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Additional file 2.

Additional file 1.

Background:Physical activity trackers (PATs) such as apps and wearable devices (eg, sports watches, heart rate monitors) are increasingly being used by young adolescents. Despite the potential of PATs to help monitor and improve moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) behaviors, there is a lack of research that confirms an association between PAT ownership or use and physical activity behaviors at the population level.Objective:The purpose of this study was to examine the ownership and use of PATs in youth and their associations with physical activity behaviors, including daily MVPA, sports club membership, and active travel, in 2 nationally representative samples of young adolescent males and females in Finland and Ireland.Methods:Comparable data were gathered in the 2018 Finnish School-aged Physical Activity (F-SPA 2018, n=3311) and the 2018 Irish Children’s Sport Participation and Physical Activity (CSPPA 2018, n=4797) studies. A cluster analysis was performed to obtain the patterns of PAT ownership and usage by adolescents (age, 11-15 years). Four similar clusters were identified across Finnish and Irish adolescents: (1) no PATs, (2) PAT owners, (3) app users, and (4) wearable device users. Adjusted binary logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate how PAT clusters were associated with physical activity behaviors, including daily MVPA, membership of sports clubs, and active travel, after stratification by gender.Results:The proportion of app ownership among Finnish adolescents (2038/3311, 61.6%) was almost double that of their Irish counterparts (1738/4797, 36.2%). Despite these differences, the clustering patterns of PATs were similar between the 2 countries. App users were more likely to take part in daily MVPA (males, odds ratio [OR] 1.27, 95% CI 1.04-1.55; females, OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.20-1.85) and be members of sports clubs (males, OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.15-1.62; females, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.07-1.50) compared to the no PATs cluster, after adjusting for country, age, family affluence, and disabilities. These associations, after the same adjustments, were even stronger for wearable device users to participate in daily MVPA (males, OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.49-2.23; females, OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.80-2.82) and be members of sports clubs (males, OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.55-2.88; females, OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.71-2.52). Significant associations were observed between male users of wearable devices and taking part in active travel behavior (OR 1.39, 95% CI 1.04-1.86).Conclusions:Although Finnish adolescents report more ownership of PATs than Irish adolescents, the patterns of use and ownership remain similar among the cohorts. The findings of our study show that physical activity behaviors were positively associated with wearable device users and app users. These findings were similar between males and females. Given the cross-sectional nature of this data, the relationship between using apps or wearable devices and enhancing physical activity behaviors requires further investigation.

Fyysisesti passiivinen ruutuaika on pääosin istuen tai muuten inaktiivisesti vietettyä aikaa ruutumedian parissa. Pitkäaikaisella ja yhtäjaksoisella istumisella ja fyysisellä passiivisuudella on aikaisempien tutkimusten mukaan yhteyksiä erilaisiin terveyshaittoihin. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää yläasteikäisten nuorten fyysisesti passiivisesti vietetyn ruutuajan määrää, sisältöä ja muutosta 7. luokalta 9. luokalle sekä tutkia, miten muutokset fyysisessä aktiivisuudessa olivat yhteydessä ruutuajan määrään ja muutoksiin kahden vuoden seuranta-aikana. Tutkittavat olivat kahden länsisuomalaisen koulun 7. ja 9. luokkalaisia poikia ja tyttöjä (n = 356), jotka vastasivat nettipohjaiseen kyselyyn keväällä 2013 ja 2015. Vastaajien käyttämää ruutuaikaa arkipäivinä ja viikonloppuisin selvitettiin viidellä eri ruututyyppien käyttöä koskevalla kysymyksellä, jotka käsittelivät 1) TV:n videoiden ja DVD-elokuvien katselua, 2) tietokone- ja konsolipelien pelaamista, 3) kotitehtävien tekemistä, 4) sosiaalisen median käyttöä sekä 5) kirjojen, aikakauslehtien ja sanomalehtien lukemista. Näiden osa-alueiden perusteella laskettiin kokonaisruutuajan summamuuttuja. Aineisto analysoitiin käyttämällä keskiarvoja, suoria prosenttijakaumia, kahden riippuvan otoksen ttestiä sekä toistettujen mittausten varianssianalyysia. Tutkimukseen osallistuneiden oppilaiden kokonaisruutuaika oli yli viisi tuntia koulupäivinä ja viikonloppuisin noin puolitoista tuntia enemmän koulupäiviin verrattuna. Kokonaisruutuajassa ei tapahtunut muutosta yläasteen aikana, mutta eri ruututyyppien käyttömäärät muuttuivat molemmilla sukupuolilla. Konsolipelien pelaaminen vähentyi tytöillä mutta pojilla siinä ei tapahtunut muutosta. Sosiaalisen median käyttö sekä kotitehtävien tekeminen lisääntyivät molemmilla sukupuolilla. Pojat viettivät ruudun ääressä enemmän aikaa kuin tytöt. Ruutuajan määrissä tapahtuneissa muutoksissa ei ollut merkitsevää eroa seuranta-aikana fyysistä aktiivisuuttaan vähentäneiden, samana pitäneiden ja lisänneiden välillä. peerReviewed

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The aim of this study was to examine and quantify the cross-sectional associations of body composition (BC), physical activity (PA) and sedentary time (ST) with physical fitness (PF) in children and adolescents. A sample of 594 Finnish students (56% girls), aged 9–15 (12.4 ± 1.3 years) were selected for a study performed in 2013. The measurements of the Move! monitoring system for physical functional capacity were used to measure cardiorespiratory and musculoskeletal fitness and fundamental movement skills. Moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and ST were measured objectively with an accelerometer and BC by a bioelectrical impedance analysis. Fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were calculated to represent height-adjusted BC. Associations were explored with a linear regression model. In general, FMI had statistically significant negative associations, while FFMI and MVPA had positive associations with PF. No statistically significant associations were observed between ST and PF. In general, FMI had the strongest association with PF, although some variation occurred with sex and PF component. However, associations were practically relevant only in 20-m shuttle run, push-up, curl-up and 5-leaps test. For example, approximately 5 kg increase in fat mass in 155 cm tall children was estimated to correspond to 8 laps in 20-m shuttle run. Similar increase in fat-free mass corresponded to +4 and +6 laps, and 10 min increase in daily MVPA +3 and +2 laps in 20-m shuttle run, in boys and girls, respectively. Understanding these associations is necessary when interpreting children’s PF and designing interventions. peerReviewed

Introduction Ageing is related to muscle atrophy that leads to decreases in muscle force. The largest changes are found in fast muscle fibres and fast force production, reducing the capability to recover from sudden balance disturbances. Also ageing-related decrease in force control has been found, as indicated by an increase in force fluctuations and motor unit (MU) firing variability (Galganski et al. 1993). Possibly due to differences in measurement protocols and muscles, the results concerning the effects of ageing on motor unit firing rate are, however, somewhat contradictory (for review, see Roos et al. 1997). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the age-related changes in the firing properties of the Soleus muscle, which has an important role in locomotion and balance.

Because of the special attention that is paid to weight control, young female aesthetic sports athletes often adhere to diets that can result in lower than recommended energy and nutrient intakes. As a part of holistic nutritional research, the aim of this study was to assess mineral intakes of premenarcheal girls competing in aesthetic sports. The sample consisted of 40 female aesthetic sports athletes (10 artistic gymnasts, 13 rhythmic gymnasts and 17 ballet dancers) who have been actively engaged in sport for at least 4 to 5 yr. The median age of study participants was 10, 5 yr ; range 8-13 yr. Dietary intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Differences in mean intakes of groups were tested using the univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. Although energy intake of young athletes appears to be adequate (54, 5 ± ; 24, 3 kcal/kg/day) and average daily intakes of most minerals were above Dietary Reference Intakes, intake of some minerals remains to be lower than recommended. The group-mean intake of potassium (3327± ; 1587 mg) was under 75% of the RDA. Consequently, about 80% of the subjects are at risk of an inadequate intake of potassium. The significant proportion of subjects with inadequate intake of phosphorus, zinc and magnesium was revealed (32, 5%, 15%, 12, 5%, respectively). The mean calcium intake of 1087 ± ; 469 mg, with no significant differences between groups (p=0.31), was lower than adequate intake (AI) for this age group of girls (1300 mg/day) (1). The proportion of subjects whose intake of calcium was below the AI was 70 %, with the highest proportion in artistic gymnasts. Mineral intakes reported in this study were considerably higher than those reported in pubescent female athletes (2). They were, also, slightly higher than those reported in prepubescent female athletes (3). However, the proportion of subjects with inadequate intakes of some minerals was high. All these minerals have significant roles in energy metabolism. Adequate consumption of calcium is crucial for these groups of young athletes because of the potential risk of stress fractures and the later risk of developing osteoporosis. This study provides evidence for the need to increase efforts of parents and health professionals in educating children engaged in aesthetic sports on the necessity of healthy nutritional practices. In addition, special attention should be paid to the consumption of calcium even in otherwise adequate diets. 1. Institute of Medicine (1997) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Food and Nutrition Board. The National Academy Press ; Washington D.C. 2. Jonnalagadda SS, Bernadot D, Nelson M. Energy and Nutrient Intakes of the United States National Women's Artistic Gymnastics Team. Int J Sport Nutr 1998 ; 8: 331-344 3. Filaire E, Lac G. Nutritional Status and Body Composition of Juvenile Elite Female Gymnasts. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2002 ; 42: 65-70

The velocity curve of top-level sprinters running over 100m course are already well known but no one has yet evaluated sprinting activity of athletes who have not been selected nor trained for sprinting event in track-and-field. In modern sport there is a lot of sporting activities which are based upon high levels of motor abilities which are best expressed in 100m running – speed, speed endurance, power. Therefore, the issues related to the quality and development of these abilities are becoming ever more interesting for training practice in all sporting events. The research was conducted on the sample of 133 male PE students, aged 19-24 years (average age 21.7 ± ; ; ; ; 1.08 yrs ; body height 180.8 ± ; ; ; ; 6.98 cm ; body weight 76.6 ± ; ; ; ; 7.62 kg). Measurement was conducted by means of an electronic measurement device consisting of Omega start block, photocells and the special software. In this research the dynamics of sprinting over 100m was observed across ten segments of ten metres each ; latent reaction time were registered. The hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward, 1963) was used to determine relatively homogeneous groups of students of different characteristics of sprinting (A 11.85 s ± ; ; ; ; 0.22 ; B 12.62 ± ; ; ; ; 0.13 ; C 13.07 ± ; ; ; ; 0.14 ; D 13.71 ± ; ; ; ; 0.23). The segment of maximum sprinting speed was determined for each analysed group. The values of maximum sprinting speed were reduced by the standard deviation typical for each group. According to the accessible literature, the following segments of sprinting dynamics over 100m course are known: starting acceleration, maximum sprinting speed and deceleration. In this investigation more segments were found: six in group A, seven in group D and eight in groups B and C. Length of particular segments varied. In starting acceleration, which is a very dynamic part of sprinting, three segments were obtained in all observed groups. The segment of achieving maximum sprinting speed (according to literature, 30-60 m) is in group D 20 m long (30-50 m), in group B and C it is 30 m long (30-60 m), whereas in group A it is 50 m long (30-80 m). From the obtained results it is feasible to conclude that length of the segment of maximum sprinting speed is directly proportional to the progression of running quality, which also imposes higher demands on specific sprinting speed endurance. According to the length of the segment of maximum sprinting speed, the period of deceleration also varied across the groups and their length also differ from the ones reported in literature: the better the running times, the shorter the segment of deceleration (in group D between 50-100 m, in groups B and C between 60-100 m, and in group A between 80-100 m). One must not forget that the latter length depends primarily on speed endurance of running. In comparison to the already reported results in previous studies, the present study is the first one in which the obtained and presented results indicate quite different structure of running dynamics. Although, to be fair enough, certain researchers have pointed to different velocity curve during the course of 100m sprint event, but only in case studies observing world-class sprinters. We assumed that the determination of running dynamics over 100m, performed by the track-and-field's criteria, in non-sprinting examinees would contribute to establishing certain sprinting regularities. In other words, we tried to indicate the facts that might limit the progress in learning how to sprint over short courses.

Forty-eight national level male runners: ten sprinters (S) (184.9 4.8 cm, 76.6 4.8 kg), personal best (PB) on 100m sprint = 10.87 0.41s ; fifteen 400m (S4)( 180.9 4.2 cm, 73.0 6.3 kg), PB on 400m 49.5 1.9s ; ten middle distance (MD) (180.4 5.7 cm, 68.6 6.2 kg) and thirteen long distance (LD) (n=13 ; 179.1 6.7 cm, 69.5 7.0 kg ) runners participated in the study. All subjects performed two incremental treadmill tests: the first (1 km/h speed increase per minute, 1.5% grade), for determination of VO2max and the anaerobic ventilatory threshold (AnT, respiratory compensation point according to Wasserman), and a second one (2 km/h speed increase every 4 minutes, 1.5% grade) to determine running economy for the speeed range below the ventilatory anaerobic threshold. With increasing length of track covered for a given running event, a progressive increase of aerobic capacity as well as increase of running economy was found. The groups differed significantly regarding both VO2max (55.4 ± ; 3.4 ; 59.6 ± ; 4.6 ; 64.4 ± ; 4.4 and 66.4 ± ; 4.7 ml/kg• min-1, p C10 > C12, p

The purpose of this research was to determine the role of the lower extremity muscle fatigue on the knee biomechanics and proprioceptive sensitivity during single leg landings. Following kinematic variables were studied: valgus and varus angle, angle of the inner and outer rotation as well as the angle of the flexion and extension in the knee joint and ground reaction force (GRF). The original EMG signals m. vastus medialis, m. vastus lateralis, m. biceps femoris and m. gastrocnemius, have been measured during execution of the maximum static contraction lasting for 10 seconds, with the aid of an dynamo-metric bench, and used for assessment of the fatigue by spectral analysis. Statistically significant drop in correlation coefficient of the kinematic parameters, within the experimental group after fatiguing, is particularly expressed in inner and outer rotation angle as well as valgus-varus movement of both legs, what points at a motor deficit i.e. decrease of the proprioceptive senses caused by musculature fatigue. The analysis of the GRF signal also shows statistically significant differences between groups at almost all components, excluding component in direction front - back. This research showed a significant influence of the fatigue on the proprioceptive sensitivity and the motor control in knee joint.

Because of the need to be lean, athletes competing in aesthetic sports often adhere to diets that can result in low energy and nutrient intakes. Most of the dietary assessments of aesthetic sports athletes have revealed a lower than recommended energy intake1, 2. However, a majority of the studies focus on pubescent girls and not on pre-pubescent athletes. Therefore, as a part of a bigger nutritional survey, the purpose of this study was to assess energy intake of prepubescent girls competing in different aesthetic sports. Forty female aesthetic sports athletes (10 artistic gymnasts - AG, 13 rhythmic gymnasts - RG and 17 ballet dancers - BD) were recruited for the purpose of the study (median age: 10, 5 years, range 8-13). Dietary intake was assessed by the food frequency questionnaire and each subject’ s height, weight and triceps and calf skinfold thicknesses were measured. Differences between groups were tested using ANOVA, followed by Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. Artistic gymnasts had lower body fat percentage than either rhythmic gymnasts or ballet dancers (12, 3 &plusmn ; ; ; 1, 7 vs. 16, 1 &plusmn ; ; ; 3, 3 and 17, 6 &plusmn ; ; ; 4, 6 %, respectively, p=0, 005). There was no statistically significant difference regarding energy intake between groups (61, 4 &plusmn ; ; ; 33, 1, 57, 5 &plusmn ; ; ; 21, 5 and 45, 1 &plusmn ; ; ; 18, 4 kcal/kg/day for AG, BD and RG respectively, p=0, 22). However, athletes’ nutrition did differ in macronutrient contribution to total energy intake. Artistic gymnasts had higher carbohydrate and lower fat contribution to total energy (59 &plusmn ; ; ; 6 % and 27 &plusmn ; ; ; 4 %, respectively) than either ballet dancers (53 &plusmn ; ; ; 4 % and 32 &plusmn ; ; ; 3 %) or rhythmic gymnasts (51 &plusmn ; ; ; 5 % and 33 &plusmn ; ; ; 4 %) (p=0, 002 and p

Lactate metabolism and kinetics in running depend on the length of track covered in a given running event, and have been shown to be related to performance. The aim of this study was to compare peak and recovery blood lactate parameters, measured after an all-out treadmill ramp test, between runners competing in different running events. The sample consisted of 48 male runners: 10 sprinters (S, 20.5+/-3.0 yrs, 184.9+/-4.8 cm, 76.6+/-4.4 kg), 15 400m runners (400R, 20.0+/-3.5 yrs, 180.9+/-4.2 cm, 73.0+/-6.3 kg), 10 middle distance runners (MD, 18.7+/- 2.3 yrs, 180.4+/-5.7 cm, 68.6+/-6.2 kg), and 13 long distance runners (LD, 27.0+/-5.8 yrs, 179.1+/-6.7 cm, 69.5+/- 7.0 kg). All subjects performed an all-out incremental running test on a treadmill (starting speed 8 km/h with 1km/h increments every minute, at a constant inclination of 1.5%). Finger-tip capillary blood lactate concentration was measured at the end of the 1st, 3rd, and 5th minute of recovery (La1, La3, La5). The highest of the three readings was considered as the peak blood lactate concentration (Lapeak). One-way ANOVA was used to determine differences in the measured variables between the groups. Maximal speeds achieved in the test were as follows: 17.2+/-1.4 km/h (S), 19.5+/-0.8 km/h (400R), 21.4+/-1.1 km/h (MD) and 21.7+/-1.4 km/h (LD). S showed the highest values of Lapeak (15.1+/-2.7 mmol/L), followed by 400R (14.0+/-1.4 mmol/L) and MD (13.7+/-2.9 mmol/L). The Lapeak in LD was significantly lower than in all other groups (10.9+/-2.4 mmol/L, p0.05). The lactate mean values showed the same trend (La1>La3>La5) in all 4 groups: S (15.0+/- 2.9, 13.6+/-2.3, and 12.7+/-2.5 mmol/L), 400R (13.8+/-1.5, 13.1+/-1.7, 12.5+/-1.9 mmol/L), MD (12.8+/-3.5, 12.2+/-2.4, 11.4+/-3.13 mmol/L), and LD (10.6+/-2.5, 10.1+/-2.7, 9.0+/- 2.3 mmol/L). In an all-out ramp treadmill test of 10-15 minutes duration, runners show a trend towards higher Lapeak values, the shorter the track length covered in their specific event is. However, only long-distance runners show statistically significantly lower Lapeak values. With the test protocol used in this study, the time to reach peak blood lactate concentration during recovery is similar for all runners, independently of track specialty. The results add to the knowledge pool to be taken into account when testing and interpreting abilities of runners of different running disciplines. Bret C, et al (2003). Int. J. Sports Med. 24:108-113. Usaj A, et al (1996). Int. J. Sports Med. 17(1):34-40.

No direct evidence exists to show that the preferred transition speed between walking and running in humans is functionally linked to the aerobic threshold (the first increase in blood lactate concentration above resting value, ’ lactate’ or ’ anaerobic’ threshold according to Wasserman). Few studies dealing with this issue have serious methodological flaws. We hypotesize that the ventilatory aerobic thresholds for the two basic modalities of human locomotion, walking and running, are related to the preferred transition speed between walking and running (PTS). Purpose The aim of this study is to determine whether the speed at the ventilatory aerobic thresholds for walking (ATw) and for running (ATr) differ from PTS, and to explore the relationship between them. Methods Twenty-two physical education students (21.4+/-2.4y, 182+/-7cm), performed two incremental treadmill tests to volitional exhaustion, walking in one and running in the other. Gas exchange data were analyzed (V-slope method) in order to determine the ventilatory AT for each gait modality. A third treadmill test was also performed in all subjects, in order to determine their individual PTS. Results The preferred gait transition speed had the same average value (7.1+/-0.4 km/h) as ATw (7.1+/-0.6 km/h) and ATr (7.1+/-1.3 km/h). The PTS was significantly correlated with ATr (r = 0.82), but not with ATw (r = 0.11). Discussion and conclusions Turvey et al (1999) defined the Q factor (the ratio of kinetic energy change to metabolic energy expended at a certain speed) for walking (Qw) and for running (Qr). According to their experimental data, Qw asymptotes on a value of approx. 1, changing little in the range of walking speed close to the PTS. For running, Qr increases linearly with speed, and is greater than 1 above the PTS. The relationships between ATw, ATr and the PTS found in this study suggest that a) mechanical and metabolic measures of locomotion are linked, and b) humans do not use running as a gait pattern at velocities below the aerobic threshold, as they normally do not use walking at velocities above the anaerobic threshold. This implies that the natural speed range of locomotion includes only one physiological threshold for a particular gait – the aerobic for walking, and the anaerobic for running. The controversy in the literature regarding the terminology and structural description of the two metabolic thresholds leads to the question: have they evolved for the two basic human gaits – walking and running, were the lower, aerobic threshold, represents the speed where the gait change occurs, and the higher, the anaerobic threshold (maximal lactate steady state), represents the speed above which the speed of running gets priority over metabolic balance between aerobic and anaerobic processes. References 1. Turvey MT, et al (1999). Can the transitions to and from running and the metabolic cost of running be determined from the kinetic energy of running? J. Motor. Behav. 31(3):265-78.

Despite the well established positive influence of specially designed exercise programmes on bone mineral density (BMD), the role of habitual physical activity (PA) in maintaining and improving bone health is still being discussed. As a part of a larger investigation on PA and quality of life, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of regular PA on BMD in postmenopausal women. Study sample consisted of 232 postmenopausal Caucasian women aged 50-72 (58.5+/-4.6 yrs). 132 women participated in regular PA (aerobic exercise programme, intensity 60-70%VO2max) 2-4 times a week for at least 5 years. Inactive group consisted of 100 women who had never been engaged in regular PA. The groups did not differ significantly in body weight and body height (active 69.4+/-9.6 kg, 162.6+/-5.6 cm ; inactive 68.3+/-9.7 kg, 162.7+/-5.5 cm). Physical fitness of the participants was evaluated with the Eurofit test battery. Women were subjected to tests measuring body composition (body weight and height, waist and hip circumference), aerobic fitness (Astrand’ s cycle ergometer test), motor fitness (single leg balance test, plate tapping), and musculoskeletal fitness (sit-ups, sitand- reach, vertical jump, hand grip). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed in order to measure BMD of femoral neck and lumbar spine. Multiple regression analysis was performed to assess the relationships among Eurofit tests variables and femoral and lumbar BMD. For the active group, a significant association of the Eurofit tests variables with femoral BMD (p=0.006) was found. The partial regression coefficients showed a significant association of systolic (beta=-0.49, p=0.014), and diastolic blood pressure (beta=0.43, p=0.039) with femoral BMD. For the inactive group, no statistical significance was found. For the active group, a significant association of the Eurofit test variables with lumbar BMD (p=0.009) was found. There was a significant partial influence of systolic blood pressure (beta=-0.56, p=0.006), body height (beta=0.34, p=0.029), hand grip (beta=0.29, p=0.017), and sit-ups test (beta=-0.26, p=0.041) on lumbar BMD. For the inactive group, there was no predictive value of Eurofit variables for lumbar BMD. The Eurofit variables describing physical fitness were significantly associated with femoral and lumbar BMD of the active, yet not of the inactive women. The obtained negative relationship of systolic blood pressure and BMD is congruent with previous findings on high blood pressure being associated with increased bone loss, due to abnormalities in calcium metabolism. Body height, representing body size, and hand grip test, representing general strength level, were shown to be significant predictors of lumbar BMD. The negative relationship of the sit-ups test and lumbar BMD might be attributed to high variation of the test results probably due to significant influence of motivation in performing the test. Despite some limitations of the study, we believe the results still contribute to the findings of habitual PA having at least a certain positive impact on BMD in postmenopausal period. Kemmler W, et al (2004). J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 4(3):325-34. Cappuccio FP, et al (1999). Lancet, 354:971-5. Oja P, Tuxworth B (1995). Eurofit for Adults. Tampere: Council of Europe.