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Now a day, silver nanoparticles (AgNps) have attracted considerable attention in various biomedical applications like drug delivery, photo thermal ablation of cancer and imaging agent for cancer diagnosis. The present work is demonstrated on the nano silver embedded soy protein polyacrylamide (PAM-SP@Ag) nanocomposite hydrogel which is synthesized by in situ polymerization process for the release of ciprofloxacin drugs. The structure and morphology of the nanocomposite hydrogels have been explored using FTIR, XRD, XPS, and FESEM analysis. It is found that, the average size of AgNps is 50 nm whereas; size distributions of AgNps are studied from DLS study. The investigation of the release rate of ciprofloxacin drugs carried out by measuring water retention and swelling properties of nanocomposite hydrogels. The in vitro ciprofloxacin drug release rate is noticed to be 95.3% in a time period of 6hr. The investigation of cytotoxicity tests and antibacterial behaviour along with negative and positive action of nanocomposite hydrogels are studied. The gelling actions of prepared nanocomposite hydrogels are given by the rheological study. The cytotoxicity behaviour of PAM-SP@Ag nanocomposite hydrogels along with improved swellings and rheological properties are enabling the material as suitable vehicle for safe release of ciprofloxacin drug.

Herein, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/dextran(D) hybrid composites are prepared by reinforcement of various concentrations of in situ reduced gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). As-synthesised PMM...

The present work involves the designing of the porous nano gold embedded cellulose grafted polyacrylamide (PAM/C/Au) nanocomposite hydrogel which has been prepared by in situ polymerization process with an objective of application for the in vitro release of ciprofloxacin drugs. The structure, composition, morphology behaviour of the nanocomposite hydrogels are explored using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction study (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS); field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thermal stability of the as synthesized nanocomposite hydrogels are studied by TGA. The gelling actions of prepared nanocomposite hydrogels are determined by the rheological study. The investigations of cytotoxicity tests and antibacterial behaviour along with negative and positive actions of nanocomposite hydrogels are investigated. The study of the release rate of ciprofloxacin drugs is carried out by measuring water retention and swelling properties of nanocomposite hydrogels. The in vitro release rate of ciprofloxacin antibiotic drug is found to be 96.6% in 5 h. The PAM/C/Au nanocomposite hydrogels with improved thermal and rheological properties are suitable proposed as a good carrier towards in vitro release of the ciprofloxacin drugs.

Biopolymer based nanocomposites have taken special interest among researchers for their biodegradability, barrier and chemical resistance properties. However, mechanical, rheological and thermal properties are challenges for biopolymers in which nanomaterials are incorporated as fillers for enhancement of properties towards packaging applications. When soy protein is interacted with nanostructured materials, it becomes a promising biopolymer having good processability, cost-effective and good film forming properties which is a potential candidate for packaging applications. In general, layered nanostructured materials are targeted with an objective to exfoliate nanoplatelets for improvement of gas barrier properties, which is an important behavior of a suitable packaging material. In present chapter, the characterization and properties of various soy protein based nanocomposites and their packaging applications are elaborated. The designing and various uses of soy protein based nanocomposite films are explained by different cartoon schemes for better understanding. Explanations related to characterization, properties and applications for packaging may explore new ideas for the readers with revealing the present chapter.

The unique characteristics of nanostructured chitosan composites provide a higher affinity for negatively charged biological site-specific targeting in delivery of drugs. The therapeutic ap...

Materials having the ability to hold water within the voids of acrylic-based polymeric chain are special class materials used for biomedical applications. In the present review, the different therapeutic applications such as drug diffusivity, tissue engineering, gene delivery and pharmaceutical applications of various poly (acrylic acid) hydrogels and nanohydrogels are discussed. Several techniques for the preparation of different nanohydrogels are compared. The Fourier Transform Infrared, X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, 1H-NMR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are discussed for the characterization of nanohydrogels. The swelling, mechanical, and rheological properties of nanohydrogels are also described. The combined accounts of preparation, characterization and properties of nanohydrogels along with the description of various biomedical applications may explore an emerging idea in the area of material sciences.

This chapter reviews the oral delivery of insulin through a hybrid polymeric hydrogel. It discusses the types of insulin, various techniques to prepare hybrid polymeric hydrogels, different methods of delivery, and the properties of potential hydrogels. Hydrogels are hydrophilic cross-linked macromolecular polymeric gels that are able to hold large quantities of water within their three-dimensional network structure. In the microemulsion method, inorganic particles with sizes in the nanometer range are obtained with minimum agglomeration. Thermosensitive nanogels are conventionally prepared by precipitation polymerization. When the polymerization temperature of the N-isopropyl acrylamide–based polymers exceeds the lower critical solution temperature, the growing chains of the N-isopropyl acrylamide collapse on reaching the critical length. The “living” radical polymerization or surface-initiated controlled polymerization technique provides a potential route to prepare organic, inorganic core-shell hybrid nanoparticles possessing the ability to control the shell structure and thickness.

This work is focused on the preparation of novel thermally-sensitive nano ZnO imprinted poly (N-isopropylacrylamide)/polyethylene glycol-dextran (PNIPAM/PEG-D@ZnO) nanocomposite hybrid hydrogels via in situ technique for the in vitro release of ciprofloxacin antibiotic drug. The formations of nanocomposite hybrid hydrogels are evidenced by FTIR, XRD, FESEM, EDX, XPS, and TGA. The distribution of particles in the nanocomposite hybrid hydrogels is determined from zeta potential measurement. Moreover, swelling behavior, water retention, thermo responsive and mechanical properties are systematically investigated. The gelling strength and gelation time of synthesized materials are noticed from the rheological study. From antibacterial study, it is found that, E. coli(EC) is the most resisting bacteria, while B. cereus (BC) is the least resisting one among all gram positive (B. cereus and L. Inuaba) and gram negative bacteria (E. coli and S. Flexneri). The drugs are allowed to release in aqueous medium through the soaking technique. The drug delivery applications of the nanocomposite hybrid hydrogels are estimated using ciprofloxacin (CFX) as an antibiotic model drug. The maximum drug release rate is 98.2 % in duration of six hours in basic medium. This slow release behavior shows the controlled delivery of drugs by the synthesized vehicle. The nanocomposite hybrid hydrogels are found to be non-toxic from the cytotoxicity investigations, which stands as a clear evidence for their biocompatibility attracting special attentions towards their possible use as drug delivery vehicles. The results indicated that the PNIPAM/PEG-D@ZnO nanocomposite hybrid hydrogels exhibited pH-sensitivity and could be applied efficiently as biodegradable carriers for in vitro release of ciprofloxacin (CFX) model drug.

Starch hybrid polyethylhexylacrylate (PEHA)/polyvinylalcohol (PVA) nanocomposite thin films are prepared by different composition of nano CaCO3 in aqueous medium. The chemical interaction of nano CaCO3 with PEHA in presence of starch and PVA is investigated by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used in order to study the change in crystallite size and d-spacing during the formation of nanocomposite thin film. The surface morphology of nanofilms is studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The topology and surface roughness of the films is noticed by atomic force microscope (AFM). The tensile strength, thermal stability and thermal conductivity of films are increased with increase in concentrations of CaCO3 nanopowder. The chemical resistance and biodegradable properties of the nanocomposite thin films are also investigated. The growth of bacteria and fungi in starch hybrid PEHA film is reduced substantially with imprint of nano CaCO3.

Advances in biobased polymers have great considerable attention leading to the evolution of various novel drug delivery systems (DDS). The biocompatibility and biodegradability of these biopolymers, coupled to the large variety of chemical functionalities make them a promising carrier for DDS. The encapsulation of drugs using high molecular weight polymers can improve significantly both tumour targeting and therapeutic efficacy due to the improved permeability and water retention behaviour. However, polysaccharide-based nanohydrogels are prepared by reinforcing different nanomaterials in polysaccharides matrix for drug delivery applications. Further, the drugs release efficiency of biobased nanohydrogels can be enhanced, when tailor-made carbon quantum dot and specific nanostructured materials are reinforced to the specific materials. In this chapter, the preparation and characterization of different biobased nanohydrogels are discussed with suitability of their applications as potential drugs transporter. Moreover, the toxicity and stability of biobased nanohydrogels are studied after encapsulation of various drugs. The present chapter aims to explore the possibilities of safe and controlled release of various therapeutic drugs with the help of different biobased nanohydrogels.

Nanobiocomposites are viewed as a promising type of hybrid biomaterials and originated from synthetic and natural biodegradable polymers and inorganic/organic fillers. The critical criterion underlying their biomedical applications is the interaction between the chosen matrix and the filler during the formation of composites, which gives a promising carrier. Among their various biomedical applications, wound healing is an important area of interest with respect to the biomaterials prepared from well-known biomacromolecules, such as chitosan (CS). In this chapter, the preparations of nanobiocomposites using various techniques are compared. Different properties, such as thermal properties, antifungal behavior, and biodegradable and chemical resistance properties, are discussed in this chapter. The applications of CS-based nanobiocomposites in the area of wound healing are extensively studied.

Nanostructured composite materials have gained great interest in the last decade due to their broad range of potential applications in various areas. In this chapter, various carbon fillers such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofillers, and carbon black-reinforced rubber composites are included. The characterization techniques like ultraviolet–visible, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction are established, along with microscopic investigation. The mechanical and electrical properties of different rubber-based composites are discussed for the development of a new generation of composite materials. The rheological, vulcanization, and thermal properties of various carbon-reinforced rubber-based nanocomposites are compared and included in this chapter. The uniform dispersion of carbon fillers into natural rubber (NR) is found to remarkably enhance the properties of NR, whereas property enhancements are strongly dependent upon the processing history and nanocomposite morphology. The detailed study of microscopic analysis and characterization of NR may explore different versatile ideas for the study of better compatibility of carbon filler with NR s towards various applications.

Carbohydrate has been broadly used in the design of nanohydrogels having versatile properties by which it can be a biocompatible vehicle for release of drugs. Investigation of the release rates of different types of drugs is carried out by measuring the water retention and swelling properties of nanohydrogels. The in vitro and in vivo drug release rates of carbohydrate-based nanohydrogels are discussed in this chapter. The investigation of cytotoxicity tests and antibacterial behavior, along with negative and positive actions of nanohydrogels are also included in the chapter. Among the carbohydrate-based nanohydrogels, chitosan, dextran, cellulose, starch, pullulan, heparin, and alginate are compared with reference to their nanocapsulation activities of different drug types. This chapter explores the new idea regarding the use of carbohydrate nanohydrogels in safe and controlled release of drugs.

Among different allotropes of carbon, mainly graphene is one among the exceptional and capable candidate of the recent years due to its high aspect ratio. Modified graphene/functionalized graphene at nanoscale as a filler can produce a dramatic enhancement in the properties of the nanocomposite. Functionalization is a key factor that affects the distribution of graphene in the composite, and it influences the mechanical, electrical, and biological functions, etc., of the derived material. Most of the recent articles on graphene have focused on various functionalization methods in order to improve their distribution and solubilization. This chapter concludes with a concise discussion on the effect of surface area, pores, and defects of graphene-based nanocomposites.

Concerns on environmental waste problems caused by non-biodegradable petrochemical-based plastic packaging materials as well as the consumers demand for high-quality food products have caused an increasing interest in developing biodegradable packaging materials like polysaccharides. Out of these polysaccharides, Chitosan has created its greater interest due to non-toxic, antibacterial behaviour, film-forming abilities and low permeability to oxygen, poor thermal and mechanical properties restricted its wide spread applications for packaging. However, reinforcement of various nanostructured materials shall increase the mechanical, thermal and gas barrier properties of chitosan without disturbing the biodegradable behaviour. This chapter summarizes different characterization techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of chitosan-based bionanocomposites. For keeping on the packaging applications of the materials, the important properties such as thermal and mechanical gas barrier and antimicrobial properties of chitosan-based bionanocomposites are discussed. The main focus of this chapter is to establish the packaging applications of chitosan-based bionanocomposites.

Starch is a popular natural biodegradable polymer which has created a special feature for rubber nanocomposite due to their biodegradable, renewable and biocompatible nature. In this chapter, we focus the various techniques for preparation of rubber nanocomposite are compared. The characterization techniques of starch based rubber are discussed. He thermal, biodegradation rheology and mechanical properties of starch based rubber are explained from existing literature. This chapter may open a window to explore the idea of starch based bio-rubbers in various industrial applications.

Cellulose is a well-known natural biopolymer that has created a special interest for production of nanomaterials through biotemplating. This technique has promising applications because of achieving better control over nanostructured materials. Metal, metal oxide, and metal chloride nanoparticles are prepared in cellulose templates with control particle size by surfactants. In this chapter, we focus on techniques of preparation of various nanoparticles with the help of cellulosic template through biomineralization. Different characterization methods are included in order to identify and grow nanoparticles with cellulose template. The study of the present chapter may explore a versatile support for production of nanomaterials from cellulose.

Starch hybrid polyethylhexylacrylate (PEHA)/polyvinylalcohol (PVA) nanocomposite thin films are prepared by different composition of nano CaCO3 in aqueous medium. The chemical interaction of nano CaCO3 with PEHA in presence of starch and PVA is investigated by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used in order to study the change in crystallite size and d-spacing during the formation of nanocomposite thin film. The surface morphology of nanofilms is studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The topology and surface roughness of the films is noticed by atomic force microscope (AFM). The tensile strength, thermal stability and thermal conductivity of films are increased with increase in concentrations of CaCO3 nanopowder. The chemical resistance and biodegradable properties of the nanocomposite thin films are also investigated. The growth of bacteria and fungi in starch hybrid PEHA film is reduced substantially with imprint of nano CaCO3.