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Who would have guessed digital games could make the average gamer to jump up from their sofa and run around in urban environment, but now it is happening. This influence on players is something new as traditionally players control the games, not vice versa. Augmented reality games opened a new world that needs to be studied. Games are a big business and their business models and monetization have been studied a lot except related to augmented reality. Augmented reality games can be used to influence human behavior, but what this new and still evolving environment augmented reality provides for business is largely an open question. At the verge on new Metaverse this study is needed even more. This study examines the potential for augmented reality games to influence player behavior and monetization strategies within the rapidly evolving digital gaming industry. Utilizing a "In the wild" field trial and a specifically designed augmented reality game, the research explores how augmented reality game environments can be used to indirectly and directly influence player purchase behavior. A group of 11 test players was used and interviewed on their experience and feelings during different scenarios of the game. Results seems to indicate that players are willing to use money for physical products as part of a game story, for advancement in a game and for reasons that are not directly related to the game itself. Just by placing players in suitable locations they tend to use money and get interested in the services provided, creating possible future customers outside of the game. Study also found out that when immersed to an augmented reality game, in comfortable environment and while having fun the players are more willing to use money and that they create a positive attachment to the businesses encountered while playing. These findings have important implications for the development of effective business models and monetization strategies within the augmented reality gaming industry.

Tiivistelmä. Carl Gustav Jungin vaikutus analyyttisen psykologian kehittymiseen on ollut merkittävä. Jungin käsitteistössä ja teoriassa yhdistyvät filosofia, teologia, psykologia ja paikoin jopa parapsykologia. Jungilainen käsitteistö voidaan nähdä laajana ja tulkinnanvaraisena. Tämän kirjallisuuskatsauksen tarkoituksena on kartoittaa Carl Gustav Jungin mielen teorian keskeisintä käsitteistöä ja niiden kautta ymmärtää analyyttisen psykologian taustoja. Käsitteistön avulla pyrin mallintamaan Jungin mielen teoriaa ja sitä kautta sekä ymmärtämään tiedostamattoman ja tietoisen mielen välistä vuorovaikutusta että lisäämään keskustelua käsitteistön ympärille. Tutkimuskysymys on: Mitkä ovat Jungin teorian keskeisimmät käsitteet? Jungilaisen narratiivin keskiössä on tietoisen ja tiedostamattoman mielen dialogi, jonka tavoitteena on itseymmärryksen kasvaminen. Jungin teorian keskiöön nousevat niin ikään tiedostamattoman mielen sisältämät arkkityyppiset rakenteet. Ne voidaan nähdä perittyinä psyykkisinä valmiuksina, joiden pohja on pitkälti viettirakenteissa. Olen rajannut kirjallisuuden perusteella keskeisimmiksi käsitteiksi tiedostamattoman, egon, persoonan, varjoarkkityypin, animan ja animuksen, itsearkkityypin ja individuaation. Käytän kirjallisuusanalyysissani tutkimusmetodina kommentoivaa narratiivista kirjallisuuskatsausta (Salminen, 2011). Salmisen (2011) mukaan sen avulla pystytään luomaan helppolukuinen ja kattava kuva tutkimuksen kohteena olevasta aiheesta. Tutkimuksessani hyödyntämä aineistoni on ollut monipuolinen ja aineistovalintojani eivät ole ohjanneet tiukkarajaiset metodiset säännöt. Narratiivinen kirjallisuuskatsaus valikoitui metodiksi, sillä analyysini tavoitteena ei ole ollut tavoitella analyyttisinta lopputulosta. Tutkielman johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että jungilainen psykologia toimii käsitteistön ja teorian osalta narratiivisena ja kysymyksiä herättävänä lähestymistapana ihmisen psyykkisiin prosesseihin ja niiden lainalaisuuksiin. Teorioiden abstraktin, metafyysisen ja tulkinnanvaraisen luonteen vuoksi ne ovat joutuneet myös monialaisen kritiikin kohteeksi. Empiirisen ja tieteellisen prosessin kannalta Jungin teoriat ovat haastavia, johtuen pitkälti psyykkisten prosessien subjektiivisesta luonteesta. Kritiikki on kuitenkin tärkeä osa jungilaisen psykologian sopeuttamista ja kehittämistä nykypäivän tarpeisiin.

The European Green Deal that went into force in July 2021 has significantly changed the needs of transportation services. Due to this the Mobility-as-a-service (MaaS) concept and its effects on the sustainability of transportation services should be researched and examined to what extent the MaaS-concept will be able to contribute to reducing private vehicle kilometres and to increasing the share of sustainable transportation modes following the goals set by the Finnish government. This thesis creates a literature review to study the MaaS-concept and the effects of MaaS-services on the sustainability of the transportation system, answering the research questions: Are MaaS-services capable to decrease the number of private vehicle kilometres, What are the central factors affecting the environmental sustainability of the MaaS-services, What are the most critical factors affecting the success of MaaS-services and What system features are supported to be implemented by the MaaS-research? The results of the literature review are used in creating a list of system features supported by the MaaS-research, fulfilling the first two steps of Design Science Research Methodology. MaaS-concept is capable in reducing private vehicle kilometres but is limited to acting as a complementary transportation mode alongside private cars. This effect is affected by a number of contextual factors. Environmental sustainability of MaaS-service is affected by the cooperation between MaaS-stakeholders. The success of MaaS-services is affected by issues in achieving profitable business model, the users’ lack of willingness to pay and the cooperation between the MaaS-stakeholders. The thesis includes a list of 51 system feature-requirements supported by MaaS-research. These results provide a base for MaaS-service development and highlight key factors to consider while creating new MaaS-services.

Tämä strategisen tutkimuksen neuvoston rahoittaman Kestävän kasvun avaimet (GROWTH) -ohjelman julkaisu tuottaa tutkimukseen perustuvia näkökulmia ja ratkaisun avaimia päätöksentekijöiden hyödynnettäväksi tukemaan oikeudenmukaista siirtymää kohti kestävää ja hyvinvoivaa yhteiskuntaa. Nämä ratkaisun avaimet korostavat uudentyyppistä arvonluontia, korkeatasoista koulutusta sekä sukupolvien välisen oikeudenmukaisuuden toteutumista kestävyysmurroksessa.

Modern knowledge work is highly intense and demanding, exposing workers to long-term psychosocial stress. In order to address the problem, stress detection technologies have been developed, enabling the continuous assessment of personal stress based on multimodal sensor data. However, stakeholders lack insights into how employees perceive different monitoring technologies and whether they are willing to share stress-indicative data in order to sustain well-being at the individual, team, and organizational levels in the knowledge work context. To fill this research gap, we developed a theoretical model for knowledge workers’ interest in sharing their stress-indicative data collected with unobtrusive sensors and examined it empirically using structural equation modeling (SEM) with a survey of 181 European knowledge workers. The results did not show statistically significant privacy concerns regarding environmental sensors such as air quality, sound level, and motion sensors. On the other hand, concerns about more privacy-sensitive methods such as tracking personal device usage patterns did not prevent user acceptance nor intent to share data. Overall, knowledge workers were highly interested in employing stress monitoring technologies to measure their stress levels and receive information about their personal well-being. The results validate the willingness to accept the unobtrusive, continuous stress detection in the context of knowledge work.

Porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD), the third enzyme in the heme biosynthesis, catalyzes the sequential coupling of four porphobilinogen (PBG) molecules into a heme precursor. Mutations in PBGD are associated with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), a rare metabolic disorder. We used Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to demonstrate that wild-type PBGD and AIP-associated mutant R167W both existed as holoenzymes (Eholo) covalently attached to the dipyrromethane cofactor, and three intermediate complexes, ES, ES₂, and ES₃, where S represents PBG. In contrast, only ES₂ was detected in AIP-associated mutant R173W, indicating that the formation of ES₃ is inhibited. The R173W crystal structure in the ES₂-state revealed major rearrangements of the loops around the active site, compared to wild-type PBGD in the Eholo-state. These results contribute to elucidating the structural pathogenesis of two common AIP-associated mutations and reveal the important structural role of Arg173 in the polypyrrole elongation mechanism.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is a multi‐domain, homo‐oligomeric enzyme that catalyses the rate‐limiting step of catecholamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis. Missense variants of human TH are associated with a recessive neurometabolic disease with low levels of brain dopamine and noradrenaline, resulting in a variable clinical picture, from progressive brain encephalopathy to adolescent onset DOPA‐responsive dystonia (DRD). We expressed isoform 1 of human TH (hTH1) and its dystonia‐associated missense variants in E. coli, analysed their quaternary structure and thermal stability using size‐exclusion chromatography, circular dichroism, multi‐angle light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering and assayed hydroxylase activity. Wild‐type (WT) hTH1 was a mixture of enzymatically stable tetramers (85.6%) and octamers (14.4%), with little interconversion between these species. We also observed small amounts of higher order assemblies of long chains of enzyme by transmission electron microscopy. To investigate the role of molecular assemblies in the pathogenesis of DRD, we compared the structure of WT hTH1 with the DRD‐associated variants R410P and D467G that are found in vicinity of the predicted subunit interfaces. In contrast to WT hTH1, R410P and D467G were mixtures of tetrameric and dimeric species. Inspection of the available structures revealed that Arg‐410 and Asp‐467 are important for maintaining the stability and oligomeric structure of TH. Disruption of the normal quaternary enzyme structure by missense variants is a new molecular mechanism that may explain the loss of TH enzymatic activity in DRD. Unstable missense variants could be targets for pharmacological intervention in DRD, aimed to re‐establish the normal oligomeric state of TH.

Tämä kandidaatintyö on kirjallisuusselvitys, joka käsittelee terässulaan liuenneen magnesiumin lähteitä sekä magnesiumin vaikutusta teräksessä oleviin epämetallisiin sulkeumiin. Epämetalliset sulkeumat voivat jakaa joko niiden kemiallisen koostumuksen tai mineralogian mukaan. Sulkeumat vaikuttavat terästen ominaisuuksiin, mutta eivät ole aina haitallisia, vaan tietyt sulkeumat voivat myös tehostaa teräksen muokattavuutta. Tässä kirjallisuusselvityksessä tutkittuja terässulaan liuenneen magnesiumin lähteitä ovat kuona, vuorausmateriaalit sekä jotkut sähköteräsprosessissa teräkseen lisättävät seosaineet. Senkkakuonan korkea MgO-pitoisuus voi olla suurin yksittäinen MgO-lähde, kun alumiinisulkeumat reagoivat spinellisulkeumiksi. On havaittu, että sulkeumien MgO-pitoisuus on korkea tilanteissa, joissa kuonan hapetuspotentiaali (eli käytännössä FeO-pitoisuus) on matala ja joissa sekoitus on voimakasta. Sulkeumien poistuminen voidaan jakaa kolmeen vaiheeseen. Aluksi sulkeumat nousevat ja kiinnittyvät teräs-kuona- rajapinnalle, josta ne sitten liukenevat kuonafaasiin. Sulkeumien muokkaukseen yleisimmin käytetty menetelmä on kalsiumkäsittely. Kalsiumkäsittelyllä oksidi- ja sulfidisulkeumat saadaan muokattua teräksen ominaisuuksien kannalta vähemmän haitalliseen muotoon; esimerkiksi magnesiumia sisältävät spinellisulkeumat pyritään muokkaamaan suliksi kalsiumaluminaateiksi.

Tarkastelen tutkimuksessa kansalaisten asennoitumista paikallisiin hyvinvointipalveluihin. Työn päätutkimuskysymykset ovat 1) Miten kansalaiset asennoituvat hyvinvointipalveluihin 1996–2006? 2) Onko hyvinvointivaltion ja sen palvelujärjestelmän institutionaalisia ja ideologisia muutoksia seurannut kansalaismielipiteen muutos? Keskityn tutkimuksessa erityisesti kansalaisten asennoitumiseen yksityisen ja julkisen sektorin väliseen työnjakoon hyvinvointipalveluissa. Tarkastelen, miten paikalliset kontekstitekijät, kuten kunnan poliittiset voimasuhteet, palvelujärjestelmä ja taloustilanne, kytkeytyvät kansalaisten mielipiteisiin. Yksilötasolla olen kiinnostunut, miten ideologiaa, intressejä ja riskejä epäsuorasti kuvaavat tekijät erottelevat kansalaisten mielipiteitä. Kyseessä on kvantitatiivinen tutkimus. Aineistoina hyödynnän useita kotimaisia kyselytutkimuksia 1990- ja 2000-luvuilta. Työn pääasiallisimmat aineistot ovat Kunnallisalan kehittämissäätiön Kunnallisalan ilmapuntari -kyselyt vuosilta 1996–2006. Analyysimenetelminä sovellan lineaarista regressioanalyysiä ja ordinaalista, multinomiaalista, binaarista sekä monitasoista logistista regressioanalyysiä. Tulokseni viittaavat siihen, että kansalaiset ovat edelleen hyvin sitoutuneita hyvinvointivaltioon ja julkisesti tuotettuihin hyvinvointipalveluihin. Tutkimus tuotti uutta tietoa mielipiteitä selittävistä paikallisista kontekstitekijöistä. Tulokset antavat vahvistusta oletukselle, että kunnan institutionaalinen, poliittinen ja sosiaalinen konteksti kytkeytyy kuntalaisten hyvinvointipalvelumielipiteisiin. Selkeimmin kansalaisten asenteita erottelevat makrotasolla kunnan poliittiset voimasuhteet ja yksilötasolla vastaajan puoluekanta. 15,00 euroa

This thesis proposes a novel original system for cell cultivation of adherent cells. The system addresses the standardization demands posed by the future trends to move to difficult-to-culture cells, offers repeatable high-content screening testing, and ensures the compatibility of data for future data mining for systems biology purposes. The proposed system is based on a standardized platform the well plate, which allows for validation (for instance using fluorescence) with current systems and reduces market resistance towards novel platforms. The proposed system is analyzed firstly in the functional level and then in the component level. The key component is a functional lid that addresses each of the wells with individual stream of medium inflow and outflow. This enables individual environmental control in each of the wells. Due to predictable disturbances and experiment-specific demands, the system cannot ensure the environmental conditions in an open-loop. Therefore, a set of sensors has to be incorporated. There have been research efforts for sensor implementation directly into the wells. However, such a solution does not satisfy the standard well-plate requirement and more importantly, obstructs the observation area for microscopy/fluorescence studies. The author proposes a soft-sensing approach, where the sensors are placed into the microchannel network and thus, the well-plate remains fully untouched by the system. The main functions of the proposed system are heating, oxygenation and perfusion. Typical heating approaches include the hot air used by incubators or heating plates used during microscopy. Also here, the proposed system is inspired by nature, using the growth medium as the heat transport medium, which is a parallel to the blood circulation system. The oxygenation utilizes the superb permeability of poly(dimethylsiloxane), which is suggested as a suitable material for the functional lid. Two proposals of perfusion system approaches are suggested. The assessment of the proposed system brings up several challenging areas, which can be regarded as minor risks to the successful realization of the proposed cell cultivation system. They are solvable through optimization and re-design. However, there are also some major risks, which could lead to failure of the whole idea. These major risks include the suitability of the material, the heating demand versus the shear stress on cells and the temperature homogeneity within a well. The thesis focuses on these major risks and assesses them using literature surveys and wet-lab experiments. A test bench based on a standardized 12-well plate equipped with 9 temperature sensors in a single well was developed for testing purposes. It has been shown that in a 12-well plate system, the working volume has to be at least 1,5 ml per well in order to ensure homogeneity of the temperature distribution on the bottom of the well and to even out possible sudden temperature changes. From the hardware point of view, a dripping input (as opposed to an immersed input) has more predictable behavior and improves the temperature distribution and therefore, is the preferred choice for the proposed system. The shear stress at the cell level (10 μm from the bottom of the well) has been estimated using a finite-element method. As expected, the maximum shear stress occurs at the vicinity of the inlet. The shear stress decreases with increasing input diameter and with decreasing input flow-rate. Positioning of the input and output closer to the center of the well increases the shear stress. Therefore, input and output should be positioned at the edges of the well and for flow-rates above 0,4 ml/min, the input diameter should be larger than 400 μm, resulting in an average linear velocity of 0,05 m/s. A temperature soft-sensor has been developed based on a linear model. The linear model is well suited for the temperature measurements and can perform well even with one measurement down stream as long as there are no major disturbances. The suitability to other measurements, such as pH or O2, can not be directly suggested. The methodology used for the development of the temperature soft-sensor can, however, be used for the development of other soft-sensors. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as the material of choice is assessed in terms of its processability as well as physical and chemical properties from the cell cultivation point of view. The critical chemical properties are further studied in wet-lab experiments. An experiment with fluorescent dye proves that native PDMS exhibits non-specific binding. The PDMS exhibited a negative weight change after immersion in the culturing medium. However, the high-performance liquid chromatography-size exclusion chromatography (HPLC-SEC) study has shown no foreign or missing components in the growth medium at given wavelengths. Given that the medium will be continuously supplied, the empty surface sites will be shortly saturated and further adsorption can take place only with compounds of stronger affinity to the surface. Despite these findings, the negative properties of PDMS are outweighed by its advantageous properties for cell cultivation. These include biocompatibility, non-toxicity, optical transparency, non-fluorescence, easy sterilization, and gas permeability. As a summary, the results of the performed analyses and experiments ensure the feasibility of the proposed system.

Cellulose degradation requires sequential or simultaneous synergic action of three types of hydrolytic enzymes: cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and beta-glucosidases. Various filamentous fungi produce these enzymes in order to hydrolyze insoluble cellulose into glucose. Cellulases are currently extensively studied in enzyme industry for cellulosic biomass conversion to ethanol. Here, molecular cloning of three different cellobiohydrolase genes from thermophilic ascomycetes is presented together with their heterologous expression in Trichoderma reesei. The recombinant cellobiohydrolases that belong to the glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 7 were purified and characterized in terms of pH optimum, thermal stability and kinetic parameters. Thermostable cellulases such as described here have been proposed to improve the overall process economy of the biomass conversion with favourable impact on enzyme need, hydrolysis performance and flexibility of the process.