm range. Our theoretical analysis validates formation of fringes and highlights self-calibration of the interferometer for picoscale measurements. We demonstrate measurement of coherence length of several broadband incoherent sources as small as a few micrometer with picoscale resolution. Furthermore, we propose a versatile double-pass configuration using the ultrathin interferometer enabling a sample cavity for additional applications in probing dynamical properties of matter.

Although, many conventional approaches have been used to measure viscosity of fluids, most methods do not allow non-contact, rapid measurements on small sample volume and have universal applicability to all fluids. Here, we demonstrate a simple yet universal viscometer, as proposed by Stokes more than a century ago, exploiting damping of capillary waves generated electrically and probed optically with sub-nanoscale precision. Using a low electric field local actuation of fluids we generate quasi-monochromatic propagating capillary waves and employ a pair of single-lens based compact interferometers to measure attenuation of capillary waves in real-time. Our setup allows rapid measurement of viscosity of a wide variety of polar, non-polar, transparent, opaque, thin or thick fluids having viscosity values varying over four orders of magnitude from $$10^{0}{-}10^{4}~\text{mPa} \, \text{s}$$ 10 0 - 10 4 mPa s . Furthermore, we discuss two additional damping mechanisms for nanomechanical capillary waves caused by bottom friction and top nano-layer appearing in micro-litre droplets. Such self-stabilized droplets when coupled with precision interferometers form interesting microscopic platform for picomechanical optofluidics for fundamental, industrial and medical applications.

The excellent mechanical strength and toughness of spider silk are well characterized experimentally and understood atomistically using computational simulations. However, little attention has been focused on understanding whether the amino acid sequence of β-sheet nanocrystals, which is the key to rendering strength to silk fiber, is optimally chosen to mitigate molecular-scale failure mechanisms. To investigate this, we modeled β-sheet nanocrystals of various representative small/polar/hydrophobic amino acid repeats for determining the sequence motif having superior nanomechanical tensile strength and toughness. The constant velocity pulling of the central β-strand in the nanocrystal, using steered molecular dynamics, showed that homopolymers of small amino acid (alanine/alanine-glycine) sequence motifs, occurring in natural silk fibroin, have better nanomechanical properties than other modeled structures. Further, we analyzed the hydrogen bond (HB) and β-strand pull dynamics of modeled nanocrystals to understand the variation in their rupture mechanisms and explore sequence-dependent mitigating factors contributing to their superior mechanical properties. Surprisingly, the enhanced side-chain interactions in homopoly-polar/hydrophobic amino acid models are unable to augment backbone HB cooperativity to increase mechanical strength. Our analyses suggest that nanocrystals of pristine silk sequences most likely achieve superior mechanical strength by optimizing side-chain interaction, packing, and main-chain HB interactions. Thus, this study suggests that the nanocrystal β-sheet sequence plays a crucial role in determining the nanomechanical properties of silk, and the evolutionary process has optimized it in natural silk. This study provides insight into the molecular design principle of silk with implications in the genetically modified artificial synthesis of silk-like biomaterials.

We exploit the nonlinear multiphoton interaction of a few-cycle femtosecond (fs) pulse with viscoelastic microfibers in order to produce nanoscale grooves on its surface. The single fs pulse has been extracted from 1 kHz pulse train by double-shutter gating technique by placing two mechanical shutters in the beamline and simultaneously triggering them with a controlled delay. With adjustment of the time delay between two shutters, a small transmission window has been created to cleanly extract a single or desired number of pulses. We found that the single-pulse ablation threshold for microfiber is $$1 \hbox { J}/\hbox {cm }^2$$ while for absorbing surfaces like crystalline Si is $$0.01 \hbox { J}/\hbox {cm}^2$$. Precise diffraction unlimited ablation of materials opens a route to process nanoscale waveguides, microfluidic devices to isolate cells or macro-molecules.

The success of machine learning in different domains is also finding applications in networking. However, this may need real-time analyses of network data which is challenging. The challenge is caused by the big data size and the need for bandwidth to transfer network data to a central location hosting the analyses server. In order to address that challenge, the in-network computing paradigm is gaining popularity with the advances in programmable data plane solutions. In this paper, we perform in-network analysis of the network data by exploiting the power of programmable data plane. We propose SwitchTree which embeds Random Forest algorithm inside a programmable switch such that the Random Forest is configurable and re-configurable at runtime. We show how some flow level stateful features can be estimated, such as the round-trip time and bitrate of each flow. We evaluate the performance of SwitchTree using system level experiments and network traces. Results show that SwitchTree is able to detect network attacks at line speed with high accuracy.

The application of precision interferometers is generally restricted to expensive and smooth high-quality surfaces. Here, we offer a route to ultimate miniaturization of interferometer by integrating beam splitter, reference mirror and light collector into a single optical element, an interference lens (iLens), which produces stable high-contrast fringes from in situ surface of paper, wood, plastic, rubber, human skin, etc. The principle of iLens interferometry has been exploited to build a variety of compact devices, such as a paper-based optical pico-balance, having 1000 times higher sensitivity and speed, when compared with a high-end seven-digit electronic balance. Furthermore, we used cloth, paper, polymer-films to readily construct broadband acoustic sensors possessing matched or higher sensitivity when compared with piezo and electromagnetic sensors. Our work opens path for affordable yet ultra-precise frugal photonic devices and universal micro-interferometers for imaging.

The application of precision interferometers is generally restricted to expensive and smooth high-quality surfaces. Here, we offer a route to ultimate miniaturization of interferometer by integrating beam splitter, reference mirror and light collector into a single optical element, an interference lens (iLens), which produces stable high-contrast fringes from in situ surface of paper, wood, plastic, rubber, unpolished metal, human skin, etc. The iLens splits the incoming beam to generate two beams, viz. reference beam and the object beam, at the front surface of the iLens. The iLens then collects back-scattered light from the sample and project towards the screen where it combines with the reference beam to produce high-contrast fringes. A self-referencing real-time precision of sub-20 picometer (∼λ/30000) is demonstrated with simple intensity detection under ambient conditions. The principle of iLens interferometry has been exploited to build a variety of compact devices, such as a paper-based optical pico-balance, with a weighing accuracy of sub-100 pg, having 1000 times higher sensitivity and speed when compared with a high-end seven-digit electronic balance. Furthermore, we used cloth, paper, polymer-films to readily construct broadband acoustic sensors possessing matched or higher sensitivity when compared with piezo and electromagnetic sensors. Our work opens path for a new class of ultra-affordable yet ultra-precise frugal photonic devices for diverse applications, such as material processing, high-resolution imaging, etc., in science and education.

We fabricated ultra-thin glass cantilevers using femtosecond laser pulses while integrating nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers at its tip. The magneto-mechanical coupling of electron spins in integrated NV center’s was exploited for quantum sensing applications.

We fabricated ultra-thin glass cantilevers using femtosecond laser pulses while integrating nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers at its tip. The magneto-optical susceptibility of NV centers towards electron spin was exploited for quantum sensing applications.

The Indian scientist and passionate entrepreneur responsible for pioneering work on optical fibres and biomedical optics has passed away aged 94.

High harmonic generation (HHG) is strongly modified near plasmonic nanostructures due to confinement and inhomogeneity of the electromagnetic field. Previous studies have revealed low-intensity generation of HHG and extension of the plateau; however, the roles of potential shape and a combination of inhomogeneous infrared (IR) and blue fields on HHG have not been studied. In this work, we study HHG driven by inhomogeneous two-color (800–400 nm) IR and blue femtosecond pulses by numerically solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation. HHG spectra are computed for two different models: for a short-range potential, which supports a single-bound state, and for a long-range potential, which supports a Rydberg series, to show potential dependence on inhomogeneous two-color HHG. A substantial enhancement in the value of the cut-off resulting from inhomogeneity up to the ∼600th order, extending beyond the water window, is found for both the models. The HHG spectra are highly sensitive to the relative phase of the two-color fields and this sensitivity increases with increasing inhomogeneity. Possibilities of efficiently generating and controlling attosecond pulse train and isolated attosecond pulse are discussed.

The application of precision interferometers is generally restricted to expensive and smooth high-quality surfaces. Here, we offer a route to ultimate miniaturization of interferometer by integrating beam splitter, reference mirror and light collector into a single optical element, an interference lens (iLens), which produces stable high-contrast fringes from in situ surface of paper, wood, plastic, rubber, unpolished metal, human skin, etc. A self-referencing real-time precision of sub-20 picometer (~ lambda/30000) is demonstrated with simple intensity detection under ambient conditions. The principle of iLens interferometry has been exploited to build a variety of compact devices, such as a paper-based optical pico-balance, having 1000 times higher sensitivity and speed, when compared with a high-end seven-digit electronic balance. Furthermore, we used cloth, paper, polymer-films to readily construct broadband acoustic sensors possessing matched or higher sensitivity when compared with piezo and electromagnetic sensors. Our work opens path for affordable yet ultra-precise frugal photonic devices and universal micro-interferometers for imaging., This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in (P. Munjal & K. P. Singh, Appl. Phys. Lett., 115(11), 111102, (2019) (https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5108587))

We demonstrate a simple and versatile nanomechanical force measuring setup with 1 nN precision in air and vacuum using a load cell of an ultra-microbalance. We validate stability, precision, and linearity of the load cell with simple tests. The setup is customized to measure stress-strain response of biomaterials (silk, leaf, and flower) and capillary force in fluids. We isolated an optical pull force induced by a Watt-level laser reflected from a mirror/solid surface in air, in addition to optical push force. Furthermore, we add an interferometric probe to directly measure nanoscale deflection of cantilever of the load cell in real-time, thus bypassing its conventional electromagnetic readout, to improve speed and precision of the instrument. We demonstrate nanomechanical force measurement in high vacuum with the same precision and employ radiation pressure to calibrate the load cell for various precision measurements.

The spider silk is an excellent biomaterial that is light weight, elastic, yet tougher than steel. A great deal of research has been performed to understand its functions, new properties [1, 2], structure-function relation and its scope of applications has been very wide. There are two key difficulties, first, it is difficult to process silk with nanometer scale precision while preserving its excellent properties, and, second, it is also difficult to combine silk with other materials such as metals, glass, polymers etc.

When an intense femtosecond (fs) pulse non-linearly interacts with ionizing matter, it leads to the generation of bursts of extreme ultra violet (XUV) coherent irradiations having ultrashort pulse duration in attoseconds. Here, we present systematic experiments to show how the high-order harmonics generation is modulated with a spatially shaped fs-laser beam. The spatial shaping of fs-pulses has been induced with the alteration in hard aperture from 8-25 mm diameter. The experimental parameters such as incident power and gas pressure has been optimized to efficiently generate the harmonics in our system. While changing the aperture size of intense fs-beam, we observed unique space-time coupling effects in the shapes of individual harmonics beam.

Optical methods to study the laser-matter interactions precisely is of utmost importance. Here, we demonstrate a simple, collinear interferometer with minimum components to study time-resolved thermal deformations induced in solids /thin films with a picometer resolution. We have measured sub-nm deformations in various samples, like red acrylic sheet, when exposed to high-power CW laser source. The displacement measurement from our interferometer was then used to calculate the change in temperature of the solid sample. The minimum temperature change recorded was $(41.96\pm 5.78) mK$. Precise temperature change of solid materials is needed in many applications like in laser heating or cooling experiments. It will be interesting to study the thermal deformation in solids due to ultra-fast nano-second or pico-second laser pulses.

We introduce an ultra-thin attosecond optical delay line based on controlled wavefront division of a femtosecond infrared pulse after transmission through a pair of micrometer-thin glass plates with negligible dispersion effects. The time delay between the two pulses is controlled by rotating one of the glass plates from absolute zero to several optical cycles, with 2.5 as to tens of attosecond resolution with 2 as stability, as determined by interferometric self-calibration. The performance of the delay line is validated by observing attosecond-resolved oscillations in the yield of high harmonics induced by time delayed infrared pulses, in agreement with a numerical simulation for a simple model atom. This approach can be extended in the future for performing XUV-IR attosecond pump–probe experiments.

Interaction of light with fluid produces many competing phenomena at the nanoscale, which are less well understood due to the lack of picometer precision in measuring optofluidic deformation. Here, we employ a microliter sessile fluid drop as a self-stabilized laser microinterferometer and resolve its nanoscale interface dynamics, with precisions of about 600 pm in real-time and 20 pm with a modulated beam, below the thermal limit. For evaporating droplets having various absorbance values, we isolate a nanodimple due to laser heating from the nanobump induced by Minkowski's optical momentum transfer. We model the dimple as resulting from a negative surface-tension thermal gradient induced by nonuniform local temperature variation, which we resolved with unprecedented 600 nK precision, besides detecting pN level radiation pressure force at the transparent fluid interface. These signatures are generic for a wide variety of fluids including Au-nanoparticle suspension, olive oil, glycerine, and biofluids such as egg-white and human saliva. Our study opens a route to achieve picometer precision with tiny fluid samples for intriguing applications.

We investigate the dissociation dynamics of diatomic molecules subjected to both a femtosecond infrared (IR) laser pulse and a femtosecond pulse train (FPT) within the framework of the Morse potential model. When the IR and FPT are phase delayed, we observe well-resolved oscillations in dissociation probability, corresponding to multiple integers of the IR period, exhibiting enhancement and suppression of bond dissociation. These oscillations reveal a rich dynamics as a function of the IR and FPT parameters including chaotic fields. A frequency-resolved profile of dressed molecular states shows that these oscillations are due to interference of many quantum paths analogous to the recently observed control of photoionization of atoms under IR and XUV pulses. By manipulating phases of FPTs we demonstrate an enhancement of molecular dissociation compared to the transform-limited case.

We employ a femtosecond light sheet generated by a cylindrical lens to rapidly produce high-fidelity nano-structures over large area on silicon surface. The Fourier analysis of electron microscopy images of the laser-induced surface structures reveals sharp peaks indicating good homogeneity. We observed an emergence of second-order spatial periodicity on increasing the scan speed. Our reliable approach may rapidly nano-pattern curved solid surfaces and tiny objects for diverse potential applications in optical devices, structural coloring, plasmonic substrates and in high-harmonic generation.

Introduction Glycaemic control in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has typically been achieved with diet, exercise and insulin therapy. Controversy exists in the literature about a potential role for metformin. Methods A literature review was completed aiming to compare the glycaemic control, maternal and fetal out comes of metformin therapy with insulin. Searches were completed on databases, including Medline, PubMed and ScienceDirect. Seven randomised control trials (RCTs) fit the inclusion criteria, with a total sample size of 1514 women. Results The majority of studies found no difference in glycaemic control between metformin and insulin groups. When comparing maternal outcomes, those receiving metformin therapy recorded less maternal weight gain in four studies. A number of studies reported lower rates of neonatal hypoglycaemia, and one reported higher rates of preterm birth in the metformin group. There were no other differences in the recorded maternal and fetal outcomes. Discussion The Jadad score for assessing risk of bias for most included studies was either 3 or 4. The criteria for diagnosis of GDM, maternal and neonatal complications varied between studies. Only one study has published follow-up data, and most are single-centre trials with relatively small sample sizes. Conclusion Though there is a growing body of evidence to suggest a role for metformin in GDM management, further large-scale, multicentre RCTs are needed before guidelines can be altered.

ObjectiveTo determine the nutritional status of men and the food security status of their households in an internally displaced persons (IDP) camp in Kenya.DesignA descriptive, cross-sectional study using a questionnaire and biometric measurements was completed in June 2013.SettingIDP camp, Rongai, Kenya.SubjectsA total of 267 men aged ≥18 years residing within the camp were recruited via respondent-driven sampling. Statistical associations between categorical variables were analysed using Pearson’sχ2tests, while independentttests were used for continuous variables.ResultsAmong the men surveyed, we found a mean BMI of 20·3 (sd2·5) kg/m2, with 23·9 % of participants in the underweight category (BMI2). The mean Individual Dietary Diversity Score was 6 out of a maximum score of 9. The mean Household Food Insecurity Access Scale score was 11·6 (sd6·8), with 180 participants (71·7 %) residing in households categorised as severely food insecure. Low monthly household income (PPPPConclusionsWhile the nutritional status of men in the IDP camp is comparable to non-displaced men in Kenya, household food insecurity is relatively high. Efforts to improve food security for the future are essential to minimise the impact of severe food insecurity on mental health, disease profiles and family well-being reported in other IDP settings.

Precision measurement on momentum transfer between light and fluid interface has many implications including resolving the intriguing nature of photons momentum in a medium. For example, the existence of Abraham pressure of light under specific experimental configuration and the predictions of Chau-Amperian formalism of optical momentum for TE and TM polarizations remain untested. Here, we quantitatively and cleanly measure nanomehanical dynamics of water surface excited by radiation pressure of a laser beam. We systematically scanned wide range of experimental parameters including long exposure times, angle of incidence, spot size and laser polarization, and used two independent pump-probe techniques to validate a nano- bump on the water surface under all the tested conditions, in quantitative agreement with the Minkowski’s momentum of light. With careful experiments, we demonstrate advantages and limitations of nanometer resolved optical probing techniques and narrow down actual manifestation of optical momentum in a medium.

Recent advances in controlled generation of intense, ultrashort laser pulses in the femtosecond and attosecond time-scales have pushed new avenues of research in the coherent control of ultrafast electron dynamics in atoms and molecules. We present a topical review on the phenomenon of control of electron localization in small dissociating molecules. By creating and controlling coherent superposition of the symmetric and antisymmetric electronic states, it becomes possible to confine the evolving electron cloud onto a preferred nucleus, thereby steering the molecule towards a desired dissociation route. We discuss the origin of the idea and various mechanisms to achieve electron localization in small molecules. To highlight recent experimental progress, we explain how one can employ few-cycle IR pulses and different attosecond extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pulses in various ways to successfully demonstrate the control of electronic dynamics. Future research opportunities and challenges on this topic are envisioned.

We study the impact of small heterogeneity in signals applied to globally coupled nonlinear bistable elements. In the absence of coupling, the collective response is simply the average of all the uncorrelated signals. When the elements are coupled and a bias is applied, we find that even a very small number of different inputs are able to drag the collective response towards the stable state of the minority inputs. In our explicit demonstration we have taken Schmitt triggers as the basic nonlinear bistable elements, and the inputs are encoded as voltages applied to them. The average of output voltages of all the Schmitt triggers corresponds to the global output of the system. We also observe that the minimum heterogeneity that can be detected scales with ratio of threshold voltage to source voltage of the Schmitt triggers, and can be be brought down to the limit of single bit detection.

Spider silk is a tough, elastic and lightweight biomaterial, although there is a lack of tools available for non-invasive processing of silk structures. Here we show that nonlinear multiphoton interactions of silk with few-cycle femtosecond pulses allow the processing and heterostructuring of the material in ambient air. Two qualitatively different responses, bulging by multiphoton absorption and plasma-assisted ablation, are observed for low- and high-peak intensities, respectively. Plasma ablation allows us to make localized nanocuts, microrods, nanotips and periodic patterns with minimal damage while preserving molecular structure. The bulging regime facilitates confined bending and microwelding of silk with materials such as metal, glass and Kevlar with strengths comparable to pristine silk. Moreover, analysis of Raman bands of microwelded joints reveals that the polypeptide backbone remains intact while perturbing its weak hydrogen bonds. Using this approach, we fabricate silk-based functional topological microstructures, such as Mobius strips, chiral helices and silk-based sensors.

We introduce special mechanical shutters for extraction of single femtosecond (fs) pulse from fs- pulse train (1 KHz). Extracted pulse could be utilized to study time resolved dynamics at atomic or bulk scale especially in case of XUV pulses.

Radiation pressure of light has polarization dependence. Using liquid drop interferometer with nano-metric precision, we detected the nanometer difference in deformation at air-water interface due to the TE and TM mode of light polarization.

We propose a nanometric sensitive interferometric technique to simultaneously detect the surface dynamics of sessile fluid drop at multiple points by using a single laser beam.