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Microsporidia are intracellular, obligate parasites. They have wide infection range from diverse phyla of invertebrates to vertebrates and also these eukaryotic pathogens parasitize those hosts which themselves are parasites, thus revealing hyperparasitism. The present study describe intracellular pathogen microsporidia which is isolated from a nematode parasite, Ascaridia sp. which itself is a parasite of fowl, Gallus gallus domesticus. The initial detection by optical microscopy represented numerous refractive oval spores in the homogenate samples of nematodes with mean spore length and width of 4.32±0.32μm×1.57±0.26μm (N=10). Giemsa staining exhibited demarcating stages of spore development. Spores developing in sporophorous vesicle, mature spores of considerable size and shape, dividing sporonts and sporoblasts, were clearly noticeable. However, the phases of proliferation (merogony) were indistinguishable. The ultrastructural study by Scanning electron microscopy illustrated intracellular development of microspor-idian spore inside nematode tissues. Xenoma formation as well as spore adherence to the epithelial wall most likely indicated the degradation and auto-infection by the microsporidian spores in the host tissue. A spore infecting host tissue by ejecting its polar tubule was also captured. Thus, the overall study focuses on developing microsporidia as hyperparasite in nematodes, although further classification for determining the genus has been left to be explored.

Background/objectives: Ascaridia galli (Schrank) is a well-known nematode parasite of poultry birds. Heavy infection causes an economic loss to the poultry farmers. Information related to its detailed morphological and anatomical structure is inadequate. A study of ultrastructure has revealed the possibility of differentiating the nematodes. Methodology: Ascaridia galli were collected from the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) from Lucknow, UP. Scanning electron microscopy was used for the detailed identification of Ascaridia galli. Findings: Scanning electron microscopy exposed that mouth was surrounded with three trilobed lips. Internal rim of each lip was surrounded with fine teeth, and sensory papillae on the outside. Annulations of cuticle occur on the body surface, which is further divided into subannuli. Posterior end of male was pointed and curved having a precloacal sucker and anus. Females had a blunt and straight tail with an anus at ventral side. Caudal papillae and the lateral caudal alae are the tiny outgrowths which surrounds the each side of posterior opening. A sclerotized ring bounded to precloacal sucker was present. These signs of Ascaridia galli attained in the present study could be helpful in the taxonomical studies of nematode worms. Development of control strategies is very essential by understanding the host–parasite relationships. For this purpose, identification of nematode parasite will be very useful. Novelty/ contribution: The present study was designed to understand the morphology of A. galli. Therefore, these markers could be helpful in the taxonomical status of ascaridia nematode worms in domestic fowl. Keywords: Domestic fowl; A galli; Precloacal sucker; Trilobed lips; Caudal papillae; Scanning electron microscopy

Background: The Gangetic plain of Uttar Pradesh is fertile land inhabited by second highest cattle population in India. A study was undertaken from May 2016 to March 2018 on the distribution and abundance of ticks in cattle. Methods: Data was collected from 3 organized farms, 5 Gaushalas and from local farmers. Studied animals were divided into three categories indigenous breeds (n=450), exotic (n=60) and crosses of exotic and local breeds (n=140). The prevalence of tick infestation was studied in the host cattle in the different seasons. Result: Total eight species of ticks were identified. Among the Ixodid ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was the predominant species (85.28 %) in all seasons. Significantly (p less than 0.05) higher prevalence was recorded in monsoon season as compared to other seasons. Animals aged 1 year of age (50.87%). Sex-wise, the males had higher infestation rate than the females. In the villages, Gaushalas and in unorganized dairy farms tick infestation prevalence was (45%) as compared to minimal prevalence 4% recorded from organized sector. Infestation in exotic cattle was high in fields as compared to crossbred and indigenous cattle breed. Most of the animals under farm management system were infected with single tick species. While multi species tick infestation was observed in the fields. This could be due to the management practices and timely tick treatment adopted by farms.

The history of the human factor in aviation is a quite progressive and immense amount of work has been done to improve the system which is affected by elements of the human factor. Keeping this in mind, this investigation aims to provide a brief snapshot of aviation human factors affecting work performance in Maintenance Repair Overhaul (MRO) agencies. The beginning of the study specifies brief details regarding the progress of social psychology in the human factor. After that, it focuses on the elements that social psychology present to the professionals such as aircraft maintenance engineers, technicians, maintenance planner etc. involved in aviation for safe and smooth operations. It also highlights the human interaction to social psychology in different condition. The working environment of MROs is quite challenging and complex and introduces several issues from the arena of the human factor. The research orients the reader to the causes and effects that guide the cutting edge of the field now. The research aims to provide the current status of different social psychology elements stemming out from human factor arena.

Fungi are unique organisms as they represent a separate group in taxonomy for the purpose of classification. Some common species like Aspergillus and Candida are found everywhere on Earth, from grass fields, gardens, and playgrounds to houses, hotels, and hospitals, and even the skin, and mucous membranes have been identified as sources of fungi that cause life-threatening infections. Veterinary mycology deals with the identification of veterinary fungi, diagnosis of fungal infections, and eradication and vaccine development against invasive veterinary fungal infections. It is now a rapidly growing subject, and knowledge on the role of fungi in causing disease in livestock has been greatly increased. Mycotic diseases are the major concern for livestock production, especially in bovines, as they are globally distributed, can cause long-lasting diseases, and are also connected to the public health issue. They are responsible for a wide range of diseases, from localized infections to fatal disseminated diseases in bovines, such as aspergillosis, mucormycosis, ringworm, cryptococcosis, etc. Some of these diseases, such as mycotic abortion in cattle, are of considerable economic importance, and also of great scientific interest. Changing climatic conditions affect the biology, transmission, and epidemiology of the pathogens, as well as variations in host susceptibility via immune modulation and behavioral changes like malnutrition due to climate-induced damage to agricultural production and, therefore, low body immunity to infection and a conducive environment for pathogens, as has resulted with global climate change. Ultraviolet radiation influx may further alter immunity and cause damage to skin and genes (Patz et al., Jama. 275:217–223, 1996; Norval et al., Photochem Photobiol Sci 10:199–225, 2011). This chapter represents an overview of the different categories of fungal infections that can be encountered in animals and also assesses the effect of climate change on mycotic diseases.

Fungi are multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms which were once considered to be the ancient member of the plant kingdom but became opportunistic pathogens in animals, depending on the latter’s immune status. The microsporidia, a fungal-related parasite, is a highly specialized, obligate, intracellular pathogen of insects. The major effect of microsporidiosis, the infection caused by the microsporidia, is on pollinators, and, among the pollinators, chiefly on the honey bee population. Bees, unfortunately, are reported to be undergoing speedy decline because of survival needs and opportunistic misuse, and also due to being subjected to the assault of several parasites, parasitoids, and predators. Microsporidia is one of the important entomopathogens considered to impede the captive rearing of insects. However, studies on microsporidian association with honey bees and their immune system are scarce in India and the world over. Apart from microsporidian impact as the major cause of bee depopulation, there are incidences of other fungal pathogens, such as stonebrood and chalkbrood diseases of bees, that are affecting bees’ health. Hence, for optimum commercial and ecological benefit, extensive work needs to be undertaken for their preservation. Bunch rearing of honey bees in flourished and healthy fruit and crop gardens is the most effective way to conserve them, and is also a measure to keep them free from parasites and diseases. This literature review briefly provides information about the importance of honey bees, their role in the ecosystem, and the impact of microsporidian disease, one of the most significant and less often studied diseases, on the honey bee population worldwide.

The DNA extraction process is the most crucial step for demonstrating various molecular techniques such as PCR, DNA barcoding, metagenomic s etc. This paper describes a simple and efficient pro tocol of DNA extraction from insect's sample that included Honey bees, Carpenter bees and Flour beetle's tissues with slight modification in CTAB method. DNA concentration together with purity has been determined by spectrophotometer absorbance reading at O.D260nm and O.D260/280nm respectively. A dditionally, lambda DNA marker (NEB301 2S) has been employed to validate band intensity by agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA band exposed less smearing and intense band in agarose gel. Band of DNA in HB and CB lane was greater than 95.4ng but less than 95.4ng in lane FB as compared to lambda DNA marker bands. Also, DNA extracted from the tissue of Honey bee (HB), Carpenter bee (CB) and Flour Beetle (FB) measured by spectrophotometer for analysing O.D at 260 nm was found to be 4.9, 5.1 and 3.7ug/ml and the purity by considering 260/280 O.D ratio was 2.33, 1.76, 1.92.

The rising number of aircraft in the country and the new civil aviation policy only forecast an enormous requirement for regional aircraft in the country in the future but this has also raised the concern regarding the availability of a required number of skilled and qualified workforce. The skilled manpower is the backbone of the aviation industry for the safe operation of airlines but the way it is expanding in India, it would be difficult to have a sufficient number of skilled manpower to meet the requirement of growing aviation industry. This demand for a skilled workforce is very high and cannot be addressed by existing training infrastructure. The situation will get worse if the effective and immediate actions are not taken on time. To effectively overcome this problem, the government has to come forward with an agenda addressing the key elements such as training needs, training infrastructure, and workforce planning. There is strong need of simplified policy along with strong determination from the government as well as private sector to support this growing sector in term of investment in training, better wages, healthier lifestyle and adoption of latest technology.

Safety has always been a concern for aviation organizations; however, most of the research that has been done in this field is related to safety culture in flight operations and not directly related to the Aircraft Maintenance Organizations (AMO). However, the holistic flight safety depends on the conduct of individuals from both Aircraft Maintenance Organizations and flight operations. The risk factors from aircraft maintenance are very crucial and if not mitigated on time, can lead to more accidents and serious incidents. Safety regulations adopted by Safety Management Systems (SMS) may not be always followed because of alleged reasons including time constraints and cost reduction. This problem can be prevented by creating a safety culture. Hence embracing aviation safety culture is very important to guarantee the required safety outcomes. This research aims to provide an overview of the effective implementation of safety management systems and evaluate the safety culture in maintenance organizations in the UAE. The research outcomes and recommendations will help maintenance organizations to enhance the level of safety by adopting an effective safety culture and ensuring effective implementation of safety management system.

A novel design of square and circular ring triple band microstrip patch antenna is designed for satellite applications. The overall dimension of proposed antenna is (21×25mm2) and it consists of a defected ground structure. The antenna characteristics return loss, gain, group delay, VSWR, radiation pattern and radiation efficiency are discussed. Due to this shape of antenna, its provide triple band at resonating frequencies of 4.17 GHz, 7.48 GHz, 9.3GHz, with the respective impedance bandwidth 5.51%, 1.87% and 15.77% on FR4 substrate, with gain of 6.62 dBi, 4 dBi and 5.12 dBi. The proposed antenna is designed and simulated by HFSStool.

Objective: The current study was carried out to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of the rhizome extract of Curcuma longa as an alternative source of effective remedies for nematodiasis.Methods: The anthelmintic activity of the C. longa was assessed in vitro against Haemonchus spp., a gastrointestinal (abomasum) parasite of goats. Different concentrations of the extracts (1 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were tested, and the results expressed in terms of time of paralysis (minute) and time of death (minute) of the worms. Albendazole (1 mg/mL) was used as a reference (positive control) and PBS as a control group (negative control).Results: The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the methanolic extract (ME) of the plant disclosed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenol, anthraquinone, and carbohydrates; whereas, the aqueous extract (AE) showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, flavonoids, and saponins. Both ME and AE of the C. longa (rhizome) expressed significant efficacy (p≤0.05) in causing paralysis as well as the death of the worms within 12 h of exposure at all tested concentrations, as compared to the negative control. The rhizome extracts of C. longa showed dose-dependent efficacy in causing paralysis of the worm motility and the final progression to death. The results showed that the ME at 10 mg/mL was significantly more potent (p≤0.05) over the AE.Conclusions: This study concluded that the rhizome extract of C. longa exhibited potent anthelmintic efficacy against the nematode parasite, Haemonchus spp.