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Kaltenborn, B.P., Wold, L.C., Keller, R., Krange, O. & Aas, Ø. 2021. The NINA Scale – A New Approach to Measuring Environmental Attitudes. NINA Report 2008. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research. The purpose of this project is to develop, test and implement a scale for measuring environmental attitudes among the public. Initially we identified a need for an improved instrument for surveying attitudes among Norwegians, but we soon realized that we could extend this to the international arena. A large portion of the current social science addressing environmental topics is organized as case studies with distinct limitations in time and space. This implies limitations in terms of extents and generalizations to wider contexts, as well as capturing changes over time. There is consensus that existing repertoire of environmental attitude scales insufficiently capture the con-temporary public perceptions of ‘environment’, and the ‘NINA-scale’ presented in this report seeks to address this lacuna. Knowledge about the public’s attitudes toward the environment and natural resources is paramount for solving the environmental challenges we are facing on the local-, national-, and international levels. Knowledge about attitudes, values and beliefs associated with the environment are key components in the efforts toward improved involvement of the public in environmental policy decisions and the progression of interdisciplinary environmental research. Improved knowledge about the larger patterns of environmental attitudes directly targets the knowledge needs of public management agencies such as better insights into: drivers of environmental and climate change, prerequisites for engagement in more sustainable behavior and consumption, support for different policies and the green transition. The NINA scale measures basic environmental attitudes on the level of world views or more general environmental orientations not dependent on specific contexts, as opposed to more object specific attitudes. In this theoretical framing, general environmental attitudes such as those that can be measured by the NINA scale are thought to influence the attitudes people have toward specific topics such as biodiversity, environmental conservation, climate change, wildlife management, outdoor recreation, renewable energy development, ecosystem services and a range of other issues. Our hope and intention is that the NINA scale will be used in a range of studies in the future on specific environmental challenges to improve understanding of how the public relate to their surroundings. The NINA scale is a result of a development process that commenced in 2012. It has gone through several stages with intermittent breaks. Here we report the methodology and testing from the early literature study and conceptual framing to expert reviews, pilot testing and subsequent tests on larger samples. Finally, the report also presents English and Norwegian versions of the complete NINA scale with seven dimensions and fifty-two items, and the shorter version with seven dimensions and twenty-seven items. We consider the latter to have satisfactory content validity and reliability for most purposes, and expect that most future studies will employ the shorter scale version. Although the scale presented here is a result of considerable analysis and testing, we consider it essential that the testing and improvement of the instrument continues through the practical application in future studies in diverse settings and samples.

Linnell, J. D. C. & Kaltenborn, B. P. (2016). An ecosystem services analysis of the Fagaras Mountains, Romania - NINA Report 1251. 37 pp. This report builds on previous studies which have focused on biodiversity and the socioeconomic context of the Fagaras mountains in Romania. The aim is to integrate the findings of these studies into an ecosystem services framework to help provide a holistic assessment of the costs, benefits and trade-offs associated with different development paths in the region. We categorised a diversity of provisioning, regulatory, and cultural ecosystem services that are currently being exploited, along with a range of services that have the potential to be exploited. Considerable trade-offs exist, with the choice to exploit some services leading to a severe reduction in the ability of the ecosystem to deliver on other services. To illustrate this we developed three scenarios called (1) Intensive use of provisioning resources, (2) Sustainable and extensive multi-use, and (3) Wilderness. Scenario 1 was largely incompatible with the other 2 scenarios, and with the Natura 2000 status of the site. In contrast, scenarios 2 and 3 showed a great deal of scope for integration given sufficient large-scale spatial planning and the introduction of best practice guidelines on all activities. A combination of scenarios 2 and 3 may in fact be necessary to deliver on the broad goals of these Natura 2000 sites, The possibility for turning these scenarios into viable community development pathways is discussed, and many social and institutional challenges have been identified. Linnell, J. D. C. & Kaltenborn, B. P. (2016). An ecosystem services analysis of the Fagaras Mountains, Romania - NINA Report 1251. 37 s. Denne rapporten bygger på tidligere studier som omfatter biodiversitet og den sosio-økonomiske konteksten i Fagaras fjellene i Romania. Målsettingen er å integrere resultatene av disse studiene i et økosystemtjeneste-rammeverk for å bidra til en mer helhetlig vurdering av kostnader, goder og avveininger forbundet med ulike utviklingsretninger i regionen. Vi har kategorisert et mangfold av forsynende, regulerende og kulturelle økosystemtjenester som blir utnyttet, i tillegg til en rekke økosystemtjenester som har potensial for utnyttelse. Det finnes mange avveininger hvor noen valg av utnyttelsesmuligheter av økosystemtjenester vil gå på bekostning av andre typer tjenester. For å illustrere dette har vi utviklet tre scenarioer kalt (1) Intensiv utnyttelse av forsynende ressurser, (2) Bærekraftig og ekstensiv flerbruk, og (3) Villmark. Scenario 1 er stort sett uforenlig med de to andre scenarioene og med Natura 2000 status for området. Scenario 2 og 3 gir derimot gode muligheter for integrering, forutsatt arealbruksplanlegging over tilstrekkelig store områder og innføring av ‘best practice’ retningslinjer for alle typer aktiviteter. En kombinasjon av scenario 2 og 3 er sannsynligvis påkrevd dersom man skal oppfylle de brede målsettingene for denne type Natura 2000 områder. Vi diskuterer hvordan disse scenarioene kan nyttes i å utforme gode utviklingsretninger for lokalsamfunnene, inkludert en rekke samfunnsmessige og institusjonelle utfordringer. © Norsk institutt for naturforskning. Publikasjonen kan siteres fritt med kildeangivelse.