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Repair of bone defects can be done using tissue engineering involving a combination of scaffold, stem cells, and growth factors. The natural scaffold that is commonly used is Deproteinized Bovine Bone Material (DBBM), but it is only osteoconductive and not osteoinductive and has slow biodegradation. Another alternative to the scaffold is Freeze Dried Bovine Bone (FDBB) which has better osteoconductive properties and decellularization scaffold called decellularization Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone (dc-FDBB). In the tissue engineering process, scaffold can induce the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts which then form the bone matrix. The process of osteoblast formation will affect the increase in Collagen type 1 (COL-1) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) genes. The bjective to compare the expression of COL-1 and ALP on FDBB and DBBM scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. The study was an in vitro laboratory experiment on human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hUC-MSC). There were five treatment groups, group 1 immersion of hUC-MSC on basic medium, group 2 immersion of hUCMSC on osteogenic medium, group 3 FDBB on osteogenic medium, group 4 decellularized dcFDBB on osteogenic medium, and group 5 DBBM on osteogenic medium. Furthermore, RT-PCR readings were carried out on the sixth and 12th days, with each sample replicated two times. Data analysis was carried out using the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test. As a result Group 1 showed the highest mean of ALP and COL-1 expression compared to other groups on day six and day 12. One-way ANOVA analysis test showed p<0.05 which indicated a significant difference between groups in the expression of ALP and COL-1. In conclusion the FDBB scaffold showed the highest ALP and COL-1 expression when compared to the DBBM and dc-FDBB groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the efficacy of a granule combination comprising blood cockle shell powder (Anadara granosa) and Lemuru fish oil (Sardinella longiceps) in accelerating postextraction tooth-socket healing, with osteoblasts and collagen as the key parameters. Forty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: a control group receiving no treatment, a group administered A. granosa powder (treatment 1), and the remaining groups receiving combinations of A. granosa and Lemuru fish oil granules at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% (treatments 2, 3, and 4), respectively. All rats underwent intentional extraction of their lower right first molar in the mandible. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed, and their mandibles were transversally sectioned. Masson trichrome staining was used for collagen analysis, whereas hematoxylin and eosin staining was used for osteoblast evaluation. Light microscopy was used for observations. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA for osteoblasts and descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney tests for collagen, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. The average osteoblast count significantly increased in the experimental groups compared with the control group (p < 0.05). These counts were 6.901 in the control, 8.760 in treatment 1, 9.758 in treatment 2, 11.568 in treatment 3, and 19.950 in treatment 4. Collagen density scores for each group were as follows: control = 1; treatment 1 = 1; treatment 2 = 2; treatment 3 = 3; and treatment 4 = 2 Mann-Whitney tests revealed significant differences in collagen density between the groups treated with the A. granosa and Lemuru fish oil combination at 20% (p = 0.025) and 30% (p = 0.041) concentrations. The combination of A. granosa and Lemuru fish oil in granules significantly enhances toothsocket healing when used as a postextraction treatment in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconstruction of maxillofacial defect still remains a challenge for oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Autograft, which has been the gold standard, has limitations and donor site morbidity. Tissue engineering combining cells, scaffold, and growth factors is expected to produce ideal bone without morbidity, with Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUCMSC) and bovine scaffold are promising topics. HUCMSC therapy is influenced by biomolecules including cytokines, growth factors, and microRNAs, known as secretome. This study aims to analyze the osteoinduction potential of the HUCMSC secretome in the FDBBX scaffold through the expression of Runt Related Transcription Factor-2 (RUNX2) and Osteocalcin (OCN) markers. Objectives to analyze the increased expression of RUNX2 and OCN of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblast cells that were seeded into FDBBX scaffold after application of the HUCMSC secretome compared to scaffold without secretome. The study was an in vitro laboratory experiment. The first group was FDBBX scaffold after HUCMSC secretome application and the second group was FDBBX without secretome. The analysis of the RUNX2 and OCN expression of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells that attached to the scaffold was conducted on days 7, 14 and 21 using RT-PCR method. Independent T test was conducted as a Statistical test to analyze the differences between groups, and One way ANOVA test was conducted to analyze the difference between time. The difference analysis was considered significant when p<0,05. The Independent T test result showed that the expression of RUNX2 and OCN in FDBBX scaffold after HUCMSC secretome application was significantly higher than scaffold without secretome (P=0,039; P=0,025). The expression of RUNX2 and OCN of MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells in the FDBBX scaffold after HUCMSC secretome application was higher than the scaffold without secretome application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Uncontrolled bone resorption after tooth extraction can cause a loss in alveolar bone dimension, which has an impact on alveolar bone preservation during dental implant treatment. Alpha-mangostin contained in mangosteen peel extract can reduce alveolar bone resorption while speeding up the bone formation process. This study determined whether the administration of α-mangostin decreases Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and increases Bone Sialoprotein (BSP) in the inflammatory process. Materials and Methods: The following four groups were subjected to an in-vitro assay to compare variations in the expression of inflammatory markers IL-6 and osteogenic markers BSP in LPS-induced cell line 7F2 cells before being administered α-mangostin. The bone sialoprotein (BSP), which is used as the osteogenesis marker of the effects of α-mangostin, is examined. Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are employed in cell line 7F2 cultures of osteoblast cells to produce inflammatory effects. Real-time PCR was used to monitor the expression of genes related to inflammation and osteogenesis. Result: The Real-time PCR results showed that LPS can increase the expression of IL-6 by (15.12 ± 2.70), the administration of α-mangostin and LPS + α-mangostin can decrease the expression of IL-6 by (0.12 ± 0.04) and (0.25 ± 0.01). BSP expression increased in the provision of LPS and LPS + α-mangostin by (1.44 ± 0.33) and (3.13 ± 1.36), while in the administration of α-mangostin decreased by (0.96 ± 0.24). Conclusion: Alpha-mangostin has a potential effect to decrease the expression of the IL-6 gene and increase the expression of the BSP gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone Scaffold (FDBB) and Decellularized Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone (DCFDBB) are promising new alternative of xenograft material in bone tissue engineering. However, their biocompatibility is still unknown. To investigate whether FDBB and DC-FDBB scaffolds are biocompatible, able to induce cell proliferation attachment in vitro. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) culture was exposed to FDBB, DC-FDBB, Deproteinized Bovine Bone Matrix (DBBM) scaffold (as positive control) conditioned medium for 24, 48 and 72 hours (n=8). MTT assay was then performed to measure the number of viable cells at each observation time. Normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene) test were done on the results of the MTT assay, then ANOVA test was performed. To support the finding, further SEM observation was performed. hUC-MSCs were seeded on the surface of each scaffold type (n=3) and incubated for 24, 48 and 72 hours, then SEM observation was done on the scaffold surface to analyse their surface cell attachment. The mean percentage of living cells in FDBB group was the highest among all groups. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in each treatment group at each observation time, except between FDBB and DC-FDBB (48 hours), DC-FDBB and DBBM (48 hours), FDBB and DC-FDBB (72 hours) (p>0.05). SEM examination showed the same results, as the highest number of cell colonization was found on FDBB group at each observation time. FDBB and DC-FDBB scaffolds have good biocompatibility characteristics that can be used as a bone substitute in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth extraction may trigger an inflammatory response of alveolar bone resorption. Therefore, socket preservation is needed after tooth extraction by placing biomaterial that could maintain original alveolar bone height and width until implant placement. The mangosteen pericarp is one of natural substance that many contains of alpha-mangostin which have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory. Many research was carried out for speed up healing process by decrease inflammation and increased bone healing following tooth extraction, one of them it used alphamangostin. The aims of this study are to determine the direct potential of alpha-mangostin to affect the expressions of TNF-alpha as inflammatory marker gene and Osterix (OSX) as ostegenesis marker gene on osteoblastic 7F2 cell culture. Lipopolysaccharide-treated 7F2 osteoblast cell culture with or without alpha-mangostin are subjected to quantitative RT-PCR for TNF-alpha and Osterix. This study uses a post-test-only control group design by comparing the differences of marker expressions. Statistical analysis is determined with one-way ANOVA test. The alpha-mangostin promoted both TNF-alpha and Osterix expressions post lipopolysaccharide induction on osteoblaast 7F2 cell culture. The highest TNF-alpha gene expression was found in group that induced lipopolysaccharide and alpha-mangostin, and had significant difference in TNF-alpha expression between the group. The highest Osterix gene expression was found in group that induced lipopolysaccharide and alpha-mangostin, but there was not a significant difference in Osterix expression between the group. There is no effect of alphamangostin to suppress inflammatory cytokine production but promoted a process of osteogenesis on inflammatory osteoblast cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defects in the mandible cause deformities, functional disturbances and facial esthetics that cause a decrease in a person's quality of life. Autograft is the gold standard because it has osteogenic, osteoinductive, osteoconductive properties and does not cause an immune response. Allograft as an alternative to autograft is the use of scaffold. The common bovine scaffolds that have been widely studied are DBBM (Deproteinized Bovine Bone Material), FDBB (Freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft) and dc-FDBB (Decellularized freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft). Permeability is a parameter that quantitatively measures the ability of a porous medium to flow liquids and depends on a combination of porosity, pore size, pore distribution and tortuosity. High viscosity can result in higher permeability. The porosity of decellularized cartilage bovine scaffold was significantly increased compared to fresh bovine cartilage. Objectives to find out whether the level of permeability of dc-FDBB qualifies as a bone tissue engineering scaffold. Scaffold FDBB, dc-FDBB, DBBM were divided into 2 groups, namely the group with distilled water and the group with 30% glycerol media. The permeability test was carried out in each group by measuring the liquid discharge every minute for 10 minutes and then calculating the permeability value. Then the permeability comparison between scaffolds is carried out. The maximum volume of fluid flow per minute was found on the DBBM scaffold, both in distilled water and 30% glycerol media. In the group with distilled water and 30% glycerol group, the highest permeability values were obtained in the DBBM scaffold test group, and the lowest in the dc-FDBB test group. The permeability of the dc-FDBB scaffold in this study shows a value that falls within the range of human cancellous bone permeability values so that it can be concluded that the dc-FDBB scaffold in this study meets the scaffold permeability standards for tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deproteinized Bovine Bone Mineral (DBBM) has been widely used as tissue engineering scaffold, because of its not antigenic potential, although non-resorbable. Freeze-Dried Bovine Bone (FDBB) scaffold was developed to overcome the limitations of DBBM but it's still suspected to have antigenic potential. Therefore, to overcome the issues of antigenic potential, decellularization of FDBB was carried out (dc-FDBB). Objective: To analyze antigenic potential of FDBB scaffold with process decellularization. FDBB and dc-FDBB scaffolds compared to DBBM scaffold as gold standard. Ten samples for each group of scaffold FDBB, dc-FDBB, and DBBM. The groups were observed for residual osteoblasts and osteocytes with HE staining using a light microscope with 40 x and 400 x magnification. DNA concentration analysis was carried out on the three types of scaffolds using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 25. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Post Hoc Games-Howell tests. There were degradation of osteocytes without nucleus and satisfactory condition of extracellular matrix geometrical structure in the FDBB scaffold. There were no osteoblasts and osteocytes with damaged extracellular matrix geometrical structures were seen in the dc-FDBB scaffold. There were no osteoblasts and osteocytes with satisfactory condition of extracellular matrix geometrical structure in the DBBM scaffold. Mean values of DNA concentration: FDBB, dc-FDBB, and DBBM were of (19.75 ng/µL ± 4.80), (16.84 ng/µL ± 6.55), and (8.72 ng/µL ± 0.65) respectively. Comparative p value FDBB and dc-FDBB scaffolds were 0,509 (p>0,05), there were no statistically significant difference between FDBB and dc-FDBB scaffolds. FDBB and dc-FDBB scaffolds can be used because it has low antigenic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Cleft lip and palate (CLP) in children might impact their parents' mental health. The pathology may cause burden in the parents' life, primarily in the financial and social aspects. The IOFS (Impact on Family Scale) questionnaire, with 33 items and 4 aspects, measures the quality of life by quantifying the impact on families of chronic childhood conditions. This cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the validity and reliability of the IOFS. Materials and Methods: The translation of the IOFS questionnaire to Indonesian language was conducted by two translators. Thirty respondents based in three regions in East Nusa Tenggara (Kupang, Bima, and Selong) were selected for data collection. The scoring was measured using a Likert scale, and then the data were tested by Pearson's bivariate test and Cronbach's alpha test to assess the questionnaire's validity and reliability, respectively. Results: A total of 31 statements showed validity scaling using the coefficient Pearson's correlation >0.361 (P < 0.05) and 29 statements showed reliable scaling (Cronbach's alpha) >0.60 (P < 0.05). The overall validity and reliability test revealed 27 valid and reliable IOFS instrument statements. Conclusion: The majority of the statements were valid and reliable. Thus, the IOFS instrument can be considered a reliable, valid, and straightforward tool to assess the burden on the cleft and lip palate family in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implant placement in defective alveolar bone requires bone grafting and autogenous bone graft remains the gold standard bone material, however, it causes donor site morbidities. We explore the profile of newly developed demineralized freeze-dried bovine bone xenograft (DFDBBX). Objective: to assess profiles of DFDBBX granules. Enzymatic protein extraction of DFDBBX were performed and specific growth factors quantified with ELISA. For compatibility study rBM-MSCs was cultured in 2.5%, 5.0% and 10% DFDBBX medium for 72 hours followed by MTT assay. Human adipose-derived MSCs was cultured in conditioned medium of DFDBBX for 2, 7, and 14 days. Expression of RUNX2 and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were examined by immunofluorescence assay. Data was analysed statistically with significance set at p-value < 0.05. PDGF, VEGF, and FGFa levels of DFDBBX were significantly higher, BMP2 and BMP4 levels were found comparable in both groups, whereas TGF-1 significantly lower than FDBBX. Cell viability was comparable between DFDBBX and Deproteinized Bovine Bone Material (DBBM). Runx2 and ALP expression in DFDBBX is equivalent to osteogenic medium group and detected until 14 days. DFDBBX granules contain major proliferative and osteogenic growth factors, not cytotoxic and has osteoinductive properties equivalent to DBBM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR) for alveolar bone augmentation requires combination of bone graft and tissue barrier in the form of biodegradable membrane. Bovine pericardium collagen membrane (BPCM) is the most commonly used resorbable membrane. Demineralized freeze dried bovine cortical bone membrane (DFDBCBM) was known to undergo faster biodegradation compared to BPCM. The study attempts to reveal the mechanism of DFDBCBM degradation by analyzing Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-) and Matrix Metalloproteinase – 13 (MMP-13) expression after implantation of DFDBCBM and BPCM in rat’s dorsum. This experimental study used 60 male rat’s which are divided into 2 groups. Subcutaneous implantation of DFDBCBM were done in the first group, while BPCM implanted in the control group. On day 2, 5, 7, 14, 21 and 28 post implantation five rats were sacrificed from each group for immunohistochemistry staining to analyze TNF-α and MMP-13 expression. Comparative and correlation study were done to analyze the two parameters. There was no significant differences in TNF-α and MMP-13 expression between the two groups over all observation periods. However, no correlation was found between TNF-α and MMP-13 expression in both groups. The implantation of DFDBCBM does not induce excessive inflammatory response and it undergoes comparable biodegradation process with BPCM until 28 days post implantation. The level of inflammatory response does not correlate with the magnitude of membrane degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound healing process after tooth extraction consists of several stages which involves the role of blood cells, tissues, cytokines, and growth factors. Bone formation in the post extraction socket tends to occur due to osteoblast activity, with the use of natural ingredients such as lime peel extract capable of accelerating the bone healing process due to its flavonoids, tannins and saponins contents which consists of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This research evaluates the effect of lime peel extract on osteoblast proliferation, matrix and trabecular bone formation in tooth extraction socket of wistar rat. A total of twenty fourwistar rats were divided into 2 control and treatment groups, with a 50% concentration of lime peel extract topically applied into the socket in the treatment group. After 7 and 14 days, 6 rats from each group were sacrificed and sample taken for histology examination using HE staining. Furthermore, the number of osteoblasts, matrix and trabecular area were calculated and the data statistically analyzed with significance determined at p value < 0.05. Significant differences were found in the number of osteoblasts, bone matrix and trabecular formation between the two groups on the seventh and fourteenth. The topical application of 50% lime peel extract gel into the post extraction socket of wistar rat increased its bone formation by increasing the osteoblast proliferation, bone matrix and trabecular bone formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post tooth extraction wound healing is an important process in restoring the function of mastication and speech. Proliferation of fibroblasts and angiogenesis plays an important role during wound healing, where fibroblasts and angiogenesis, stimulate the formation of an extracellular matrix and the occurrence of tissue regeneration, respectively. The flavonoids, tannins and saponins found in lime peel extract has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antibacterial effects, expected to accelerate healing in post extraction wounds. This research aims to observe the effect of lime peel extract on fibroblast proliferation and angiogenesis in the extraction socket of wistar rat teeth. A total of twenty four wistar rats were divided into 4 groups consisting of 2 control and 2 treatment groups. Approximately 50% lime peel extract was topically applied into post extraction socket in the treatment group. The rats were sacrificed and sample collected on day 3 and 5, with the number of fibroblast and new blood vessels histologically counted and statistically analyzed with significance p value < 0.05. There were significant differences in the number of fibroblast and new blood vessels on the third and fifth day (p = 0.000) between the control and treatment group. Topical application of 50% lime peel extract gel was used to increase fibroblast proliferation and angiogenesis during the wound healing process of rat post tooth extraction socket. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Loss of permanent teeth after tooth extraction without replacement of missing teeth can result in impaired masticatory, esthetic, phonetic functions, and impaired balance of the masticatory organ in the mouth. Therefore, a method is needed to inhibit the alveolar bone resorption process so that the dimensions of the tooth socket can be maintained vertically or horizontally until the time of implant placement, which is called the socket preservation procedure. α-mangostin is known to have a potential anti-inflammatory effect and most likely can be used as a potential therapeutic agent to inhibit bone resorption caused by posttooth extraction inflammatory processes., Aims: The aim of the study was to determine the effect on the inflammatory process and osteogenesis on osteoblast cell line culture by induction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and α-mangostin., Materials and Methods: This was an in vitro laboratory experimental study on mouse osteoblast cell line culture. The treatment was given with LPS, α-mangostin, and combination on osteogenic medium, using the same concentration for all concentrates. The sample will then be processed and analyzed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction., Results: The highest interleukin-11 (IL-11) gene expression was found in α-mangostin treatment, but there was no significant difference in IL-11 expression between the study groups. The highest runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX-2) gene expression was found in a group that received induction with LPS and α-mangostin, and from these results, it was found that there was a significant difference in RUNX-2 expression between the study groups., Conclusions: LPS and α-mangostin can increase osteogenesis in osteoblast cell culture in the osteogenic medium., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2023 Contemporary Clinical Dentistry.)