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SUMMARY— Three menhaden oil preparations–(1) destearinated, (2) molecularly distilled triglycerides, and (3) ethyl esters of menhaden fatty acids—were fed to broilers at a 5% level to determine their effect on the flavor and fatty acid composition of the flesh. Corn oil and tallow were fed as controls. The flavor-contributing component(s) in the menhaden oil preparations apparently resided in the fatty acids regardless of whether the preparations were fed as the triglyceride or as the ethyl ester. Four marine fatty acids (18:4ω3, 20:4ω3, 20:5ω3, and 22:5ω3),c deposited in the flesh of the broilers, were highly correlated with the occurrence of the unacceptable flavor.

NUTRITIONAL value of diets containing Western barley for poultry is improved by crude enzyme supplements and water-treatment of the barley (Jensen et al., 1957; Fry et al., 1957, 1958; Arscott, 1958, Dobson and Anderson, 1958; Wharton et al., 1958; Berg, 1959). The improved growth and feed utilization observed would suggest a substantial increase in utilization of energy in barley by young chicks. Therefore, a study was made to determine the effect of water-treatment and enzyme supplementation of barley on the metabolizable energy (ME) for chicks. EXPERIMENTAL Procedure for determination of ME was essentially the same as that described by Hill and Anderson (1958). The basal diet used in the four experiments is in Table 1. Components of the diets are expressed on moisture free basis. Dietary modifications were accomplished by substituting the test materials at levels of 40% for equal amounts of glucose monohydrate on a dry matter basis. Chromic …

INGRAM et al. (1951) using four hens per treatment showed that methionine is required for egg production, but made no mention of the effect of a methionine deficiency on egg size. They concluded that the methionine requirement of the laying hen was not more than 0.38 percent in the presence of 0.25 percent cystine. The experiment they described was conducted for a period of eight weeks. The experiment reported in this paper was conducted with an initial number of 60 hens per treatment and for a period of 24 weeks. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Single Comb White Leghorn pullets hatched in August, 1949, were randomly distributed at maturity into ten groups of 30 each. The hens were housed in pens 8×17 feet with litter floor. At the time the experiment was started in February, 1950, the pullets were laying at a rate of approximately 60 percent. The composition of the experimental diets . . .

SUMMARY– Analysis was made of the fatty acid composition of liver, adipose fat, thigh and breast muscles of broilers fed corn-soy commercial-type of diets containing one of two levels of fish oil (2.5 or 5.0%). The oil was subsequently continued, withdrawn or replaced with yellow grease 2, 3 or 4 weeks before termination of the experiment at the 8th week. The tissue contents of four w-3-type fatty acids (20:4, 20:5, 22:5 and 22:6) were increased in relation to the number of weeks menhaden fish oil was included in the diet. (The first number indicates the chain length of carbons, the second indicates the number of double bonds. The number following w (omega) indicates the carbon position of the first double bond as counted from the terminal methyl group.) Of the four tissues studied, the liver had the highest total content of the w3 fatty acids; the adipose fat, the least. The muscles had intermediate values; the breast containing more than the thigh. Withdrawal of fish oil at the 4th week resulted in favorable organoleptic evaluation. A more favorable evaluation was obtained if yellow grease was substituted in place of fish oil for the last 4 weeks. The organoleptic scores were highly significantly correlated with the content of 20:5 03, 22:5 w3 and 22:6 w3 but it was less significantly correlated with the content of 20:4 w3. An inverse relation existed between the content of the w3 with that of the w6 fatty acids.

INTRODUCTION CRUDE oil from menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) is a good source of energy for poultry (Renner and Hill, 1958) and this fish oil is being incorporated successfully in commercial poultry feeds at levels of less than 1½ percent. When the crude oil at dietary levels of 1½ percent or more is fed to chicks, however, an off-flavor is imparted to the flesh (Nilson, 1954; Carlson et al., 1955; and Dansky, 1962). We hypothesized that by processing the total crude oil, various refined products might result that contain less of the unkown factor(s) responsible for off-flavor. We further hypothesized that the feeding value of one or more of these purer products might be equal to that of the original oil yet permit higher levels of feeding without the usual flavor problems. The objectives of this experiment, therefore, were as follows: 1. To determine at a high level in the diet the…

RECENTLY, experiments have shown a marked improvement in growth and feed utilization when diets containing barley were supplemented with enzymes (Jensen et al., 1957; Fry et al., 1958a; Dobson and Anderson, 1958; and Willingham et al., 1959). Diets containing barley supplemented with enzymes supported chick growth almost equal to that of a diet containing corn. Fry et al. (1958b) and Arscott (1958) suggested that the depressed growth and feed efficiency, which resulted when the corn component was replaced by barley, was due to a deficiency of available energy. Leong et al. (1958) found that the metabolizable energy of pearled barley was markedly increased by water treatment or by fungal enzyme supplementation. Because it has been shown that the nutritional value of barley can be improved by enzyme supplementation, it was desirable to determine the stability of these enzyme mixtures in feeds subjected to pelleting and storage. Results of such studies…

INTRODUCTION LEONG et al. (1962, 1964) reported that levels of protectants ordinarily considered effective in feeds for preventing vitamin E deficiency syndromes were found to be ineffective in preventing exudation and dystrophy when the chicks were fed a high level of the last fraction of molecularly distilled ethyl esters of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids from menhaden fish oil. This particular fraction was included daily at a 5% level in a diet containing 44 parts per million (p.p.m.) dl-α-tocopherol acetate, 0.3 p.p.m. Se, 167 p.p.m. ethoxyquin, and 0.9% total sulfur amino acids. Miller et al. (1964), using diets containing the same levels of these protectants, later showed that these disorders were due neither to the ethyl ester form of the polyunsaturated fatty acids nor to the oxidation of the oil in the feed. Evidently the quantities of the protective nutrients present in the diet simply were inadequate to overcome the stress…

IT HAS been shown that crude enzyme supplements improved the feeding value of diets containing barley for poultry (Jensen et al., 1957; Fry et al., 1958; Arscott, 1958; Dobson and Anderson, 1958; Wharton et al., 1958; Berg, 1959). Hastings (1946) reported that fungal enzyme supplements improved growth and feed efficiency of birds fed high fiber diets, but had no effect when added to low fiber diets. Hamm (1958) and Miner and Denton (1957) concluded that the enzymes used in their experiments were ineffective in improving growth and feed efficiency because the diets were not high enough in fiber content. Results of work in our laboratory showed that enzyme supplements added to diets containing Western barley or pearled Western barley gave the same magnitude of improvement in growth and feed efficiency (Fry, et al., 1958) in spite of the great difference in fiber content between the two diets. This result suggested…

REISER (1950REISER (1951) and Chang and Watts (1952) demonstrated the presence of fatty acids containing 5 and 6 double bonds in poultry fat. Machlin and Gordon (1961) reported that dietary linoleic acid resulted specifically in an increased content of the pentaenoic and hexaenoic fatty acids in poultry lipids. Subsequently, Edwards et al. (1962), Edwards and Marion (1963), and Marion and Woodroof (1963) showed that dietary fish oils also increase the content of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in poultry lipids. Their observations agreed with others that, in general, the lipid composition of the diet influences the fatty acid pattern of the tissues. Klenk and Eberhagen (1962) indicated that the principal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of fish oils are of the linolenic (ω3) * family. Mead (1961) stated that this group of fatty acids is highly competitive in the metabolic processes with two other major families of fatty acids—namely, linoleic (ω6) * and …

ALTHOUGH several workers have shown that the nutritional value of barley for poultry can be improved by enzyme supplementation or water treatment, other investigators (Hamm, 1958; and Gerry, 1959) have failed to improve the nutritional value of barley by addition of enzyme supplements to the feed or water treating the grain. Hamm (1958) obtained a growth depression when barley was water treated and incorporated into diets for chicks. He also failed to obtain a response when Clarase 300 was added to diets containing barley. However, others (Dobson and Anderson, 1958; Arscott, 1958; Fry: et al, 1958; Wharton et al., 1958; and Willingham et al., 1958) have shown marked improvements in barley by additions of enzymes or by water treating the barley. In order to obtain information on factors contributing to this apparent discrepancy, samples of barley grown in eleven different areas of the United States and Canada were obtained and…

SummaryWater-treated barley taken from drying oven contained many more bacteria than untreated barley, even though drying temperature was 70°C. The nutritional value of sterilized barley inoculated with Gram-positive rod isolated from dust, or with B. subtilis (ATCC 9943) and dried at 70°C was highly significantly improved. Large inoculations of the organism isolated and grown in nutrient broth elicited a significant growth response. This response was not as great as that obtained by water-treatment or addition of fungal enzyme to the feed. Autoclaving did not lower nutritional value of water-treated barley. This fact indicates that the change(s) responsible for improvement was effected prior to feeding and was not due to presence of an enzyme(s) produced during treatment process that later acts on barley in the digestive tract of the chick.

Summary and conclusionsExudative diathesis, muscular dystrophy, and depressed growth with accompanying high incidence of mortality were observed in chicks fed certain fractions of molecularly-distilled poly-unsaturated fatty acids obtained from menhaden oil. These fractions were fed daily as either ethyl esters or reconstituted triglycerides in supposedly adequate nutritional diets containing 0.3 ppm Se, 44 ppm dl-α-tocopherol acetate, 0.9% sulfur amino acids, and 167 ppm ethoxyquin. The chicks developed exudative diathesis as early as the 9 th day of experiment when fed the ethyl esters or reconstituted triglycerides obtained from the most unsaturated fractions of fish oil. The observed disorders are not due to the ethyl ester form of the fatty acids or to the oxidation of the oil in the feed.