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Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2022): Artiphex nom. nov. (Araneae: Araneidae), a new replacement name for Artifex Kallal & Hormiga, 2018, preoccupied by Artifex Silveira, 2008 (Hymenoptera Vespidae). Zootaxa 5175 (3): 394-394, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.3.7

Guizygiella guangxiensis (Zhu and Zhang, 1993) Material examined. Thailand: Khon Kaen, Namp Pong National Park office, 24° 12.11’N: 183° 9.324’E. 5–12.vii.2006, malaise traps, 12.vii.2006 (6 males, 2 females); 19–26.vii.2006 (1 male, 1 subadult male). Khumphone Jaidee leg. (MCZ)., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2022, The family placement of the Asian orb-weaving spider genus Guizygiella Zhu Kim & Song, 1997 (Araneae: Araneoidea), pp. 146-150 in Zootaxa 5175 (1) on page 149, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7003336, {"references":["Zhu, M. S. & Zhang, Y. Q. (1993) Records of some spiders of the family Araneidae from Guangxi (Arachnida: Araneae). Journal of the Guangxi Agricultural College, 12, 36 - 43."]}

Guizygiella Zhu, Kim, and Song, 1997 Type species: Zygiella salta Yin and Gong, 1996, Published as part of Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2022, The family placement of the Asian orb-weaving spider genus Guizygiella Zhu Kim & Song, 1997 (Araneae: Araneoidea), pp. 146-150 in Zootaxa 5175 (1) on page 147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5175.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7003336, {"references":["Zhu, M. S., Kim, J. P. & Song, D. X. (1997) On three new genera and four new species of the family Tetragnathidae (Araneae) from China. Korean Arachnology, 13 (2), 1 - 10.","Yin, C. M. & Gong, L. S. (1996) Four orb-weaver spiders of the family Araneidae from Hunan Province of China (Arachnida: Araneae). Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Normalis Hunanensis, 19, 72 - 76."]}

Kallal, Robert J., Hormiga, Gustavo (2022): The family placement of the Asian orb-weaving spider genus Guizygiella Zhu Kim & Song, 1997 (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zootaxa 5175 (1): 146-150, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5175.1.8

Nanometa forsteri, sp. nov. Figures 34–37 TYPE MATERIAL: Male holotype and female allotype from New Zealand, South Island, Arthur’s Pass National Park, Bridal Veil Track, 42° 55′ 49.6″ S, 171° 33′ 43.4″ E, 819 m. 4–5 February 2012, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, J. Pedersen, voucher code GH1139. Both deposited at MONZ. DIAGNOSIS: Nanometa forsteri can be differentiated by the following combination of characters: eyes arranged in two lines and subequal in size, with juxtaposed lateral eyes (figs. 36A, G, H). Males of N. forsteri can be distinguished from other small Nanometa species by having the CEBP apophysis longer than this process (figs. 34A–D, 35A–C), and from N. gentilis in particular by having this apophysis with its tip bent posteriorly. Both Nanometa forsteri and N. gentilis have conductor tips C-shaped, but in N. forsteri the basal apophysis is wider and with a blunt tip (figs. 34A, B, 35A). Females of N. forsteri can be separated from other small Nano- meta species by having ovate and deep genital openings, approximately half of the epigynum width, located on the posterior half of the epyginal plate and separated by a triangular septum, approximately half the size of these openings (figs. 35D, 36B). DESCRIPTION: Female total length 3.3. Cephalothorax length 1.1, width 1.0. Clypeus height 1.0 AME diameter. Cephalothorax background pale yellow, light-gray coloration concentrated over the ocular area and the carapace lateral edges (fig. 36A). Endites and sternum color dark brown (fig. 36C). Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth respectively, cheliceral denticles present ca. 2. Abdomen dorsum background light gray, silvery guanine patches covering all abdomen dorsal surface, except the central line (fig. 36A), lateral surface covered with guanine patches over its dorsal half, ventral half with brown pattern (fig. 36E), ventral surface with a central brown rectangle, flanked by a line of silvery guanine patches (fig. 36C). Booklung stridulatory organ absent. Femur I length 1.8. FD FIGURE 35. Nanometa forsteri. (GH1139). A. Pedipalp, ventral. B. Pedipalp, ectal. C. Pedipalp, dorsal. D. Epigynum, ventral. E. Epigynum, dorsal. Scale bars: A–D, 0.2 mm; E, 0.1 mm. Trachea, spinnerets not observed with SEM. Internal genital structures not observed. Epigynum typical of the genus (figs. 35D, E, 36B). Description based on specimen (GH1139). Male same as female except as noted. Total length 2.4. Cephalothorax length 1.72 width 1.0. Clypeus 0.6 AME diameter. Cephalothorax and abdomen coloration lighter than in female, silvery guanine patches less conspicuous. Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth respectively, cheliceral denticles present ca. 2. Stridulatory organ formed by a cuticular ridge highly sclerotized on the booklung anterior edge, coxa IV retrolateral not examined with SEM. Femur I length 1.8. CEBP tip with a small tooth (figs. 34D, 35A–C). CEMP square in shape and ca. 1/4 of the cymbium length (figs. 34B, 35C). Conductor distal apophyses surface smooth, tip C-shaped (figs. 34, 35A–C). Description based on specimen (GH1139). VARIATION: Females (N = 2) total length 3.2– 3.3, cephalothorax length 1.1–1.2, width 0.9–1.0. ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is a patronym honoring Raymond R. Forster (1922–2000) and his contributions to arachnology. Among his innumerable discoveries, he is credited with being the first arachnologist to identify nanometines as a natural group. DISTRIBUTION: This species is found only on the New Zealand South Island (fig. 37E). NATURAL HISTORY: Nanometa forsteri builds small horizontal orb webs on the lower vegetation. MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 9. NEW ZEA- LAND, South Island, Arthur’s Pass National Park, Bridal Veil Track, 42° 55′ 49.6″ S, 171° 33′ 43.4″ E, 819 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 4–5 February 2012, 3 males, 5 females, MCZ (1 female, DNA voucher GH1139); Waimakariri Velley Road, forest close to campground, 43° 0′ 28.8″ S, 171° 34′ 22.7″ E, 655 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 4 February 2012, sifted litter, 1 female, GWU; Waitaha Rd., between Greymouth and Franz Josef Glacier, nr. Kakapotahi, 42° 58′ 49.253″ S, 170° 42′ 10.71″ E, 50 m, G. Hormiga, G. Giribet, M. Arnedo, R. Fernández, F. Álvarez-Padilla, R.J. Kallal, & C. Baker, 17 January 2016, GWU; Woodside Glen Track, nr. Outram, 45° 51′ 14.274″ S, 170° 10′ 18.875″ E, 88 m, G. Hormiga, G. Giribet, M. Arnedo, R. Fernández, F. Álvarez-Padilla, R.J. Kallal, & C. Baker, 22 January 2016, 1 female GWU., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901

Genus Taraire, gen. nov. Figures 45–50, 55 Type species: Linyphia rufolineata Urquhart, 1889. DIAGNOSIS: Taraire species resemble the large species of Nanometa in their internal female reproductive anatomy (fig. 48C, D), and the monotypic Tawhai by the projected epigynal plate (figs. 47A, B, 51D) and male cymbial processes (figs. 46A–H, 52A–D). However, Taraire females can be consistently separated from Nanometa by having the posterior edge of the epigynum extending below the epigastric furrow (fig. 47A, B). Tawhai arborea differs from Taraire species in that the former genus has a protruded epigynum with short and sclerotized copulatory ducts (figs. 51H, 54F); in Taraire the copulatory ducts are much longer (fig. 49E) and inside membranous sacks (fig. 47E, F). Males of Taraire can be separated from those of Nanometa by the presence of one large heavily sclerotized embolic apophysis attached to the embolic base through a membrane (figs. 45F, 46A, B, 49A–C, 50A–C). In Taraire the tegulum is basally displaced and cup shaped (figs. 46A, B, 49A, B, 50A, B), unlike the donut-shaped and dorsoventrally compressed tegulum of Nanometa (figs. 10C, F, 13A, B). Taraire species lack the booklung plate stridulatory organs found in Nanometa. In Taraire the conductor is considerably larger than the embolic apophysis and completely encloses a filiform embolus (fig. 45F), while in Tawhai the conductor is small and rectangular in shape, and partially enclosing a thicker embolus (fig. 52A, C). DESCRIPTION: Female total length 4.95–5.57. Cephalothorax length 2.35–2.87, width 1.85– 2.27. Carapace glabrous, pale yellow or yellow, dark brown only over the cephalic region. Fovea deep, transversal, carapace dorsal pits absent (fig. 45A). Clypeus height 0.9 to 1.3 AME diameter, cuticle darker around the eyes and over the cheliceral boss (fig. 45B). Anterior eyes slightly larger than posterior eyes. Lateral eyes on the same tubercle, one AME diameter apart from median eyes and approximately half that size. Chelicerae with few scattered setae, cuticle smooth (fig. 45B), with three pro- and two retromarginal teeth, with ca. two cheliceral denticles. Endites longer than wide, dark brown, internal margins pale yellow. Labium rectangular, wider than long, colored as the endites. Sternum pale yellow to yellow, trapezoidal in shape, wider between the first two legs (fig. 45C). Abdomen dorsum: background pale to dark gray, white guanine patches concentrated on two anterior spots, anterior margin covered by a wide dark-brown band of patches, that continues posteriorly as three to four dark-brown chevrons (fig. 45A). Ventral surface with median dark-brown longitudinal line, flanked by two lines of guanine white patches (fig. 45C). Lateral sides with a reticulated pattern of guanine and dark-brown patches (fig. 45E). Booklung covers without stridulatory striae. Spinnerets pale yellow to brown, lighter pattern on internal surfaces. Ultrastructure of abdomen and spinnerets observed with SEM. Abdomen cuticle flat reticulated, all tracheae tube shaped, median tracheae with leaf-shaped tips. ALS with one major ampullate, one nubbin, ca. 70 piriform, tartipores numerous. PMS with one minor ampullate, one nubbin, and one cylindrical and three central aciniform spigots. PLS araneoid triplet separated at the base and tips, ca. 12 aciniform spigots distributed in two parallel rows, two cylindrical gland spigots at periphery. Leg formula 1-2-4-3. Femur I length 3.23– 3.79. First pair considerably larger. Background of all legs yellow to dark yellow and covered with dark-brown annuli. Femora without trichobothria, few setae present, other segments hirsute, increasing after tibiae. Epigynum: rectangular shape, wider than long. Copulatory openings located on the posterior margin (figs. 47C, D, 48A, B). Internal epigynal structures similar to those found in Nanometa. Copulatory ducts modified as membranous sacs and separated from the spermathecae giving the appearance of four receptacles (fig. 48C, D). Accessory duct glands clustered on puffball-shaped clusters. Fertilization ducts short, straight (figs. 49E, 50E). Male same as female except as noted. Total length 4.81–5.73. Cephalothorax length 2.47– 2.59, width 1.99–2.15. Clypeus height 0.64–0.95 AME diameter (fig. 45D). Chelicerae darker than female, slightly longer and narrower, dorsal cuticle rugose (fig. 45D). Abdominal pattern as in female, but lighter. Femur I length 4.43–5.58. Pedipalpal tibia triangular, 1.3 times longer than wide, apical margin wider. CEBP short and heavily sclerotized cuticular ridge, with or without spines (figs. 46B, 49A, 50A), CEMP spine shaped, long and completely separated from the cymbium (fig. 48E, F). Paracymbium finger shaped and hirsute (figs. 46G, H). Tegulum basally displaced and cup shaped (figs. 49A, B). Conductor margins sclerotized, central part membranous (it did not expand with lactic acid), completely covering the embolus and variable in shape between species (figs. 49A–C, 50A–C). Embolus long, filiform, and flexible. Embolus basal apophysis attachment membranous, basal apophysis heavily sclerotized and formed by one sclerite partially divided by a membrane (figs. 45F, 49B). COMPOSITION: Taraire rufolineata and Taraire oculta. SYSTEMATICS: Taraire is sister to Tawhai (figs. 61–63), but the placement of the lineage including these two genera is unstable across phylogenetic analyses. Putative morphological synapomorphies supporting the monophyly of Taraire include the apically acute, digitiform CEMP pointing anteriorly (figs. 46D, 49C), the narrowing of the conductor margin (which encloses the filiform embolus), as seen in ventral view (figs. 46A, B, 49A, 50A), and sclerotized, horizontal fertilization ducts (figs. 47E, F, 49E, 50E). ETYMOLOGY: The genus is named after the Māori word for the New Zealand endemic tree Beilschmiedia tarairi A. Cunnimgham (Lauraceae). Taraire is indeclinable and feminine in gender. DISTRIBUTION: Taraire is found on the North, South and Stewart islands of New Zealand (fig. 55). NATURAL HISTORY: Taraire builds vertical orb webs. They rest at the central hub with two legs forward and the fourth pair pointed back (fig. 3A, B). The webs can be located near the forest floor, such as under rock shelves (G.H. and R.K., personal obs.).

Nanometa dimitrovi, sp. nov. Figures 30–32, 36–37 “ Nanometa sp.” Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011: 802, figs. 87–90, 91A, C (SEMFAP048). TYPE MATERIAL: Male holotype and female allotype from Australia, Queensland, Bellenden Ker Range, Summit TV Stn. 17° 15′ 59.69″ S, 145° 50′ 1.42″ S, 1560 m. Earthwatch/QLD Museum, 25–31 October 1981; 17 males and 25 FD FIGURE 29. Nanometa purpurapunctata (male: TEAU051; female: TEAU025). A. Pedipalp, ventral. B. Pedipalp, ectal. C. Pedipalp, dorsal. D. Epigynum, ventral. E. Epigynum, dorsal. Scale bars: A–D, 0.2 mm; E, 0.1 mm. FIGURE 31. Nanometa dutrorum (A, C, E, G), and N. dimitrovi (B, D, F, H), pedipalps. A, B, Ventral. C, D, Dorsal. E, F, Mesal. G, H, Ectal. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. females paratypes from the same locality. Deposited at Queensland Museum (S27687). DIAGNOSIS: Males of N. dimitrovi can be differentiated from the other small Nanometa species by its short paracymbium and CEBP (figs. 30F, 31B, D, 32A–C), compared to the long, curved structure of N. forsteri (figs. 35B, 36H) and sclerotized, bifurcated N. dutrorum (fig. 33A). Females of N. dimitrovi can be separated from other small Nanometa species by having round and shallow genital openings approximately 1/4 of the epigynum width, located on the center of the epigynal plate and delineated by a “question mark-shaped” sclerotized margin (figs. 30A, 35D, 36F). These genital openings have a similar position in N. forsteri, but differ in the septum shape (fig. 36B). DESCRIPTION: Female (S27683; SEM observations from Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011: specimen code SEM-FAP048 from the paratype series S27687) total length 2.3. Cephalothorax length 0.9, width 0.7. Clypeus height 1.0 AME diameter. Cephalothorax background pale yellow light gray concentrated over the ocular area and the carapace lateral edges (fig. 36I). Endites and sternum dark gray. Cheliceral promargin and retromargin each with three teeth, cheliceral denticles present ca. 3. Abdomen dorsum background light gray, silvery guanine patches covering all abdomen dorsal surface, except the central line that extends over only half the abdomen length, lateral surface covered with guanine patches over dorsal half, ventral half with darkgray pattern, ventral surface dark gray with a central rectangle flanked by two lines of silvery guanine patches. Booklung stridulatory organ absent. Tracheae and epigynum observed with SEM, median tracheal trunks branched; lateral tracheae tubular (fig. 30D). ALS with one major ampullate, one nubbin, ca. 16 piriform, few tartipores present. PMS with one minor ampullate, one nubbin, and one cylindrical and two central aciniform. PLS with araneoid triplet spigots clustered together, ca. five aciniform distributed in one row between the two peripheral cylindrical gland spigots. The anterior cylindrical spigot is considerably thicker than the other. Femur I length 1.24. Copulatory ducts modified as membranous sacs with smooth cuticle, spermathecae round, accessory duct glands clustered on puffball-shaped clusters (figs. 30B, 32E). Male same as female except as noted. Total length 2.3. Cephalothorax length 1.0 width 0.8. Clypeus 1.1 AME diameter (fig. 36J). Cephalothorax and abdomen coloration slightly darker than in female, silvery guanine patches less conspicuous. Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth respectively, cheliceral denticles present ca. three. Stridulatory organ formed by a cuticular ridge on the booklung anterior edge, coxa IV retrolateral surface covered with small teeth opposite to the booklung ridge (fig. 30C). Femur I length 1.6. Pedipalp with small paracymbium and spikelike CEBP (figs. 30F, 31B, D). Conductor tip with one distal blunt apophysis and cuticle covered with scales (figs. 30E, GH, 31F, H). VARIATION: Females (N = 3) total length 2.3– 2.6, cephalothorax length 0.9–1.0, width 0.7–0.8. The epigynum septum and the epigynal plate vary on their width. ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet honors our colleague Dimitar S. Dimitrov for his many contributions to the study of spider systematics. DISTRIBUTION: Nanometa dimitrovi is found in tropical Queensland (fig. 37C). MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 47. AUSTRALIA, North East Queensland, Bellenden Ker Range, NQ Cable Tower 3, 17° 15′ 29.85″ S, 145° 50, 17.83″ E, 1054 m, 17–24 October 1981. 1 female S26341 Queensland Museum. 1 female, 4 males S26352. 1 male, QM S27684; Bellenden Ker, Center Peak Summit, 17° 16′ 0″ S, 145° 51′ 0″ E, 1500 m, G.B. Monteith, 10 April 1979, 2 females, QM S27683; Bellenden Ker Range, Summit TV Station, 17° 15′ 59.69″ S, 145° 50′ 1.42″ E, 1560 m, Earthwatch /QLD Museum, 25–31 October 1981, 17 males 25 females, 42 immatures, QM S27687; Bellenden Ker Range, Summit TV Station, 17° 15′ 59.69″ S, 145° 50′ 1.42″ E, 1560 m, Earthwatch /QLD Museum, 25–31 October 1981, 1 male, 1 female, S27687. Bellenden Ker Range, Summit TV Station, 17° 15′ 59.69″ S, 145° 50′ 1.42″ E, 1560 m, Earthwatch /QLD Museum, 1–7 October 1981, 1 male, S27682; Bellenden Ker Range, Summit TV Station, 17° 15′ 59.69″ S, 145° 50′ 1.42″ E, 1560 m, Earthwatch /QLD Museum, 25–31 October 1981, 5 males, 1 female S27695; Eungella National Park, Dalyrymple Road, 2.9 km NE of Snake Road Junction, 20 April 1998, G. Milledge, 1F, KS 52416., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901, {"references":["Alvarez-Padilla, F., and G. Hormiga. 2011. Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162: 713 - 879."]}

Tawhai arborea (Urquhart, 1891), comb. nov. Figures 51–55 Tetragnatha arborea Urquhart, 1891: 172, pl. 21, fig. 9. Syntypes not examined, description and illustrations accurate enough to make reliable identification. TYPE MATERIAL: The syntypes (males and females, from New Zealand, North Island, Stratford, Taranaki) are not at the Canterbury Museum (Nicholls et al., 2000) and are probably lost (C. Vink, in litt., to G.H.). DIAGNOSIS AND DESCRIPTION: See genus diagnosis and description. Female description based on specimens (TEAU026, TEAU047). Male description based on specimen (TEAU028). VARIATION: Females (N = 2) total length 8.36– 9.13. Cephalothorax length 3.63–4.12, width 2.73–3.14. Femur length 4.91–5.80. DISTRIBUTION: Tawhai arborea is found in New Zealand’s North Island (fig. 55). NATURAL HISTORY: Tawhai arborea builds vertical orb webs with open hubs, few radii, and sticky spirals. The web illustrated in figure 5C had a height of 34 cm (from top to bottom spiral thread). Forster and Forster (1999: 166, fig. 11.28a) describe their webs as large, “up to a metre wide, with widely spaced sticky threads. They are also found within the forest, and their webs may be tilted at a slight angle over running water.” REMARKS: Tetragnatha arborea was considered a synonym of Orsinome lagenifera, but these species differ considerably in their morphology. Tawhai arborea was misidentified in the phylogenetic analysis of Wheeler et al. (2017) as “ Allende sp. CG103.” Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that both Taraire and Tawhai are not close relatives of Orsinome. MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 6. NEW ZEA- LAND, North Island, Te Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, trail to Lake Waikareiti, 38° 44′ 32″ S, 177° 9′ 53.1″ E, 650 m., G. Hormiga, 6–11 April 2011, night collecting (label ambiguity, could be Panekiri Bluffs trail), 1 female (image voucher TEAU026) GWU; Te Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, trail to Lake Waikareiti, 38° 44′ 32″ S, 177° 9′ 53.1″ E, 650 m., G. Hormiga, 6–11 April 2011, 5 females, 3 immatures (image voucher TEAU047) GWU; Tongariro National Park, Lake Rotopounamu Walk, 39° 1′ 14.5″ S, 175° 43′ 58.6″ E, 744 m., G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 17 April 2011, 1 female, 1 immature (DNA voucher GH1117) GWU; Tongariro National Park, Lake Rotopounamu Walk, 39° 1′ 14.5″ S, 175° 43′ 58.6″ E, 744 m., G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 17 April 2011, 1 female (field image voucher photos 6279–6287 and GH1117 DNA series) GWU; Waiorongomai Valley, Te Aroha, 37° 33′ 39.25″ S, 175° 45′ 27.81″ E, 72 m, D.J. Court, 15 May 1984, 1 male, 1 female (male image voucher TEAU028 and also Paratypes) S58330 QM; Waipoua SF, Toronui Tr., 35° 39′ 42.92″ S, 173° 34′ 22.16″ E, 150 m, A. Newton & M. Thayer, 13 April 1980, Kauri-podocarp-broadleaf-nikau palm forest, fungusy log, pyrethrin fogging, 1 female AMNH., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901, {"references":["Urquhart, A. T. 1891. On new species of Araneae. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 23: 128 - 189.","Forster, R. R., and L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and Their Worldwide Kin. Dunedin: University of Otago Press.","Wheeler, W. C., et al. 2017. The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics 33: 576 - 616."]}

Nanometa purpurapunctata (Urquhart, 1889), comb. nov. Figures 26 –29, 37 Linyphia purpura-punctata Urquhart, 1889: 134 (syntypes deposited at the Canterbury Museum, not examined). Linyphia nitidulum Urquhart, 1889: 136 (holotype not examined). Synonymized by Bryant, 1933. Erycina violacea Urquhart, 1891: 151, pl. 21, figs. 4, 14, 17 (type not examined). Synonymized by Bryant, 1933. Eryciniolia purpurapunctata (Urquhart, 1889) Strand, 1912: 346. Name preoccupied. Eryciniola purpurapunctata (Urquhart, 1889) Bryant, 1933: 20, pl. 4, fig. 33, pl. 5, f. 49. Forster and Forster, 1999: 168, fig. 11.31. Eryciniola purpureopunctata Forster, 1980: 281, fig. 19. TYPE MATERIAL: Female syntype from New Zealand, Wairongomai Gorge, deposited at the Canterbury Museum, revised by Dalmas (1917) and Bryant (1933). DIAGNOSIS: Nanometa purpurapunctata can be differentiated from other Nanometa species by its unique eye arrangement: eyes arranged in two lines, AME smaller than the ALE, lateral eyes separated one or more diameters apart (fig. 26G). The eyes of N. hippai, N. lehtineni, N. lylei and N. padillai also differ from the norm, but they are arranged in three rows with AME substantially smaller than both PME and PLE, lateral eyes not juxtaposed (fig. 26A, G). The male genital morphology of N. pupruropunctata follows the same organization as in the other Nanometa species, but it is unique in having a spherical tegulum considerably wider than the conductor-embolus complex (figs. 27A, 29A–C). Other diagnostic features include: CEBP with a small bifurcated spine (figs. 27C, 29A–C), CEMP short and hook shaped. Conductor with an extra apophysis on its median section (fig. 27B). DESCRIPTION: Female (TEAU025, TEAU044, TEAU049) total length 3.7. Cephalothorax length 1.1, width 1.4. Clypeus height 2.7 AME diameter. Cephalothorax background pale-yellow pattern coloration dark gray (fig. 26A). Eyes in two rows, subequal in size except AME that are smaller (fig. 26G). Sternum pale yellow (fig. 26E). Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and one tooth respectively, ca. three cheliceral denticles. Abdomen dorsum background light gray, silvery guanine patches concentrated in the center around two lines of dark-gray spots (fig. 26A), lateral line of guanine patches complete and surrounded with dark-gray reticulated spots (fig. 26C). Booklung stridulatory organ absent. Tracheae observed with SEM, median trunks branched; lateral tracheae tube shaped. Femur I length 4.4. Copulatory ducts short and well sclerotized, spermathecae translucent and weakly sclerotized (figs. 26H, 29E), accessory duct glands opening acorn shaped as in leucaugines and not concentrated in clusters (fig. 28C). Male (TEAU025, TEAU045) same as female except as noted. Total length 2.7. Cephalothorax length 1.7, width 1.1. Clypeus 2.0 AME diameter (fig. 26I). Cephalothorax and abdomen coloration slightly darker than in female. Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three teeth and one tooth respectively, denticles ca. two. Stridulatory organ formed by a cuticular ridge highly sclerotized on the booklung anterior edge (fig. 26F), coxa IV retrolateral not examined with SEM. Femur I length 6.0. Conductor tip with two distal apophyses (figs. 27B, 28E, F, 29A). VARIATION: Males (N = 2) total length 2.6– 2.7, cephalothorax length 1.1–1.7, width 0.9–1.0. DISTRIBUTION: This species is distributed on the North Island of New Zealand (fig. 37E). REMARKS: The specimen identified as “ Nanometa sp. Voucher number FAPDNA066” by Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga (2011) belongs to N. purpurapunctata. MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 20. NEW ZEA- LAND, North Island, Tararua Forest Park, Holdsworth, Loop Trail, 40° 53′ 59.9″ S, 175° 27′ 56.5″ E, 338 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 14–15 April 2011, 1 male, 1 female (DNA specimen voucher GH1114, 1 female for SEM image voucher TEAU049) GWU; Te Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, trail to Lake Waikareiti, 38° 44′ 32″ S, 177° 9′ 53.1″ E, 650 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 6 April 2011, morning collecting, 1 male, 1 female, 15 immatures (adult specimens image voucher number TEAU025 and paratype status) GWU; Te Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, trail to Lake Waikareiti, 38° 44′ 32″ S, 177° 9′ 53.1″ E, 650 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 5 April 2011, 1 female, 4 immatures GWU; Te Urewera National Park, Lake Waikaremoana, trail to Lake Waikareiti, 38° 44´32″ S, 177° 9′ 53.1″ E, 650 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 6 April 2011, 1 male, 1 immatures GWU; Tongariro National Park, Lake Rotopounamu Walk, 39° 1′ 14.5″ S, 175° 43′ 58.6″ E, 744 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 17 April 2011, 9 males, 2 females, 7 immatures. (DNA specimen voucher GH1118) GWU; Tongariro National Park, Lake Rotopounamu Walk, 39° 1′ 14.5″ S, 175° 43′ 58.6″ E, 744 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 17 April 2011, 1 female, 4 immatures (female image voucher number TEAU044) GWU; Tongariro National Park, Lake Rotopounamu Walk, 39° 1′ 14.5″ S, 175° 43′ 58.6″ E, 744 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 17 April 2011, 1 male, 34 immatures (male image voucher number TEAU045) GWU; Tongariro National Park, Lake Rotopounamu Walk, 39° 1′ 14.5″ S, 175° 43′ 58.6″ E, 744 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 17 April 2011, 1 female, GWU.

Nanometa lagenifera (Urquhart, 1888), comb. nov. Figures 20, 22–24, 37 Linyphia lagenifera Urquhart, 1888: 111, pl. 11, fig. 4 (female type, not examined). Tetragnatha herbigrada Urquhart, 1890: 253 (type not examined, depository unknown). Synonymized by Bryant (1933). Orsinome australis Simon, 1899: 423 (type not examined). Synonymized by Bryant (1933). Orsinome herbigrada (Urquhart, 1888) Dalmas, 1917: 369, fig. 38. Orsinome lagenifera (Urquhart, 1888) Bryant, 1933: 21. Orsiella lagenifera (Urquhart, 1888) Forster and Forster, 1999: 167, figs. 11.30b, 113.30c. TYPE MATERIAL: Female holotype of Linyphia lagenifera from New Zealand, Otago, P. Goyen, deposited at the Canterbury Museum, last revised by Dalmas (1917) and Bryant (1933). Drawings and descriptions by these two authors were accurate for specimen identification. DIAGNOSIS: Males of Nanometa lagenifera differ from those of other congeneric species in New Zealand by its longer embolus, which curves outside the margin of the tegulum in ventral view (fig. 22B), while in N. purpurapunctata and N. forsteri the embolus is much shorter and curves onto the surface of the tegulum. In ventral view (fig. 24D), females of N. lagenifera lack the longitudinal septum of N. purpurapunctata and N. forsteri. In addition, N. lagenifera can be differentiated from other large Nanometa species by the following combination of characters: epigynum rectangular flat sclerotized area (fig. 20B), genital openings opening posteriorly, shaped as two sclerotized grooves; median plate hourglass shaped (fig. 20D), genital opening septum narrow, approximately ¼ of the epigynum width (fig. 20B, D). CEBP bearing one small basal apophysis heavily sclerotized (figs. 22B, D, H; 23F, 24A–C). CEMP tip separated from the cymbium and gradually bending as long hook (figs. 22D, 24C). CEMP wider and shorter than in N. trivittata and not bent ventrally (figs. 22F, 23F). DESCRIPTION: Female (TEAU009, TEAU024, TEAU040) total length 8.0. Cephalothorax length 3.0, width 2.4. Clypeus height 1.1 AME diameter. Cephalothorax yellow with darkbrown pattern (fig. 20A, C). Eyes subequal in size, lateral smaller (fig. 20G). Sternum dark brown (fig. 20E). Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth, respectively, ca. five cheliceral denticles. Abdomen dorsum background gray, guanine patches concentrated in the center, delineated by two lines of dark-brown chevrons and guanine patches (fig. 20A). Lateral line of guanine patches diffuse and intercalated with dark-brown reticulated spots (fig. 20C). Tracheae observed with SEM, median tracheael trunks branched, lateral tracheae tube shaped. Femur I length 5.9. Copulatory ducts modified as membranous sacs with translucent cuticle and internal sclerotized apodemes, spermathecae oval, translucent, and weakly sclerotized (figs. 20H, 24E), accessory duct glands clustered on puDzallshaped clusters (figs. 23D, 24E). Male (TEAU010) as female except as noted. Total length 7.5. Cephalothorax length 2.1, width 2.4. Clypeus 1.2 AME diameter (fig. 20I). Cephalothorax and abdomen lighter than in female. Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth respectively, denticles ca. two. Stridulatory organ formed by a cuticular thick and highly sclerotized ridge on the booklung anterior edge, coxa IV retrolateral not examined with SEM. Femur I length 10.2. Basal apophysis of conductor tip absent, distal apophysis short and heavily sclerotized (figs. 22B, F, 24A–C). VARIATION: Females (N = 3) total length 7.0– 8.0, cephalothorax length 2.8–3.0, width 2.1–2.4. Males (N = 2) total length 7.4–8.0, cephalothorax length 2.1–3.3, width 2.4–2.5. DISTRIBUTION: This species can be found inhabiting the North and South islands of New Zealand (fig. 37E). NATURAL HISTORY: Forster and Forster (1999: 167, fig. 11.30a) report that Nanometa lagenifera seems to be restricted to shady streams and describe their webs as “horizontal snares above the water surface, often anchored to stones or debris sticking out of the water.” REMARKS: Although Tetragnatha arborea Urquhart, 1891, is listed as a synonym of Orsinome lagenifera in the World Spider Catalog (2019), this species belongs to a different genus and is described below. MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 23. NEW ZEA- LAND, South Island: Christchurch City Co., Banks Peninsula, Hinewai Reserve, Big Kanuka Trail. 43° 48′ 38″ S, 173° 1′ 15.6″ E, 508 m. G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 3 March 2010, sifted leaf litter and mosses, 1 male, 1 female, 4 immatures GWU (measurement voucher FAPM010); Christchurch City Co., Banks Peninsula, Hinewai Reserve, Big Kanuka Trail. 43° 48′ 38″ S, 173° 1′ 15.6″ E, 508 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 3 March 2010, sifted leaf litter and mosses, 2 males, 1 female GWU (DNA voucher GH11172); Christchurch City Co., Banks Peninsula, Hinewai Reserve, Lower Valley Track, W of Otanerito Homestead, 43° 49′ 38.3″ S, 173° 2′ 40.1″ E, 71 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 3 March 2010, general collecting at night, 1 female GWU (image voucher TEAU009); Christchurch City Co., Banks Peninsula, Hinewai Reserve, Lower Valley Track, W of Otanerito Homestead, 43° 49′ 38.3″ S, 173° 2′ 40.1″ E, 71 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 3 March 2010, general collecting at night, 1 male GWU (image voucher TEAU010); Christchurch City Co., Banks Peninsula, Hinewai Reserve, Lower Valley Track, W of Otanerito Homestead, 43° 49′ 38.3″ S, 173° 2′ 40.1″ E, 71 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 3 March 2010, general collecting at night, 2 males, 4 females, 1 immature GWU (one female SEM voucher TEAU040 all adults paratypes); Christchurch City Co., Banks Peninsula, Hinewai Reserve, Lower Valley Track, W of Otanerito Homestead, 43° 49′ 38.3″ S, 173° 2′ 40.1″ E, 71 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 3 March 2010, general collecting at night, 1 male, 1 female, 3 immatures, GWU. North Island: Tararua Forest Park, Holdsworth Loop Trail, 40° 53′ 59.9″ S, 175° 27′ 56.5″ E, 338 m. G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 14–15 April 2011, GWU (DNA voucher GH1113). 1 female GWU (image voucher TEAU024). 4 females, 12 immatures GWU; Waiorongomai Valley, Te Aroha, 37° 33′ 39.25″ S, 175° 45′ 27.81″ E, 72 m. D.J. Vulley, 15 May 1984, one male, one female QM S58329; Franz Josef Glacier, Alex Knob Track, -43.41082804: 170.17762, 182 m, G. Hormiga, G. Giribet, M. Arnedo, R. Fernández, F. Álvarez-Padilla, R.J. Kallal, C. Baker, 17.i.2016, 2 males GWU. Kelceys Bush Conservation Area, 44° 42′ 2.62″ S, 170° 57′ 57.84″ E, 151 m, G. Hormiga, G. Giribet, M. Arnedo, R. Fernández, F. Álvarez-Padilla, R.J. Kallal, C. Baker, 22 January 2016, 9 females, 3 juveniles GWU.

Genus Nanometa Simon, 1908 Nanometa Simon, 1908: 11. Type species: Nano, Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901, {"references":["Simon, E. 1908. Araneae. 1 re partie. In W. Michaelsen and R. Hartmeyer (editors), Die Fauna Sudwest- Australiens. Jena 1: 359 - 446."]}

Nanometa sarasini (Berland, 1924), comb. nov. Figures 14 –16, 37 Orsinome sarasini Berland, 1924: 210, figs. 108–112. Orsinome sarasini Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011: 805, figs. 91D, 96A–G, 97A–H, 98A–F, 99A–F. TYPE MATERIAL: Two female and four male syntypes from New Caledonia, Forêt du Mont Ignambi, au-dessus d’Oubatche, 800–1000 m. May 1911. We have not been able to locate the syntypes; other Berland types from that publication are deposited at the MNHN and Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland. Nonetheless, the drawings and description quality are enough to make accurate identifications. DIAGNOSIS: The long male pedipalpal tibia with about 10 trichobothria is unique for this species (fig. 16A–C). Additionally, N. sarasini can be differentiated from other large Nano- meta species by the following combination of characters: epigynum rectangular at least three times wider than long, genital openings visible on ventral view and located at the sides of the epigynum, septum wide, at least three times its length (figs. 14B–D, 16D), spermathecae longer than wide, L-shaped, walls well sclerotized, copulatory “sacs” cuticle translucent and weakly sclerotized (figs. 14F, 16E). CEBP apophysis large, excavated at its base and continuous with the CEMP (figs. 15D, 16B). CEMP tip separated from the cymbium and L-shaped (fig. 16A–C). DESCRIPTION: Female (TEAU011) total length 8.9. Cephalothorax length 3.6, width 2.7. Clypeus height 1.1 AME diameter. Cephalothorax background dark yellow, cephalic region and carapace margins dark brown (fig. 14A, C). Eyes subequal in size, lateral smaller. Sternum dark brown (fig. 14E). Cheliceral promargin and retromargin each with three teeth, ca. three cheliceral denticles. Abdomen dorsum background gray, ca. six to five pairs of guanine patches concentrated in the center and delineated by dark-brown patches (fig. 14A). Stridulatory organ present in females as a cuticular thick and highly sclerotized ridge on booklung anterior edge (fig. 14H). Lateral line of guanine patches diffuse and intercalated with dark-brown reticulated spots (fig. 14C). Femur I length 6.9. Copulatory ducts modified as membranous sacs with translucent cuticle and internal sclerotized apodemes, spermathecae longer than wide (figs. 14F, 16E), accessory duct glands not examined with SEM. Male (TEAU012) same as female except as noted. Total length 6.9. Cephalothorax length 3.1, width 2.5. Clypeus 2.0 AME diameter (fig. 14I). Cephalothorax and abdomen lighter than in female. Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and one teeth respectively, denticles ca. 10. Stridulatory organ slightly longer, coxa IV retrolateral not examined with SEM. Femur I length 7.5. Conductor tip apophyses present (figs. 15A, F, H, I, 16A–C). FD FIGURE 16. Nanometa sarasini (QM S25460). A. Pedipalp, ventral. B. Pedipalp, dorsal. C. Pedipalp, ectal. D. Epigynum, ventral. E. Epigynum, dorsal. Scale bars: A–D, 0.5 mm; E, 0.2 mm. DISTRIBUTION: This is the only nanometine collected in New Caledonia (fig. 37C). MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 8. NEW CALE- DONIA, Mt. Panié, 20° 35′ 0″ S, 164° 45′ 0″ E, 1300 m. R.J. Raven 4–14 December 1990, Agathis montana rainforest, QM S25460 (one female specimen removed for image voucher TEAU011); Mt. Panié, 20° 35′ 0″ S, 164° 45′ 0″ E, 1300 m. R.J. Raven 4–14 December 1990, Agathis montana rainforest, QM S25460 (one male specimen removed for image voucher TEAU012); Mt. Panié, 20° 35′ 0″ S, 164° 45′ 0″ E, 1300 m. R.J. Raven 4–14 December 1990, Agathis montana rainforest, 3 males, 2 females QM S25460. Mt. Panié, 20° 35′ 0″ S, 164° 45′ 0″ E, 1300 m. R.J. Raven, T. Churchill, 2–3 November 1988, night collecting, 1 male, QM S34217.

Genus Harlanethis, gen. nov. Figures 38–44, 60 TYPE SPECIES: Harlanethis lipscombae. DIAGNOSIS: Harlanethis species are similar to other leucaugine genera in having femoral trichobothria and silver guanine abdominal patches (fig. 38A, C–D), but can be easily separated from other leucaugines by the presence some unique features among tetragnathids such a whitish, lightly sclerotized triangular epigynal protrusion (fig. 39C, D); two anterior longitudinal deep grooves on the epigynum venter (fig. 41A); and by having the epigynum almost the same size as the sternum (fig. 38C). Males are diagnosed by their massive conductor, which is wider than long and formed by three sclerites united by a membrane (figs. 39G, H, 41B, 42G, 43F). The embolus morphology is diagnostic, being very thick, tubular, slightly curved, and apically covered with small scales (figs. 41B, C, 42G). In males, the ventral cuticle of the paturon has four deep grooves intercalated with transverse ridges (figs. 38F, H, 41H). DESCRIPTION: Female total length 3.99–5.25. Cephalothorax length 1.72–1.87, width 1.30–1.38. Carapace glabrous, pale yellow to light brown, slightly darker over the cephalic region and carapace margins. Fovea deep, triangular in shape, carapace dorsal pits absent (fig. 38A). Clypeus height 0.9 to 0.7 AME diameter, cuticle darker FIGURE 40. Harlanethis lipscombae (TEAU038; A, C, E, G), and H. weintrauborum (TEUA016; B, D, F, H). A, B. Pedipalp, ventral. C, D. Pedipalp, dorsal. E, F. Pedipalp, mesal. G, H. Scale bars: 0.2 mm. under the median eyes and paler under the lateral eyes (figs. 38B). AME slightly larger than PME. Lateral eyes on the same tubercle, one AME diameter apart from median eyes and approximately half that size. Chelicerae with few scattered setae, cuticle smooth, without ventral stridulatory ridges (fig. 38F), with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth (figs. 38B, F). Endites longer than wide, dark brown, internal margins pale yellow. Labium rectangular, wider than long, colored as the endites. Sternum dark brown, trapezoidal in shape, wider between the first two legs (fig. 38C). Abdomen dorsally covered with silvery guanine patches over a background pale to dark gray, with a dark median longitudinal line, lateral surfaces with diffused dark vertical stripes; ventrally dark brown, with guanine patches concentrated in four spots forming a central rectangle (figs. 38A, C–D). Booklung covers without stridulatory striae. Spinnerets pale yellow to brown, lighter pattern on internal surfaces. Leg formula 1-2-4-3. Femur I length 2.96–3.67. First pair considerably larger, femora and tibia brown-yellow with dark-brown annuli. Second pair femora and tibiae pale yellow without annulation. Metatarsi and tarsi dark yellow. All leg segments dark brown apically. Femora III and IV with ca. six prolateral trichobothria, distributed around the base, flagellum smooth (fig. 41G). Femora with few setae, other segments hirsute increasing after tibiae. All leg segments with few macrosetae, except tarsi, which are glabrous. Epigynum: trapezoidal shape wider than long. Copulatory openings medially located on both sides of posterior margin of triangular epigynal protrusion (fig. 41A, D). Spermathecae membranous, internal surfaces covered with accessory gland ducts (figs. 39E, F, 41E). Copulatory ducts short, enclosing the spermathecae entrance, both copulatory ducts converging into a common sclerotized base where the fertilization ducts also originate (figs. 39E, F, 44C–D). Fertilization ducts short, straight. Male same as female except as noted. Total length 3.86–4.15. Cephalothorax length 1.71– 1.76, width 1.35–1.46. Carapace dorsal coloration white to dark yellow. Clypeus height 0.83–0.91 AME diameter, pale yellow. Sternum pale yellow to brown. Chelicerae pale to dark brown, slightly longer and narrower, dorsal cuticle rugose, setal bases enlarged and more abundant at base; ectal cuticle less rugose toward the ventral and apical surfaces (fig. 38E); ventral cuticle with four deep grooves intercalated with transverse ridges (figs. 38H, 41H); with three promarginal and three to four retromarginal teeth (fig. 38E, H). Endites brown; dorsal cuticle without obvious complementary structures to the cheliceral striae (fig. 38G). Abdominal pattern as in female, but lighter in coloration. Femur I length 3.65–4.17. Legs pale yellow, annulation less pronounced than in female. Pedipalpal tibia triangular, as long as wide, apical margin wider. CDBP shaped as a long curved ridge with its basal portion forming a small triangular spur (figs. 40C–F, 41F, 42C). Paracymbium cylindrical, almost glabrous, slightly curved, apically swollen, its cymbium attachment membranous (fig. 38G, H). Embolus very thick, tubular, slightly curved and apically covered with small scales (fig. 41B, C). COMPOSITION: This new genus includes two species: Harlanethis lipscombae and H. weintrauborum. SYSTEMATICS: This genus is placed in the subfamily Leucauginae (figs. 61–63), nested in a clade including Mesida Kulczyński, 1911, Tylorida Simon, 1894, and Orsinome. The monophyly of Harlanethis is supported by the following morphological synapomorphies: massive highly sclerotized conductor, wider than long and formed by three sclerites united by a membrane (figs. 38G, H, 42E, G) and the large lightly sclerotized triangular epigynal protrusion with two anterior longitudinal deep grooves on the epigynum venter (fig. 39A–D). ETYMOLOGY: TThis new genus is named by the third author (G.H.) to honor Wilbur B. (Bill) Harlan, whose endowment to the Department Biological Sciences of the George Washington University has empowered numerous young biologists scholarly work. This name is compounded with nethis, the Greek work for spinster, i.e., a woman who E spins. Harlanethis is an undeclinable proper name and feminine in gender. DISTRIBUTION: This genus can be found in northeastern Queensland (fig. 60). NATURAL HISTORY: Harlanethis appears to be endemic to the tropical northern zone of Queensland.

Taraire rufolineata (Urquhart, 1889), comb. nov. Figures 4, 45–50, 55 Linyphia rufo-lineata Urquhart, 1889: 137 (male and female syntypes). Landana lautiuscula Dalmas, 1917: 372, figs. 40–43 (female description). Two female syntypes (from Murchison, South Island), MNHN, examined. Synonymized by Bryant (1933), although Dalmas’ syntypes were not examined by her. Meta rufolineata (Urquart, 1889) Bryant, 1933: 21. Transferred from Landana to Meta. TYPE MATERIAL: Syntypes (2 males, 3 females, 1 juvenile) from the North Island of New Zealand, summit of Te Aroha, deposited at the Canterbury Museum (A1367). The syntypes have been examined by Cor Vink (in litt., G.H.) to confirm the identification. DIAGNOSIS: Taraire rufolineata can be differentiated from T. oculta by the median projection of the epigynum, which does not extend beyond the distal margin (fig. 47A); this median projection does extend beyond that margin in the latter species (fig. 47B). The epigynal median plate of T. rufolineata is triangular, almost the same width as the epigynum and copulatory openings directed toward the epigynum lateral margins (figs. 47C, 48B); this plate is considerably narrower and with the copulatory openings directed to the sagittal plane in T. oculta (fig. 47D). The conductor of T. rufolineata has a distal portion bent apically and its basal part is continuous with the tegulum (figs. 46A, 48H, 49A), whereas T. oculta has a conductor with both portions bent (fig. 46B). The embolus basal apophysis not covered by conductor and its complex shape is also diagnostic for T. rufolineata (figs. 46A, 49B): in addition, the CEBP lacks spines (figs. 48F, 49C), while T. oculta bears one spine on this process (figs. 48E, 50C). DESCRIPTION: Female (TEAU029, TEAU043) total length 6.6. Cephalothorax length 2.5, width 2.1. Clypeus height 0.9 AME diameter. Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth respectively, with ca. two cheliceral denticles. Femur I length 3.6. Copulatory ducts modified as membranous sacs with smooth cuticle (figs. 47E, 49E), spermathecae round and slightly more sclerotized that the “copulatory sacs” (fig. 47E), accessory duct glands clustered on puDzall-shaped clusters (figs. 48C, 49E). Male (TEAU030, TEAU046) same as female except as noted. Total length 8.2. Cephalothorax length 4.4, width 3.3. Clypeus 0.6 AME diameter (fig. 45D). Cephalothorax and abdomen lighter than female. Femur I length 8.9. Embolic apophysis formed by a heavily sclerotized curved lamella with a membranous center (fig. 46A, E, G). VARIATION: Females (N = 3) total length 4.95– 6.58, cephalothorax length 2.35–2.52, width 1.85–2.05. DISTRIBUTION: Taraire rufolineata is found around the area of Arthur’s Pass in the central region of the South Island of New Zealand (fig. 55). The syntypes were collected at the summit of Mount Te Aroha (952 m), the highest point on the Kaimai-Mamaku range, but so far this is the only record of this species from the North Island. NATURAL HISTORY: Taraire rufolineata builds vertical orb webs in forested areas, with an open hub centrally located. They rest at the central hub with two legs forward and the fourth pair pointed back (fig. 4A). MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 9. NEW ZEA- LAND, South Island, Arthur’s Pass National Park, Bridal Veil Track, 42° 55′ 49.6″ S, 171° 33′ 43.4″ E, 819 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, J. Pedersen, 4–5 February 2012, 1 male, 1 female (DNA voucher GH1136) GWU; 1 female (G. Hormiga field image photos 7979–7983/ 4.ii.2012 GH) GWU; 1 female (G. Hormiga field image photos 7984–7988/ 4.ii.2012 GH) GWU; 23 females, 4 immatures (image voucher TEAU043) GWU; Bealey Vy Tr., 42° 56′ 1.75″ S, 171° 33′ 29.65″ E, 840 m. A. Newton & M. Thayer 18–21 March 1980, Subalpine Nothofagus, Nothofagus solandri bark pyrethrin fogging 1 female AMNH; Selwyn Dist. Co., Bridal Veil Falls Track, 42° 56′ 1.3″ S, 171° 33′ 47.7″ E, 789 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, 4 March 2010, leaf litter, moss, & general collecting at night, 1 female (image voucher TEAU029) GWU; 1 male (image voucher TEAU030) GWU; 1 male, 4 females, 4 immatures (image voucher TEAU046) GWU., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901, {"references":["Urquhart, A. T. 1889. On new species of Araneida. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 21: 134 - 152.","Dalmas, R. 1917. Araignees de Nouvelle-Zelande. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France 86: 317 - 430.","Bryant, E. B. 1933. Notes on types of Urquhart's spiders. Records of the Canterbury Museum 4: 1 - 27."]}

Nanometa trivittata (Keyserling, 1887), comb. nov. Figures 3, 9–13, 37 Meta trivittata Keyserling, 1887: 213, pl. 19, fig. 4. “ Nanometinae sp.” Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011: 74, figs. 71–76 (SEMFAP049). TYPE MATERIAL: Female holotype likely destroyed (R. Raven, personal commun.). Specimen originally deposited at the Museum Godeffroy (ceNAK), Sydney; from Mr. Bradley’s collection, Cape York. Drawings and description are considered accurate for specimen identification. DIAGNOSIS: The broad and caudally straight epigynal septum (figs. 9D, 13D), the shape of the conductor apex and CEBP (figs. 10C, F, 13A–C) are unique to this species. In addition, Nanometa trivittata can be differentiated from other large Nanometa species by the following unique combination of characters: epigynum flat, genital openings large and separated by a wide septum ca. one half epigynum width, posterior middle section excavated with a pit of variable depth (figs. 9B, D, 10A, B, 13D). Median plate trapezoidal with ventral side wider (fig. 10A). CEBP has one long apophysis with a round tip and a tiny sclerotized basal spine (fig. 10C, F). CEMP an arc-shaped cuticular ridge (fig. 10C–E), tip separated from the cymbium, hook shaped and bent ca. 90° (fig. 10E). Cymbium distal margin protruded and finger shaped (fig. 10E, F). DESCRIPTION: Female (TEAU003) total length 5.6. Cephalothorax length 2.1, width 1.6. Clypeus height 0.84 AME diameter. Cephalothorax background yellow, dark brown on the cephalic area and carapace edges (fig. 9A, C). Eyes subequal in size, lateral smaller. Sternum brown (fig. 9E). Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth respectively, ca. five cheliceral denticles. Abdomen dorsum background dark gray, most guanine patches forming a medial line divided into four to six lateral lobes delineated by dark-brown chevrons, lateral areas of the abdomen dorsum with intercalated areas of guanine patches and dark-brown spots (fig. 9A). Lateral line of guanine patches complete (fig. 9C). Ultrastructure of abdomen, tracheae, and spinnerets (figs. 11D, 12A) observed with SEM. Abdomen cuticle flat reticulated; median tracheal trunks branched, lateral tracheae tube shaped (fig. 11D). ALS with one major ampullate, one nubbin, ca. 60 piriform, tartipores present (fig. 12B). PMS with one nubbin, one minor ampullate, one cylindrical, and three central aciniform spigots (fig. 12C). PLS araneoid triplet spigots tips clustered together, ca. 12 aciniform spigots distributed in two parallel rows, two cylindrical gland spigots at the periphery (fig.12D). Femur I length 3.36. Copulatory ducts modified as membranous sacs with smooth cuticle (figs. 9H, 11C, 13E), spermathecae and “copulatory sacs” sclerotization variable (fig. 9F, H) accessory duct glands clustered on the internal surfaces (fig. 11C). Description based on specimens (TEAU003, TEAU006, TEAU008, TEAU023, TEAU035). Male (TEAU036): Same as female except as noted. Total length 4.23. Cephalothorax length 2.0, width 1.5. Clypeus 0.95 AME diameter (fig. 9I). Cephalothorax and abdomen coloration lighter than in female, sternum coloration yellow. Cheliceral denticles ca. six. Booklung covers and coxa IV surfaces examined with SEM. Stridulatory organ formed by a thin cuticular ridge on booklung anterior edge, opposite to several cuticular ridges on coxa IV retrolateral surface. Femur I length 4.73. Basal apophysis of conductor tip slen- der and as long as the distal apophysis, distal apophysis thicker, heavily sclerotized and ending in a curved tip (figs. 11E, F, 13A–C). Description based on specimens (TEAU004, TEAU036). VARIATION: Females (N = 7) total length 5.3– 7.2, cephalothorax length 2.1–2.8, width 1.6–2.2. The depth of the median septum pit varies from almost flat to considerably deep. Males (N = 6) total length 3.4–6.5, cephalothorax length 2.0– 3.2, width 1.3–2.4. CEBP apophysis tip varies in shape from a rounded spatula to a broken tip. Conductor tip apophyses vary in length and orientation angle. DISTRIBUTION: This species can be found in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of eastern Queensland, New South Wales, and Victoria (fig. 37C). NATURAL HISTORY: Nanometa trivittata builds vertical (n = 2) or horizontal (n = 1) orb webs, with relatively few radii (13–14; n = 3) and few loosely spaced radii (fig. 3C, D). The hub is open. MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 144. AUSTRALIA: New South Wales: 4 km W of Washpool State Forest, 29° 15′ 51.89″ S, 152° 22′ 41.53″ E, 684 m, 1 male, 1 immature, AM KS9334; Border Ranges National Park, Brindle Creek Rd, 28° 22′ 42.2″ S, 153° 4′ 9.4″ E, 713 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 22–23 March 2010, temperate rainforest, general collecting at night, 8 females, 2 males, 3 immatures (1 female illustrated by G. Hormiga, 1 female image and description voucher TEAU023, 1 female for SEM voucher TEAU033, 1 female epigynum variation voucher TEAU006) GWU; Bow Cave, Jenolan, 33° 49´6.12″ S, 150° 1′ 19.4″ E, 844 m, G. Smith, 15 May 1988, 2 males, 1 female, AM KS19045; Jamberoo Mountain, 34° 39′ 6.34″ S, 150° 41′ 40.56″ E, 613 m, J. Noble, 23 December 1995, 1 female, AM KS53629; Ku- Ring-Gai Chase National Park, McCarr’s Creek, 33° 37′ 53.62″ S, 151° 15′ 14.42″ E, 167 m, D.J. Bickel, 22 November 1986, 1 female, AM KS32217; Macquarie Pass National Park, Cascades Rainforest walk, 34° 34′ 1.4″ S, 150° 40′ 22.6″ E, 127 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 15 March 2010, 2 females, GWU; Macquarie Pass National Park, Clover Hill Rd, 34° 33′ 51.6″ S, 150° 38′ 59.3″ E, 214 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 16 March 2010, 1 female, sifted litter (image voucher TEAU008); New England National Park, Wright’s Lookout Trail, 30° 30′ 17.21″ S, 152° 24′ 9.82″ E, 1300 m, A. Newton & M. Thayer, 27 February–6 March 1980, Nothofagus moorei rainforest, tree ferns, pyrethrin fogging, 1 male, AMNH; Port Macquarie, Sea Acres Nature Reserve, 31° 28′ 0″ S, 152° 56′ 0″ E, 0–10 m, G. Williams, 26 January–13 February 1999, subtropical rainforest, malaise trap, 1 male, AM KS58338; Toonumbar National Park, Iron Pot Creek, Hanrahans Rest, 28° 28′ 0″ S, 152° 53′ 0″ E, 105 m, D. Bickel, 17–18 December 1998, rainforest, yellow pans, 1 male, AM KS59114; Werrikimbe National Park, Cobcroft Park, 31° 13′ 0″ S, 152° 11′ 0″ E, 1010 m, D. Bickel, 17–18 November 1998, rainforest, sweeping, 1 male, AM KS59043; Blue Mountains National Park, Mount Wilson, -33.49882, 150.41474, 955 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 3 April 2014, GH1663. Queensland: 7 km SW Kenilworth, Yabba Creek Forest, 26° 37′ 7.77″ S, 152° 39′ 28.18″ E, 150 m, S. Peck & J. Peck, 18 June–15 August 1982, wet sclerophyll FIT, 2 females, AMNH; Atherton Tablelands, Dambulla National Park, Mobo Creek Walk, 17° 10′ 15.8″ S, 145° 38′ 23.8″ E, 716 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 14 February 2012, 1 female, 3 immatures (DNA voucher GH1152) GWU; Tully Falls National Park, S of Ravenshoe, Charmillin Creek, Wabunga Wayemba, 17° 42′ 0.8″ S, 145° 31′ 20.8″ E, 931 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 12 February 2012, rainforest walkabout, general collecting 1 female (DNA voucher GH1150) GWU; Bellenden Ker Range, NQ Cable Tower 3, 17° 15′ 29.85″ S, 145° 50′ 7.83″ E, 1054 m, 17–24 October 1981, 1 female, QM S26353; Eungella, Schoolhouse, 21° 8′ 0″ S, 148° 29′ 0″ E, 701 m, R. Raven & J. Gallon, 11–15 February 1986, rainforest, general collection, 1 female, QM S7043. Eungella, Schoolhouse, 21° 8′ 0″ S, 148° 29′ 0″ E, 701 m, R. Raven & J. Gallon, 11–15 February 1986, rainforest, general collection, 2 males, 3 females, 6 immatures QM S7056; Mount Hypipamee National Park, The Crater, 17° 25′ 35.8″ S, 145° 29′ 8.9″ E, 910 m, D. Bickel, 13–27 April 1994, rainforest, pans collecting, 1 male, AM KS45010; Cedar Creek, via Samford, 27° 26′ 5.44″ S, 152° 59′ 54.37″ E, 24 m, R. Raven & J. Gallon, 5 February 1986, 1 male, 4 females, QM S58348; Lamington National Park, tracks nr. O’Reilly’s, 28° 14′ 5″ S, 153° 8′ 13″ E, 920 m, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, & F. Álvarez-Padilla, 13–17 April 2002, rainforest, 25 females, 3 male, 16 juveniles (SEM 2 females image voucher TEAU035, 1 female image voucher TEAU003; 1 male image voucher TEAU004; SEM male palp expanded image voucher TEAU036); Lamington National Park, near O’Reilly’s Guesthouse, Python Rock Lookout Trail, 28° 13′ 32.1″ S, 153° 7′ 34.7″ E, 844 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 23 April 2011, 1 male (measurements voucher FAPM008) GWU; Lamington National Park, road Canungra-O’Reilly’s, 28° 8′ 25″ S, 153° 6′ 55″ E, 750 m, G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, F. Álvarez, 15–17 April 2002, dry forest (SEM 1 male palp voucher TEAU034); Lamington National Park, 28° 14′ 0″ S, 153° 8′ 0″ E, 900 m. T. Churchill 6 February 1991, Nothofagus forest, 1 female QM S25430. Victoria: Grey River, Otway Range, 38° 41′ 3.81″ S, 143° 50′ 21.29″ E, 15 m, D.F. King, 15 February 1974, rainforest, lattice web across river, 1 female, AMS KS20994; Warburton, Cement Ck, 37° 42′ 33.8″ S, 145° 43′ 33.61″ E, 670 m, A. Newton & M. Thayer, 10–17 January 1980, Nothofagus cunninghamii, etc, ex wet moss over forest stream, AMNH; Warburton, Cement Ck, 37° 42′ 33.8″ S, 145° 43′ 33.61″ E, 670 m, A. Newton & M. Thayer, 16 January 1980, on and under rocks in stream, AMNH; Great Otway National Park, Maits Rest rainforest, 38° 45′ 17.85″ S, 143° 33′ 17.69 E, 215 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 14–15 April 2014, 1 female, 2 juveniles, GWU; Drummer Rainforest, ca. 10 km E of Cann River, 37° 34′ 3.47″ S, 149° 16′ 20.82″ E, 145 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 7 –8 April 2014, 1 male, 1 female, 1 juvenile, GWU; Phillips Track, Young; s Creek crossing, 0.5 km N of Triplet Falls, 38° 40′ 00″ S, 143° 28″ 60.0″ E, G. Milledge, 17 March 1991, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, direct search, NMV; Phillips Track, Young’s Creek crossing, 0.5 km N of Triplet Falls, 38° 40′ 00″ S, 143° 28″ 60.0″ E, G. Milledge, 30 January 1995, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, direct search, 3 males, 10 females, 10 juveniles, NMV K-6320; Phillips Track, Young’s Creek crossing, 0.5 km N of Triplet Falls, 38° 40′ 00″ S, 143° 28″ 60.0″ E, G. Milledge, 31 January 1995, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, direct search, 2 females, NMV K-6322; Cement Creek, A. Neboiss, 5 February 1995, 2 females, 2 juveniles, NMV; Strzelecki Ranges, Tarra-Bulga National Park, 0.5 km NNE of Tarra Valley Picnic Area, -38.4444444, 146.5416667. G. Milledge, 14 September 1995. Nothofagus cunninghami forest, direct search. 4 males, 2 females, 6 juveniles. NMV K-6325. Strzelecki Ranges, Tarra-Bulga National Park, 0.5 km NNE of Tarra Valley Picnic Area, - 38° 26′ 40″ S, 146° 34′ 20.0″ E, G. Milledge, 10 January 1996, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, direct search, NMV K-6329; Strzelecki Ranges, Tarra- Bulga National Park, 0.5 km NNE of Tarra Valley Picnic Area, 38° 26′ 40″, 146° 34′ 18″, G. Milledge, 5 March–7 May 1996, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, intercept trap, 1 male, NMV K-6327; Beech Forest. J. Clark, 11 January 1932, 1 male, NMV; Otway Ranges, Maits Rest, 10 km W of Apollo Bay, - 38° 45′ 0″ S, 143° 34′ 0″ E, G. Milledge, 20 February 1992, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, direct search, NMV; Central Highlands, the Big Culvert, 2.5 km ENE of Mt. Observation, 37° 33′ 36″ S, 145° 52′ 15′ E, G. Milledge, 19 February 1996, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, direct search, 2 females, NMV K-6323; along Carisbrook Creek, approx. 6 miles inland, 19 January 1974, 1 female, NMV; Lind National Park, Olive Creek, A. Neboiss, 18 December 1976, 1 male, NMV; Falls Creek Ski Village, A. Neboiss, 26 January 1957, 1 male, 1 female, NMV; Lock Creek, 9 km W of Buldah, 37° 13′ 60″ S, 149° 3′ 0″ E, ANZSES Expedition, 9 January 1982. 1 male, NMV.

Genus Iamarra, gen. nov. Figures 6, 56–60 TYPE SPECIES: Iamarra multitheca. DIAGNOSIS: The only species included in Iamarra builds dense horizontal orb webs between tree buttresses (fig. 6A, B) that resemble those of Dolichognatha O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869, and has the lateral eyes nonjuxtaposed, on separated tubercles, a feature it shares with Diphya Nicolet, 1849. Iamarra differs from both those genera by having all eyes of equal size (fig. 56G, I) and by lacking the leg I spination pattern of Diphya and from all other tetragnathids by the presence of the following unique features: embolus very large (the largest palpal sclerite), lamelliform and coiling around a slender conductor (figs. 56B, 57A–C, 59A), apically divided in a sclerotized lamella and a membranous sac where the spermatic duct opens (figs. 57C, 58D, 59B); conductor base thin and translucent, tip sclerotized and hook shaped (figs. 57A, 59A, C–D). The epigynum morphology is also unique and diagnostic, flat and trapezoidal in shape (figs. 56F, 59E), with the genital openings inside the epigastric furrow, slit shaped within a partially sclerotized triangular plate (figs. 56D, 58A, 59F), and with the spermathecae divided in clusters (figs. 56H, 58B, C, 59G). DESCRIPTION: Male total length 3.92. Cephalothorax length 1.82, width 1.44. Carapace glabrous, pale yellow with dark-gray markings over fovea, extending to dorsal surface of ocular area and two patches over legs I and II. Ocular area dark brown under clypeus and laterally (fig. 56G). Fovea longitudinal, between two bulges of thoracic area. Clypeus height 0.42 AME diameter. Eyes subequal in size. Lateral eyes not juxtaposed, separated more than one lateral eye diameter. Chelicerae brown, glabrous, distal part divergent and fangs enlarged (fig. 56G), without ventral stridulatory ridges, with two pro- and one retromarginal teeth and three denticles between margins. Endites brown, internal margins pale yellow, longer than wide. Labium rectangular, wider than long, same color as endites. Sternum pale yellow with two anterior dark-gray markings, trapezoidal, wider between the first three legs. Abdomen dorsum covered with guanine white patches intercalated with dark-brown transverse bands over a gray background; laterally with diffused brown vertical stripes and white guanine patches; ventral surface dark brown without guanine patches. Booklung covers without striae. Spinnerets brown, lighter pattern on internal surfaces. Leg formula 1-2-4-3, Femur I length 3.29. All femora, patella, and tibia brown-yellow, with dark-brown annuli. All leg segments apically dark brown. All femora without trichobothria. Macrosetae few and present on all segments except metatarsi and tarsi. Male pedipalpal tibia triangular, as long as wide, apical margin wider and bordered with a translucent cuticle rim. CEBP and CEMP reduced and without macroseta. Paracymbium contiguous with cymbium, slender, with few basal setae, slightly curved apically (figs. 57D, 58E, 59C–D). Embolic basal apophysis small and triangular (fig. 59 C–D). Conductor fused to the tegular margin. Spermatic duct spiral without switchbacks (fig. 59B). Female same as male except as noted. Total length 3.77. Cephalothorax length 1.68, width 1.35. Clypeus height 0.49 AME diameter. Chelicerae smaller than male, distal part straight, fangs not enlarged (fig. 56I), with three promarginal and two retromarginal teeth, and two denticles between margins. Ultrastructure of abdomen and spinnerets observed with SEM. Abdomen cuticle flat reticulated, all tracheae tubular, median tracheae restricted to abdomen, tracheal atrium glands present. ALS with one major ampullate, one nubbin, and ca. 45 piriform spigots. PMS with one minor ampullate, one nubbin, and one cylindrical and three central aciniform spigots. PLS araneoid triplet with base clustered together, aggregate and flagelliform tips not separated, ca. 12 aciniform distributed at the center, and two peripheral cylindrical spigots. Femur I length 2.85. Spermathecae membranous and covered with small sclerotized globular clusters with accessory gland ducts, duct bases flat (figs. 58B, C, 59G). Copulatory ducts reduced to a sclerotized rim that opens directly into the membranous spermathecae. Fertilization ducts sclerotized, following a straight path under the accessory gland clusters, apically bent 90° (fig. 59G). COMPOSITION: Monotypic. SYSTEMATICS: Autapomorphies of Iamarra include the massive embolus, with its apical region divided into a sclerotized lamella and a membranous sac where the spermatic duct opens (figs. 58D, 59B) and the spermathecae with small, sclerotized globular clusters with accessory gland ducts (fig. 58B, C). The phylogenetic placement of this genus is weakly supported in our analyses (figs. 61–63). ETYMOLOGY: The genus name is derived and modified from the Ngadjon word for a spider web (jamarra). The Ngadjonji people are one the aboriginal inhabitants of what is now known as the Atherton Tablelands, in North Queensland, Australia. Their language is part of the Dyirbal group. Iamarra is indeclinable and feminine in gender. DISTRIBUTION: This genus is found in northern Queensland (fig. 60B). NATURAL HISTORY: The web of Iamarra multitheca is described in the section below., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901

Iamarra multitheca, sp. nov. Figures 6, 56–60 TYPE MATERIAL: Female holotype and male allotype from NE Queensland, 3 km W. Bones Knob 17° 13′ S, 145° 25′ E, 1100 m. 10 December 1995, Monteith, Cook & Thompson, between trees and logs of Pyrethrum sp. (QM) DIAGNOSIS AND DESCRIPTION: See genus diagnosis and description. Female description based on specimens (TEAU015, TEAU020 to 22, TEAU041). Male description based on specimens (TEAU014, TEAU041). VARIATION: Males (N = 5) total length 3.44– 4.20. Cephalothorax length 1.82–2.09, width 1.39–1.58. Femur length 2.88–3.31. Females (N = 5) total length 3.54–3.84. Cephalothorax length 1.49–1. 67, width 1.17–1.35. Femur length 2.43– 2.85. The epigynum triangular plate base varies from straight to slightly curved. ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet refers to the characteristic spermathecae of this species, which are conspicuously divided several globular clusters (from the Greek word theca a chest, box, or other container). DISTRIBUTION: This species is endemic to Queensland (fig. 60B). NATURAL HISTORY: Iamarra multitheca is found exclusively in the tropical region of northern Queensland. These spiders build dense, horizontal webs, which may or may not have open hubs, at the base of tree trunks (fig. 6). REMARKS: This species was misidentified in Wheeler et al. (2017) as “ Dolichognatha sp. GH59.” MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 130. AUSTRA- LIA: Queensland, 3 km W. Bones Knob, 17° 13′ S, 145° 25′ E, 1100 m, Monteith, Cook & Thompson, 10 December 1995, trees and logs of Pyrethrum sp. 2 males, 4 females, 2 immatures (Holotype and allotype taken from this specimen series) QM S38211; Atherton Tablelands, Rose Gums Wilderness Retreat, 12.4 km ENE Malanda, 17° 18′ 51.1″ S, 145° 42′ 8.6″ E, 770 m, G. Hormiga & L. Lopardo, 15–16 March 2006, 1 female (GH0150), GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Wongabel State Forest, 10.8 km west of Malanda, 17° 19′ 55.4″ S, 145° 30′ 1.9″ E, 740 m, G. Hormiga & L. Lopardo, 16 March 2006, 2 males, 1 female, 4 immatures, GWU. 1 female (image vouchers TEAU015 and TEAU021), GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Wongabel State Forest, 10.8 km west of Malanda, 17° 19′ 55.4″ S, 145° 30′ 1.9″ E, 740 m, G. Hormiga & L. Lopardo, 16 March 2006, 1 male (image voucher TEAU014), GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Wongabel State Forest, 10.8 km west of Malanda, 17° 19′ 55.4″ S, 145° 30′ 1.9″ E, 740 m, G. Hormiga & L. Lopardo, 16 March 2006, 1 male, 3 females, 4 immatures, GWU; Crater Lakes National Park Lake Barrine, 17° 14′ 41.5″ S, 145° 38′ 31″ E, 808 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 9–10 February 2012, Rainforest Walk Trail, night collection, 1 female, GWU; Crater Lakes National Park Lake Barrine, 17° 14′ 41.5″ S, 145° 38′ 31″ E, 808 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 9–10 February 2012, Rainforest Walk Trail, night collection, 8 males, 17 females, 4 immatures, GWU; Crater Lakes National Park Lake Barrine, 17° 14′ 41.5″ S, 145° 38′ 31″ E, 808 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 9–10 February 2012, Rainforest Walk Trail, night collection, 1 male, 1, female, 5 immatures (GH1142), GWU; Crater Lakes National Park Lake Barrine, 17° 14′ 41.5″ S, 145° 38′ 31″ E, 808 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 9–10 February 2012, Rainforest Walk Trail, night collection, 1 female (G. Hormiga field image photos 8069-8077GH), GWU; Crater Lakes National Park Lake Barrine, 17° 14′ 41.5″ S, 145° 38′ 31″ E, 808 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 9–10 February 2012, Rainforest Walk Trail, night collection, 1 female (photo voucher 8078-8082GH), GWU; Crater Lakes National Park Lake Barrine, 17° 14′ 41.5″ S, 145° 38′ 31″ E, 808 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 9–10 February 2012, Rainforest Walk Trail, night collection, 1 female (G. Hormiga field photos 8083-8090GH), GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Lake Tinaroo, Danbulla State Forest, 17° 10′ 30″ S, 145° 39′ 34″ E, 810 m. G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, & F. Álvarez, 21 April 2002, dry forest, 1 female (photo voucher R7/18-24GH), GWU. 1 female (photo voucher R7/25-31GH), GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Lake Tinaroo, Danbulla State Forest, 17° 10′ 30″ S, 145° 39′ 34″ E, 810 m. G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, & F. Álvarez, 21 April 2002, dry forest, 1 female, 1 male, GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Lake Tinaroo, Danbulla State Forest, 17° 10′ 30″ S, 145° 39′ 34″ E, 810 m. G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, & F. Álvarez, 21 April 2002, dry forest, 2 males, GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Lake Tinaroo, Danbulla State Forest, 17° 10′ 30″ S, 145° 39′ 34″ E, 810 m. G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, & F. Álvarez, 21 April 2002, dry forest, 1 female, GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Lake Tinaroo, Danbulla State Forest, 17° 10′ 30″ S, 145° 39′ 34″ E, 810 m. G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, & F. Álvarez, 21 April 2002, dry forest, 5 females (variation vouchers images TEAU020, TEAU022), GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Lake Tinaroo, Danbulla State Forest, 17° 10′ 30″ S, 145° 39′ 34″ E, 810 m. G. Hormiga, M. Kuntner, & F. Álvarez, 21 April 2002, dry forest, 1 male, 1 female, GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Land Rd., Rose Gums Wilderness Retreat ca. 13 km NE of Malanda, ridge trail behind Bowebird Cabin, 17° 18′ 50.6″ S, 145° 42′ 10.6″ E, 725 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, & J. Pedersen, 8 14 February 2012, general collecting, 3 females, GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Mount Hypipamee National Park, near the Crater, 17° 25′ 35.8″ S, 145° 29′ 8.9″ E, 945 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, J. Pedersen, 11–13 February 2012, 3 females (behavioral voucher) GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Tully Falls National Park S of Ravenshoe, Charmillin Creek, Wabunga Wayemba, 17° 42′ 0.8″ S, 145° 31′ 20.8″ E, 931 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, J. Pedersen 12 February 2012, Rainforest walkabout, 1 female, GWU; Atherton Tablelands, Wongabel State Forest, 17° 9′ 54″ S, 145° 30′ 8.6″ E, 765 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, J. Pedersen, 13 February 2012, 6 males, 10 females (1 male, 1 female, SEM vouchers TEAU041), GWU; Bellenden Ker National Park Palmerston Hwy. 29.3 km SSW of Innisfail, Wallichen Falls area, 17° 36′ S, 145° 47′ E, 217 m. G. Milledge, 23 April 1998, rainforest, 1 male, KS52440; Bellenden Ker Range, 1/ 2 km S Cable Tower No 7, 17° 17′ 30.13″ S, 145° 49′ 32.29″ E, 500 m, 1–7 November 1981, 1 male, 2 females, 1 immature, QM S27787; Charmillin Creek, 17° 42′ S, 145° 31′ E, 940 m. G. Monteith, 1 December 1997, trees and logs Pyrethrum sp. 1 male, 2 females, 3 immatures, QM S43100; Millaa Millaa Falls, 17° 30′ S, 145° 36′ E, 834 m. G. Monteith, 23–24 November 1994, 3 males, 3 females, 2 immatures, QM S47055; Upper Isley Ck., 17° 3′ S 145° 41′ E, 750 m. Monteith & Janetzki, 29 November 1993, trees and logs Pyrethrum sp. 2 males, QM S31911., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901, {"references":["Wheeler, W. C., et al. 2017. The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics 33: 576 - 616."]}

Harlanethis weintrauborum, sp. nov. Figures 38 –40, 43–44, 60 TYPE MATERIAL: Female holotype (AM KS129856) and male allotype (AM KS129856) from Queensland, Thornton Peak, North of Daintree, 16° 10′ S, 145° 22′ E, 610 m. M. Gray, November 1975, rainforest site 39 (AM). Deposited at AM. DIAGNOSIS: Females of H. weintrauborum, can be distinguished from H. lipscombae by the absence of the triangular anterior margin protrusion as observed in lateral view (fig. 39B). In males of H. weintrauborum the dorsal cymbial ridge, in lateral view, is less pronounced than that of H. lipscombae (figs. 40F, 43D), the basal conductor sclerite ectal margin is flat (figs. 40F, 43B), in contrast to the projected conductor ectal margin found in H. lipscombae, and basal cymbial apophysis tip blunt (fig. 43E), in contrast to the acute tip found in H. lipscombae. DESCRIPTION: Female (TEAU017, TEAU050) total length 4.91. Cephalothorax length 1.87, width 1.38. Clypeus height 0.80 AME diameter. Femur I length 3.66. Cephalothorax dark yellow, sternum light brown. Ultrastructure not examined with SEM. Epigynum as in figures: 39B, D, F; 44B, D, G. Male (TEAU016) as female except as noted. Total length 4.15. Cephalothorax length 1.76, width 1.50. Clypeus 0.91 AME diameter. Femur I length 3.65. Palp as in figures: 40B, D, F, H; 43A–F. VARIATION: Females (N = 2) total length 4.00– 4.91, cephalothorax length 1.72–1.89, width 1.30–1.31. The size of the triangular epigynal protrusion and the separation between the longitudinal grooves varies (this is best observed in ventral view). ETYMOLOGY: This species is named by the third author (G.H.) to honor Robert L. and Frances Weintraub, whose endowment to the Department of Biological Sciences at the George Washington University for the study of systematics has led to the discovery of myriad spiders. DISTRIBUTION: This species can be found in northeastern Queensland, southwest of Cape Tribulation (fig. 60A). MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 25. AUSTRA- LIA: Queensland, East Normanby R, 15° 53′ S, 145° 12′ E, 540 m, 31 December 1990, 1 female, QM S25115; Mt. Boolbun South, 15° 57′ S, 145° 8′ E, 850-1000 m, Monteith, Cook & Rob- erts, 4–6 November 1995, 1 female, QM S31752; Mt. Boolbun South, 15° 57′ S, 145° 8′ E, 850-1000 m, Monteith, Cook & Roberts, 4–6 November 1995, 2 females S41030; Thornton Peak, North of Daintree, N. 16° 10′ S, 145° 22′ E, 610 m, M. Gray, November 1975, rainforest site 39, 1 male, 6 females, 10 immatures (1 female image voucher TEAU016, 1 epigynum cleared voucher TEAU050, 1 male image voucher TEAU017, type specimens extracted from this series); female holotype and male allotype extracted from this specimen series) AM KS129856; Windsor Tableland, Barracks, 16° 16′ S, 145° 3′ E, 1060 m. Monteith, Cook & Burwell, 23–24 November 1997, 1 male, QM S43978.

SUBFAMILY LEUCAUGINAE CAPORIACCO, 1955 Leucauginae Caporiacco, 1955: 318. Leucauginae Álvarez-Padilla et al., 2009: 138. Type genus: Leucauge White, 1841., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901, {"references":["Caporiacco, L. di. 1955. Estudios sobre los aracnidos de Venezuela. 2 a parte: Araneae. Acta Biologica Venezuelica 1: 265 - 448.","Alvarez-Padilla, F., D. Dimitrov, G. Giribet, and G. Hormiga. 2009. Phylogenetic relationships of the spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae, Araneoidea) based on morphological and DNA sequence data. Cladistics 25: 109 - 146.","White, A. 1841. Description of new or little known Aracnida. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 7: 471 - 477."]}

meta gentilis Simon, 1908, by monotypy. Eryciniolia Strand, 1912: 346. Type species: Linyphia purpura-punctata Urquhart, 1889. New synonymy. Nediphya Marusik and Omelko, 2017. Type species: Nediphya lehtineni Marusik and Omelko, 2017. New synonymy. DIAGNOSIS: The internal epigynal structures of Nanometa are similar to those found in Taraire from New Zealand. The copulatory ducts of Nanometa are modified as membranous sacs and separated from the spermathecae, giving the appearance of four receptacles (figs. 9H, 11C, 13E). The accessory glands found in Nanometa and Taraire were used to homologize the spermathecae; however, these accessory glands were not discussed in the description of Nediphya (Marusik and Omelko, 2017). Nanometa species can have the eyes in two (fig. 9G, I) or three rows (Marusik and Omelko, 2017: 1–4, 6–8). The AME are slightly reduced in N. purpurapunctata (fig. 26G, I), but that arrangement differs considerably from Nanometa lehtineni in dorsal view, in which the PLE are enlarged (Marusik and Omelko, 2017: figs. 1–4). The posterior edge of the epigynum in Nanometa never extends below the epigastric furrow (fig. 10A, B), in contrast to Taraire, where the posterior edge extends beyond the epigastric furrow (fig. 47A, B). Nanometa cymbial processes can be easily homologized with those of Pinkfloydia, Taraire, and Tawhai, in addition to many tetragnathids, such as Chrysometa Simon, 1894, Meta C. L. Koch, 1836, Metellina Chamberlin and Ivie, 1941, and Allende. The CEBP of Nanometa is basal to the paracymbium and usually bears one to several spines (figs. 7B, 8A, 10F, 23E, F), the CEMP is a cuticular fold distal to the CEBP either covered with normal setae (figs. 7D, 10E), armed with modified structures as in Pinkfloydia (Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011: figs. 8A, 13H) or as a tiny cuticular fold in Nanometa lehtineni (Marusik and Omelko, 2017: figs. 38, 39). Nanometa males can be separated from those of Taraire, Tawhai, and Iamarra by the absence of basal embolic apophyses (figs. 49A–C, 54A–C, 59C, D) and by the conductor formed by a flat coiled sclerite with sclerotized margins and translucent middle section (fig. 10C); this structure is folded in the latter two genera (figs. 46A, B, 49A, 50B). Nanometa males can be further separated from other tetragnathids by the presence of a stridulatory organ on the booklung cuticle that probably interacts with several cusps on the retrolateral surface of coxa IV (figs. 20F, 26F, 30C). The small size is no longer a useful diagnostic feature for Nanometa with the addition of some of these new species (2.7– 9.5 mm). DESCRIPTION: Female total length 2.3–8.8. Cephalothorax length 0.9–3.6, width 0.7–2.7. Carapace glabrous, background pale yellow to brown, cephalic region dark gray or brown, darker coloration tapering toward fovea, carapace margins outlined by the same pattern covering the cephalic region (figs. 9A, 18A, 36A). Fovea deep, triangular in shape or as a transverse line, carapace dorsal pits absent. Clypeus height 0.9–2.7 AME diameter, cuticle darker below median eyes and paler below lateral eyes (figs. 9G, 36I, J). AME slightly larger than PME; except in N. purpurapunctata, which has reduced AME. Lateral eyes juxtaposed on a tubercle (separated in N. purpurapunctata), one AME diameter apart from median eyes and approximately half that size. Chelicerae with few scattered setae, cuticle smooth, without ventral stridulatory ridges. Promargin with three teeth, retromargin with none to two, cheliceral denticles present. Endites longer than wide, dark brown, internal margins lighter in coloration. Labium rectangular, wider than long, colored as endites. Sternum yellowish to dark brown, trapezoidal in shape, wider between first two legs (figs. 9E, 18C, 21E). Abdomen dorsum covered with silvery guanine patches, background either brown or gray. Silvery guanine patches in small species cover the entire abdominal dorsum giving a shiny appearance; larger species’ patches are isolated in spots giving a less shiny appearance when alive (figs. 9A, 14A, 36A). Venter with a central dark longitudinal rectangle flanked by two parallel lines of guanine patches (figs. 9E, 18C, 20E) (pattern less conspicuous in Nanometa tasmaniensis: fig. 21E). Lateral surfaces with either a complete longitudinal area of guanine patches, or this area interrupted with a reticulated pattern either dark gray or dark brown (figs. 9C, 26C, 36E). Booklung covers without stridulatory organs, except in N. sarasini (fig. 14H). Spinnerets pale gray to brown, lighter pattern on internal surfaces. Leg formula 1-2-4-3; femur I length 1.1–6.9; first pair considerably larger, all leg segments from pale yellow to dark brown, decorated with transverse darkbrown lines or dark spots, except in N. fea which has all legs entirely dark brown (fig. 15C). Femora with few setae, other segments increasingly hirsute after tibiae. Macrosetae few and present on all segments except tarsus. Epigynum flat, rectangular in shape and wider than long; copulatory openings visible in ventral view and located laterally on the epigynal plate (figs. 10A, B, 11A, B, 14D); size and shape of these openings are species diagnostic. Copulatory ducts modified as membranous sacs that connect to spermathecae via two longitudinal sclerotized ducts (fig. 13E). Spermathecae sclerotization variable, but differentiated from the “copulatory sacs” by a cluster of accessory gland ducts (figs. 20H, 23C, D). Fertilization ducts short, well sclerotized, and originating near the cluster of accessory gland ducts (figs. 13E, 23C). Male same as female except as noted. Total length 2.0–8.1. Cephalothorax length 1.0–3.2, width 0.8–2.0. Carapace dorsal coloration lighter than female. Clypeus height 1.0–1.5 AME diameter. Chelicerae slightly longer and narrower apically, dorsal cuticle smooth, becoming rugose toward ectal and apical surfaces (figs. 9I, 14I, 26I); ventral cuticle without stridulatory organs (fig. 21H). Abdomen pattern as in female but lighter. Legs: Femur I length 1.6–10.1. Coloration and patterns weaker than in female. Pedipalp: Tibia triangular in shape and usually longer than wide, 1.4–3.75 times, apical margin wider (figs. 13A, 19A). CEBP with one to three apophyses, paracymbium hook or finger shaped either hirsute or glabrous; CEMP small, apical portion as a rounded blunt apophysis; cymbial distal process variable in size and shape (figs. 13C, 15D, 29C). Tegulum donut shaped and compressed dorsoventrally. Embolus and conductor attachment membranous, at the center of the tegulum (figs. 13A, B, 22A, B). Conductor spirals clockwise, margins heavily sclerotized, middle section membranous and expandible (figs. 10C–F, 13A, B). Conductor apical apophyses of variable shape (figs. 10C, D, 19A–C, 23G, H). COMPOSITION: Nanometa gentilis, N. trivittata, N. lagenifera, N. sarasini, N. purpurapunctata, N. tasmaniensis, N. fea, N. tetracaena, N. dutrorum, N. forsteri, and N. dimitrovi (all presented in the current paper), as well as the taxa formerly included in Nediphya: Nanometa hippai comb. nov., N. lehtineni comb. nov., N. lyleae comb. nov., and N. padillai comb. nov. Several small sized Nanometa species remain undescribed; the species diversity of the smaller species seems to exceed that of the larger (perhaps more conspicuous and frequently collected) taxa. SYSTEMATICS: The monophyly of Nanometa is supported by the following morphological synapomorphies: branched median tracheal trunks (figs. 11D, 30D); males with a sclerotized ridge on the anterior part of the booklung cover, presumably part of a stridulatory organ with a plectrum on the fourth coxae consisting of small teeth (figs. 20F, 30C) (Forster and Forster, 1999; Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011); absence of embolic apophysis; conductor morphology as a curved, flattened translucent disk, with an enlarged and folded margin that covers the embolus distal part (figs. 10C, D, 11E, F, 13C); and copulatory ducts modified as sacs (figs. 9H, 11C, 13E). Kallal and Hormiga’s (2018) recent phylogenetic analysis included both large and small Nanometa species and supported the monophyly of the genus. These authors also found Pinkfloydia to be sister to a clade with remaining nanometines, with good support (Kallal and Hormiga, 2018). The analysis of Dimitrov et al. (2017) suggested that Taraire (see description below) is sister to Nanometinae but with low support. Our analysis elaborates on that latter work, focusing on Nanometa and other tetragnathid taxa found in Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Papua New Guinea. ETYMOLOGY: Simon did not explain this genus name, but very likely it means the dwarf Meta, a common etymological root in Tetragnathidae referencing the genus Meta. DISTRIBUTION: Nanometa species are distributed throughout Australasia, and many seem to be endemic to the islands included in this region. Nanometa trivittata and N. dimitrovi are found only in eastern Australia; N. tasmaniensis is found only in Tasmania; Nanometa tetracaena and N. dutrorum are found in Tasmania and mainland Australia (fig. 37). Nanometa sarasini is endemic to New Caledonia; N. purpurapunctata, N. lagenifera, and N. dimitrovi are found only in New Zealand; and species from Papua New Guinea include N. fea, N. hippai, N. lehtineni, N. lyleae and N. padillai. NATURAL HISTORY: Nanometa species build horizontal or vertical orb webs with open hubs in humid habitats, sometimes close to or over water bodies, such as streams. When resting, the front legs are stretched forward in a characteristic posture while the rear legs are directed caudally (figs. 1A, C, D, 2B, C, 3C, D) (Forster and Forster, 1999; and all authors personal obs.). They occur in climates ranging from equatorial tropics to temperate forests. REMARKS: The genus Nanometa was erected by Simon (1908) to include a small tetragnathid species from Western Australia; until now, the genus has remained monotypic. In an unpublished manuscript, the late Ray F. Forster planned to describe at least 40 additional species from eastern Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia among other Australasian islands, but he passed away before his work was finished. Urqu- hart (1891: 1951) erected the genus Erycina to accommodate a single species (Erycina violacea Urquhart, 1891) unaware that he had already described two conspecifics under two different names (Linyphia purpurapunctata Urquhart, 1889, and Linyphia nitidulum Urquhart, 1889). Urquhart’s new genus name was preoccupied in Lepidoptera, Mollusca, and Reptilia, and so Strand (1912) provided Ericyniolia as a replacement name for Erycina. Urquhart (1891) did not give a justification for erecting the new genus nor did he provide a diagnosis. Forster (1980) and Forster and Forster (1999) placed Ericyniolia within nanometines (as “Eryciniolinae” in the former and “ Nanometidae ” in the latter work). Our phylogenetic analysis places Ericyniolia purpurapunctata in a clade of Nanometa species (figs. 61–63), including the type species, N. gentilis. We circumscribe Nanometa as a monophyletic group that includes purpurapunctata, and thus Ericyniolia becomes a junior synonym of Nanometa (maintaining Eryciniolia as a separate genus would render Nanometa paraphyletic). More recently, Marusik and Omelko (2017) erected the new genus Nediphya to group four tetragnathid species from Papua New Guinea. Only in the type species of Nediphya are both sexes known, with the remaining three species described from females only. Marusik and Omelko (2017: 205) placed Nediphya within Nanometinae based on the “complicated morphology of the copulatory organs.” They also considered that, based on the morphology of the copulatory organs, Pinkfloydia, Eryciniolia, “ Orsinome ” sarasini (= Nanometa tasmaniensis), and “ Orsinome ” lagenifera (= Nanometa lagenifera) could not be placed in Nanometinae. We agree with Marusik and Omelko’s (2017) assessment that the genitalia of Nediphya are very similar to those of “ Orsinome ” sarasini and “ Orsinome ” lagenifera (these latter two taxa now placed in Nanometa). Marusik and Omelko (2017) provide no explicit phylogenetic arguments in neither their comments nor justification of higher taxa. The unusual eye pattern and spination of legs I and II of Nediphya are highlighted in their discussion, where they conclude that the similarities between Nediphya and Diphya do not reflect ancestry (and thus must be convergently evolved) and that genitalic morphology better resolves their phylogenetic affinity. We agree with this assessment and, although we do not have DNA sequence data for Nediphya, the genitalic morphology clearly suggests that this genus is part of the Nanometa clade. The eye arrangement of Nediphya in three rows with nonjuxtaposed lateral eyes is unusual in the genus Nanometa, but it should be noted that Nanometa purpurapunctata also has an atypical ocular arrangement (Bryant, 1933: fig. 33), with distantly separated lateral eyes. The eye pattern of the nanometine genus Pinkfloydia is also unusual, due to the enlarged PMEs on conspicuous tubercles (Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011; Hormiga, 2017). Despite the unusual eyes, both Nediphya and Nanometa purpurapunctata have the typical genitalic morphology found in all Nanometa species. The other peculiar character of Nepdiphya is the promarginal row of stiff setae on legs I and II (Marusik and Omelko, 2017). A similar arrangement can also be found in some Nanometa species (e.g., in N. purpurapunctata, N. dimitrovi, and N. tetracaena). Unfortunately, the tracheal morphology of Nediphya remains unknown, and the SEM image of the booklung cover of the only known adult male in the genus (Marusik and Omelko, 2017: fig. 22) does not reveal whether the typical sclerotized anterior margin is present (although the authors report the ridges as absent). Three putative morphological synapomorphies support the inclusion of Nepdiphya in Nanometa. The first one is the absence in both genera of an embolic apophysis, which is present in the sister genus of Nanometa (Pinkfloydia) and in other tetragnathids such as Allende, Tawhai, Taraire, and Chrysometa. The second is the conductor morphology as a curved, flattened, translucent disk, with an enlarged and folded margin that covers the embolus distal part. Pinkfloydia has a conductor that resembles that of Allende and some Metainae have it not flattened, more sclerotized, and projected apically as it curves with the embolus (Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011; Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011). A third putative synapomorphy is the presence of copulatory ducts modified as sacs, which gives the internal female genitalia of Nanometa the appearance of having four chambers. In the absence of any evidence of synapomorphic support for a clade that would include all Nanometa species but not Nediphya, we synonymize the latter genus under the former., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901, {"references":["Simon, E. 1908. Araneae. 1 re partie. In W. Michaelsen and R. Hartmeyer (editors), Die Fauna Sudwest- Australiens. Jena 1: 359 - 446.","Strand, 1912. Drei neue Gattungsnamen in Arachnida. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift, Guben 5: 346.","Urquhart, A. T. 1889. On new species of Araneida. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 21: 134 - 152.","Marusik, Y. M., and M. M. Omelko. 2017. A new genus of tetragnathid spiders from Papua New Guinea (Aranei, Tetragnathidae). Vestnik Zoologii 51: 203 - 214.","Dimitrov, D., and G. Hormiga. 2011. An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 735 - 768.","Forster, R. R., and L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and Their Worldwide Kin. Dunedin: University of Otago Press.","Alvarez-Padilla, F., and G. Hormiga. 2011. Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162: 713 - 879.","Kallal, R. J., and G. Hormiga. 2018. An expanded molecular phylogeny of metaine spiders (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) with description of new taxa from Taiwan and the Philippines. Invertebrate Systematics 32: 400 - 422.","Dimitrov, D., et al. 2017. Rounding up the usual suspects: a standard target-gene approach for resolving the interfamilial phylogenetic relationships of ecribellate orb-weaving spiders with a new familyrank classification (Araneae, Araneoidea). Cladistics 33: 221 - 250.","Urquhart, A. T. 1891. On new species of Araneae. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 23: 128 - 189.","Forster, R. R. 1980. Evolution of the tarsal organ, the respiratory system and the female genitalia in spiders. In J. Gruber (editor), 8. Internationaler Arachnologen-Kongress abgehalten an der Universitat fur Bodenkultur, Wien, 7 - 12. Juli 1980 / Proceedings of the 8 th International Congress of Arachnology Vienna 1980: 269 - 284. Vienna: H. Egermann.","Bryant, E. B. 1933. Notes on types of Urquhart's spiders. Records of the Canterbury Museum 4: 1 - 27.","Hormiga, G. 2017. The discovery of the orb-weaving spider genus Pinkfloydia (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in eastern Australia with description of a new species from New South Wales and comments on the phylogeny of Nanometinae. Zootaxa 4311: 480 - 490."]}

Taraire oculta, sp. nov. Figures 4–5, 45–48, 50, 55 TYPE MATERIAL: Male holotype and female allotype from New Zealand, South Island, Fox Glacier, Westland Tai Poutini National Park, Glacier View Road, Chalet Lookout Walk, 43° 29′ 45.5″ S, 170° 1′ 54.8″ E, 297 m., G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, J. Pedersen, 2 February 2012, night collecting (DNA series voucher GH1133), deposited at MONZ. DIAGNOSIS: In Taraire oculta, the epigynum median projection extends beyond its posterior margin (fig. 47B), while in T. rufolineata this projection does not exceed this margin (fig. 47A). The epigynal median plate of T. oculta is conical, narrow (ca. 1/4 width of epigynum), and the copulatory openings are directed to the sagittal plane (figs. 47D, 48A), whereas in T. rufolineata it is triangular, almost the same width as the epigynum, and the copulatory openings are directed toward the epigynum lateral margins (fig. 47C). In T. oculta the conductor basal and distal portions bend apically and hide most of the embolic apophysis (figs. 46B, 48G, 50B); in T. rufolineata only the distal portion of the conductor is bent and the embolus basal apophysis is completely visible in ventral view (figs.46A, 49A). The CEBP has one heavily sclerotized spine (figs. 46D, 48E, 50A–C) that is absent in T. rufolineata. DESCRIPTION: Female (TEAU031, TEAU042) total length 7.6. Cephalothorax length 2.9, width 2.3. Clypeus height 0.9 AME diameter. Chelicera promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth respectively, cheliceral denticles absent. Femur I length 3.8. Copulatory ducts modified as membranous sacs shaped as wizard hats with smooth cuticle (figs. 47F, 50E), spermathecae round and slightly more sclerotized than the “copulatory sacs,” accessory duct glands clustered on puDzall-shaped clusters (figs. 47F, 48C, 50E). Male (TEAU032, TEAU042) same as female except as noted. Total length 5.7. Cephalothorax length 2.6, width 2.1. Clypeus 0.6 AME diameter. Cephalothorax and abdomen coloration lighter than in female. Femur I length 4.7. Expanded palp: basal hematodocha largely distended and responsible for most of the movements, embolic division considerably less expansible; conductor membranous section mobile but not expanded. Embolus-tegulum membrane present, embolus filiform and completely unlocked from conductor (fig. 45F). Embolic apophysis attachment membranous, apophysis formed by a heavily sclerotized curved lamella with a membranous center (figs. 45F, 46B, 50A). VARIATION: Females (N = 3) total length 5.36– 7.61, cephalothorax length 2.46–2.67, width 1.87–2.18. Males (N = 2) total length 4.81–5.73, cephalothorax length 2.47–2.59, width 1.99–2.07. ETYMOLOGY: The species epithet is taken from the Spanish word for “hidden,” oculto, in reference the embolic apophysis hidden by a conductor fold, which is a diagnostic feature of this species. DISTRIBUTION: This species is found in the South Island of New Zealand (fig. 55). NATURAL HISTORY: Taraire oculta builds vertical orb webs with an open hub (n = 10). The webs are often located near the forest floor, in areas such as under rock shelves. There is variation in in the hub placement, central some webs but in the upper part of the web in the webs of some juveniles (but not all). MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 14. NEW ZEA- LAND, South Island, Fox Glacier, National Park Westland Tai Poutini, Glacier View Road, Chalet Lookout Walk, 43° 29′ 45.5″ S, 170° 1′ 54.8″ E, 297 m. G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, J. Pedersen, 2 February 2012, night collecting, 2 females, behavior voucher GWU; 1 female (image voucher TEAU031) GWU; 1 male (image voucher TEAU032) GWU; 4 males, 14 females (image voucher TEAU042) GWU; 2 males, 12 females (DNA series voucher GH1133) GWU; 3 females, 1 immature (DNA series voucher GH1133) GWU; 1 male, 1 female (G. Hormiga field image photos DSC_7902-7910) GWU; 1 female (field image voucher photos 7915–7919/ 2. ii.2012 GH) GWU; 1 female (field image voucher photos 7930–7940/ 2.ii.2012 GH) GWU; 1 female (field image voucher photos 7941–7945) GWU; 1 female (field image voucher photos DSC_7946– 7949/ 2.ii.2012 GH) GWU; 1 female (field image voucher photos DSC_7965–7967/ 2.ii.2012 GH) GWU; Franz Josef Glacier, Alex Knob Track, 43° 24′ 39.0″ S, 170° 10′ 59.4″ E, 182 m. G. Hormiga, G. Giribet, M. Arnedo, R. Fernández, F. Álvarez- Padilla, R.J. Kallal, C. Baker, 17 January 2016, 1 male, 2 females GWU; Leith Saddle Track, 45° 47′ 58.4″ S, 170° 30′ 55.7″ E, 377 m. G. Hormiga, G. Giribet, M. Arnedo, R. Fernández, F. Álvarez- Padilla, R.J. Kallal, C. Baker, 22 January 2016, 1 male GWU; Stewart Island, Rakiura National Park, Fern Gully, 46° 53′ 27.5″ S, 168° 5′ 47.8″ E, 51 m, G. Hormiga, G. Giribet, M. Arnedo, R. Fernández, F. Álvarez-Padilla, R.J. Kallal, C. Baker, 20 January 2016, 1 male, GWU., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901

Nanometa tetracaena, sp. nov. Figures 18–19, 37 TYPE MATERIAL: Male holotype and female allotype from Australia, Victoria, Strzelecki Ranges, Gunyah-Toora Rd., 2 km SSW of Gunyah, -38.541, 146.317, G. Milledge, 5 March 1995 (NMV K-6309); both types deposited at NMVM. DIAGNOSIS: Males of N. tetracaena are most likely to be confused with N. dutrorum. The CEMP of N. tetracaena (figs. 18D, 19C) does not bear the conspicuous spine found in N. dutrorum (figs. 31C, 33C), its conductor lacks the serrated denticles found in N. dutrorum (fig. 33A–C), and the embolic process is more sclerotized than that of N. dutrorum (fig. 31A, E). The CEBP of N. tetracaena has four apophyses, whereas N. dutrorum has three. The epigynum of N. tetracaena has a small carina separating the copulatory openings (figs. 18E, 19D), which is readily distinguishable from the shallow, M-shaped ridge on the epigynum of N. dutrorum. DESCRIPTION: Female (NMV K-6295) total length 3.14. Cephalothorax length 1.09, width 0.85. Clypeus height 1.0 AME diameter. Cephalothorax background pale yellow, with light gray concentrated over ocular area, carapace lateral edges, and near margin of pars cephalica and pars thoracica (fig. 18A). Endites and sternum grayish yellow (fig. 18C). Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth, respectively, cheliceral denticles present. Abdomen dorsum background pale brown, silvery guanine patches covering all abdomen dorsal surface, except a medial line that extends the entire abdomen length (fig. 18A), lateral surface covered with guanine patches over dorsal half, ventral half with brown lines (fig. 18A, C), ventral surface brown intercalated with silvery guanine patches and with a central rectangle flanked by two lines (fig. 18C). Booklung stridulatory organ, tracheae and epigynum not observed with SEM. Femur I length 1.7. Male (NMV K-6305) same as female except as noted. Total length 2.75. Cephalothorax length 1.15 width 0.94. Clypeus 1.5 AME diameter. Cephalothorax and abdomen coloration slightly darker than in female, silvery guanine patches less conspicuous and reduced into longitudinal stripes. Cheliceral promargin and retromargin with three and two teeth respectively. Cheliceral denticles present, stridulatory organ and coxa IV retrolateral surface not observed with SEM. Femur I length 2.6. Palp with conspicuous CEMP and CEBP with four pointed apophyses. VARIATION: Females (N = 3) total length 2.82– 3.27, cephalothorax length 1.13–1.27, width 0.84–0.94. Males (N = 3) total length 2.41–2.82, cephalothorax length 0.99–1.30, width 0.82–1.08. ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is from the Greek tetra (four) and acaena (spikes or thorns), referring to the four points on the CEBP. DISTRIBUTION: Nanometa tetracaena can be found in Tasmania, Victoria and southern New South Wales (fig. 37D). MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 88. AUSTRALIA, Victoria: Central Highlands, Acheron Gap, 6 km NE of Mt. Donna Buang, 37° 41′ 20.4″ S, 145° 44′ 20.4″ E, G. Milledge, 28 December 1995, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, intercept trap, 3 males, 7 females, NMV K-6297; Central Highlands, Acheron Gap, 6 km NE of Mount Donna Buang, 37° 41′ 20.4″ S, 145° 44′ 20.4″ E, G. Milledge, 20 February 1996, direct search, 2 males, NMV K-6317; Central Highlands, Acheron Gap, 6 km NE of Mt. Donna Buang, 37° 41′ 20.4″ S, 145° 44′ 20.4″ E, G. Milledge, 28 December 1995 – 21 February 1996, direct search, 1 male, 3 females, NMV K-6298. Central Highlands, The Big Culvert, 2.5 km ENE of Mt. Observation, 37° 33′ 36″ S, 145° 52′ 15.6″ E, G. Milledge, 19 February 1996, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, direct search, 2 males, 3 females, NMV K-6302; Mount Donna Buang, A. Neboiss, 5 February 1995, 1 male, 1 female, NMV; Great Otway National Park, Triplet Falls track, 38° 40′ 12″ S, 143° 29′ 52.80″ E, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 312 m, 16 April 2014, sifted litter, GWU (GH1697); Otway Ranges, Aire Crossing Track, 0.5 km N of Aire R. Crossing, 38° 42′ 0″ S, 143° 28′ 58.8″ E, P. Lillywhite, 31 January 1995, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, sweep net, 2 males, 3 females, NMV K-6293; Otway Ranges, Beauchamp Falls, 38° 38′ 60″ S, 143° 35′ 60″ E, G. Milledge, 15 November 1994 – 31 January 1995, intercept trap, 1 male, 2 females, NMV K-6830; Otway Ranges, Beauchamp Falls, 38° 38′ 60″ S, 143° 35′ 60″ E, G. Milledge, 31 January 1995 – 11 April 1995, 1 male, 2 females, NMV K-6294; Otway Ranges, Young’s Creek Rd, 0.4 km NW of Triplet Falls, 38° 40′ 1.2″ S, 143° 22′ 58.8 E, G. Milledge, 31 January 1995, Eucalyptus sp. forest, intercept trap, 3 males, NMV K-6826; Otway Ranges, Young’s Creek Rd,. 0.4 km NW of Triplet Falls, 38° 40′ 1.2″ S, 143° 22′ 58.8 E, G. Milledge, 31 January 1995, Eucalyptus sp. forest, direct search, 3 females, NMV K-6823; Otway Ranges, Young’s Creek Rd,. 0.4 km NW of Triplet Falls, 38° 40′ 1.2″ S, 143° 22′ 58.8 E, P. Lilywhite, 5 females, NMV K-6295; Phillips Track, Young’s Creek crossing, 0.5 km N of Triplet Falls, G. Milledge, 20 February 1992, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, direct search, 2 females, 3 males, NMV; Strzelecki Ranges, Gunyah-Toora Rd., 2 km SSW of Gunyah, 38° 32′ 31.2″ S, 146° 19′ 1.2″ E, G. Milledge, 5 March 1995, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, intercept trap, 1 male, 1 female, NMV K-6386; Strzelecki Ranges, Gunyah-Toora Rd., 2 km SSW of Gunyah, 38° 32′ 31.2″ S, 146° 19′ 1.2″ E, G. Milledge, 5 March 1995, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, intercept trap, 1 male, 1 female, NMV K-6308; Strzelecki Ranges, Gunyah-Toora Rd., 2 km SSW of Gunyah, 38° 32′ 31.2″ S, 146° 19′ 1.2″ E, G. Milledge, 5 March 1995, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, intercept trap, 2 males, 12 females, NMV K-6309; Strzelecki Ranges, Gunyah-Toora Rd., 2 km SSW of Gunyah, 38° 32′ 31.2″ S, 146° 19′ 1.2″ E, G. Milledge, 5 March 1995, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, intercept trap, 3 males, NMV K-6305; Strzelecki Ranges, Tarra-Bulga National Park, 0.5 km NNE of Tarra Valley Picnic Area, 38° 26′ 38.4″ S. 146° 32′ 31.2″ E, G. Milledge, 10 January 1996 – 5 March 1996, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, intercept trap, 2 females, NMV K-6314. Tasmania: Mt. Michael, rainforest between Mt. Michael and Little Mt. Michael, 41° 10′ 58.8″ S, 148° 0′ 0.0″, R. Coy, P. Lillywhite, & A.L. Yen, 20 February 1990, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, 2 males, 3 females, NMV; Pirates Rd., 2.5 km SW of Eaglehawk Neck, 43° 3′ 10.8″ S, 147° 54′ 18″ E, R. Coy, P. Lillywhite, & A.L. Yen, 13 February 1990, Nothofagus cunninghami forest, 2 males, 3 females, NMV. New South Wales: Blue Mountains National Park, Mt. Wilson, 33° 29’ 55.75″ S, 150° 24’ 53.063″ E, 955 m, G. Hormiga & N. Scharff, 3 April 2014, 1 male, 1 female (GH1662), GWU; Jamberoo Mountain, 1 January 1993, J. Noble, 1F, KS 54234. Mt. St. Leonard, 37° 33′ 59.76″ S, 145° 31′ 59.88″ E, M.S. Harvey & M.E. Blosfelds, June 4 1991, 1 male, WAM T23237; Jamberoo Mountain, 1 January 1993, J. Noble, 1F, KS 54234. Mt. St. Leonard, 37° 33′ 59.76″ S, 145° 31′ 59.88″ E, M.S. Harvey & M.E. Blosfelds, June 4 1991, many females, WAM T23193; Coranderrk Reserve, Healesville, -37.7166, 145.5500, P.J. Gullan, 1 male, WAM T24693. Strathgordon, 42° 46′ 1.2″ S, 146° 3′ 0.0″ E, 6 January 1998, L.J. Boutin, 2MM, 2FF, QVM 13:43581; Mt. Wedge Track, 42° 52′ 58.8″ S, 146° 18′ 0.0″ E, 7 January 1998, L.J. Boutin, 1FF, 1M, QVM 13: 24035; Maggs Mountain, Eucalyptus foliage, 9 December 1975, R.H. Green, 3FF, QVM 13: 44509; Maggs Mountain, 1979, R.H. Green, 1M, KS 52097; Strahan, rainforest nr. Hogarth Falls, 42° 8′ 60″ S, 145° 19′ 1.2″ E, 12 November 1997, L.J. Boutin, sweeping, 4MM, 1F, QVM 13:24059; Edgar Dam Campground, nr. Lake Peddar, 43° 1′ 58.8″ S, 146° 20′ 60″ E, 5 January 1998, L.J. Boutin, from sweeping, 2MM, 2FF, QVM 13:43593; Frenchmans Cap track, 42° 4′ 58.8″ S, 145° 55′ 58.80″ E, 24 December 1997, L.J. Boutin, mixed forest, sweeping, 2FF, 3MM, QVM 13:24066.

SUBFAMILY NANOMETINAE FORSTER AND FORSTER, 1999 Nanometidae Forster and Forster, 1999: 166. Nanometinae Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011: 802. TYPE GENUS: Nanometa Simon, 1908. DIAGNOSIS: Male nanometines are diagnosed from other tetragnathids by their cymbial ectobasal process shaped as relatively large spine attached to the cymbium (e.g., figs. 7B, 8C, 10E, 23E). This process is smaller in Taraire (figs. 46D, 48E, F, 49C, 50C) and Chrysometa (Salgueiro-Sepúlveda and Álvarez-Padilla, 2018: 308, fig. 4A–C), long and flattened in Tawhai (figs. 52D, 54A–C), and bearing small teeth in Allende Álvarez-Padilla, 2007 (Álvarez-Padilla, 2007: 295, fig. 5C). The conductor originates from the center of the tegulum; it is shaped either as a flat disk in Nanometa (figs. 10C, F, 13C) or projects apically in Pinkfloydia (Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011: 759, fig. 14A). Although the branched median tracheae (figs. 11D, 30D) and the booklung-coxae stridulatory apparatus (figs. 20F, 30C) are found in most nanometines, these two features are absent in Pinkfloydia. Female nanometines present two types of genital anatomy. One is found in Pinkfloydia, with a protruding epigynal plate (relative to Nanometa) bearing numerous pores opening on its ventral surface (Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011: 761, fig. 15G) (similar to those of Tawhai), soft-walled spermathecae, and copulatory and fertilization ducts short, parallel, and well sclerotized (Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011: 761, figs. 15F–H). The other is a flat epigynal plate, without conspicuous pores and four receptacles, two of which are the spermathecae shared by all Nanometa as well as Taraire (figs. 9H, 11C, 13E, 47F, 48C, 50E). RELATIONSHIPS: Putative morphological synapomorphies of Nanometinae include the conductor originating from the center of the tegulum, a flexible conductor-tegulum attachment, tubular embolus, a basal ecto-basal process shaped as relatively large spine; absence of macrosetae on the male palpal patella; presence of cheliceral denticles, and epigynal mating plug from secretions (Álvarez-Padilla and Hormiga, 2011; Dimitrov and Hormiga, 2011). COMPOSITION: Two genera, Nanometa and Pinkfloydia. In favor of taxonomic stability, Taraire, Tawhai, Chrysometa, Allende and Metleucauge remain outside Nanometinae, because the nodes involving their placement lack strong consistent support (figs. 61–63). DISTRIBUTION: Nanometines are distributed in New Zealand, Australia, New Caledonia, and Papua New Guinea., Published as part of Álvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901, {"references":["Forster, R. R., and L. Forster. 1999. Spiders of New Zealand and Their Worldwide Kin. Dunedin: University of Otago Press.","Alvarez-Padilla, F., and G. Hormiga. 2011. Morphological and phylogenetic atlas of the orb-weaving spider family Tetragnathidae (Araneae: Araneoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 162: 713 - 879.","Simon, E. 1908. Araneae. 1 re partie. In W. Michaelsen and R. Hartmeyer (editors), Die Fauna Sudwest- Australiens. Jena 1: 359 - 446.","Salgueiro-Sepulveda, F. J., and F. Alvarez-Padilla. 2018. New species of the orb-weaving spider genus Chrys- ometa (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) from oak forests near the Pica de Orizaba National Park (Veracruz, Mexico). Zootaxa 4450: 301 - 330.","Alvarez-Padilla, F., 2007. Systematics of the spider genus Metabus O. P. - Cambridge, 1899 (Araneoidea: Tetragnathidae) with additions to the tetragnathid fauna of Chile and comments on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 151: 285 - 335.","Dimitrov, D., and G. Hormiga. 2011. An extraordinary new genus of spiders from Western Australia with an expanded hypothesis on the phylogeny of Tetragnathidae (Araneae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 735 - 768.","Keyserling, E. 1887. Die Arachniden australiens, 2: 153 - 232. Nurnberg: Bauer & Raspe.","Urquhart, A. T. 1889. On new species of Araneida. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 21: 134 - 152.","Urquhart, A. T. 1891. On new species of Araneae. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute 23: 128 - 189."]}

Harlanethis lipscombae, sp. nov. Figures 39���42, 44, 60 TYPE MATERIAL: Female holotype from Queensland, Mt. Halifax, SE Ridge, 19�� 7��� S, 146�� 23��� E. 950 m. 19���21 March 1991, G.B. Monteith & D. Cook, Male allotype from NE Queensland, Millaa Millaa Falls, 17�� 7��� S, 145�� 36��� E. 834 m. 23���24 November 1994, G.B. Monteith. Both deposited at QM. DIAGNOSIS: Harlanethis lipscombae is very similar to H. weintrauborum, but both sexes can be consistently distinguished from the latter species by details of the genitalia. In lateral view, the anterior margin of the triangular epigynal protrusion of H. lipscombae extends beyond the longitudinal grooves (figs. 39A, 44E), while in H. weintrauborum this anterior protrusion ends contiguous with the grooves��� edges (figs. 39B, 44G). In lateral view, the dorsal cymbial ridge of H. lipscombae is more pronounced (figs. 40E, 42D) than that of H. weintrauborum, the basal conductor sclerite ectal margin is projected ventrally in H. lipscombae (figs. 40E, 42B), in contrast with the flat basal conductor sclerite present in H. weintrauborum, and basal cymbial apophysis tip more acute (fig. 42C, F) than its homolog in H. weintrauborum (fig. 43C, E), although in some specimens this last difference is very subtle. DESCRIPTION: Female (TEAU019, TEAU037, TEAU038, TEAU048) total length 5.13. Cephalothorax length 1.67, width 1.38. Clypeus height 0.78 AME diameter. Ultrastructure of abdomen and spinnerets observed with SEM. Abdomen cuticle flat reticulated; all tracheae tubular, median tracheae restricted to abdomen, tracheal atrium glands absent. ALS with one major ampullate, one nubbin, ca. 60 piriform, tartipores numerous. PMS with one minor ampullate, one nubbin, and one cylindrical and three central aciniform spigots. PLS araneoid tripled clustered together at the base, aggregate and flagelliform tips separated, ca. 14 aciniform spigots distributed in two parallel rows, with two cylindrical gland spigots at the periphery. Femur I length 2.96. Femora III and IV with ca. six prolateral trichobothria, distributed at the base, flagellum smooth. Spermathecae membranous (figs. 39E, 44C), internal surfaces covered with accessory gland ducts, duct bases acorn shaped (fig. 41E). Male same as female except as noted. Total length 3.86. Cephalothorax length 1.71, width 1.35. Carapace dorsal coloration white to pale yellow. Clypeus 0.83 AME diameter, pale yellow. Sternum pale yellow. Femur I length 3.65. Right pedipalp expanded. Basal hematodocha highly expanded, bulb sclerites connected by membranous attachments that moved only slightly. Conductor attachment to the tegulum membranous. Conductor divided in three sclerites united by membranous joints (fig. 42E, G). The most basal conductor sclerite is roughly rectangular, with the other conductor sclerites originating at its apical surface. Apical conductor sclerites are lamelliform and longer than wide (figs. 39G, H, 42A, B). These two sclerites flank the embolus in unexpanded palps (figs. 41B, C, 43F), but this configuration changes after expansion freeing the embolus from this grove (fig. 42G). Description based on specimen (TEAU038). VARIATION: Females (N = 2) total length 4.77��� 5.13, cephalothorax length 1.67���1.78, width 1.31���1.38. The size of the triangular protrusion and the separation between the longitudinal grooves vary as observed in ventral view. The shape of the dorsal basal process tip varies from sharper to more blunt. ETYMOLOGY: This species is named by the third author (G.H.) to honor protist systematist Diana Lipscomb, colleague and friend of the authors. DISTRIBUTION: This species can be found in northeast Queensland, south of Cairns (fig. 60A). A C MATERIAL EXAMINED: N = 17. AUSTRALIA: Queensland; Atherton Tablelands, Rose Gums Wilderness Retreat, waterfall trail, 17�� 18��� 51.1��� S, 145�� 42��� 8.6��� E, 770 m, G. Hormiga, L. Lopardo, 15���17 March 2006, rainforest around waterfall, 1 female (measurement voucher FAPM003) GWU; Crater Lakes National Park, Lake Barrine, 17�� 14��� 41.5��� S, 145�� 38��� 31��� E, 808 m, G. Hormiga, N. Scharff, J. Pedersen, 9���10 February 2012, Rainforest Walk Trail, night collection, 1 female, GWU GH1144; Bellenden Ker Range, 1/ 2 km S Cable Tower No 7, 17�� 14��� 38.23��� S, 145�� 53��� 31.69��� E, 500 m, 1���7 November 1981, 1 female 2 immatures, QM S27772; Danbulla State Forest, Robson Creek Rd., 2 km N by road from Danbulla Forest Drive, 17�� 7��� S, 145�� 37��� E 836 m. G. Milledge, 25 April 1998, rainforest, 2 males, 1 female (1 male image and SEM voucher TEAU038, right palp expanded left used for SEM) AM KS52425; Millaa Millaa Falls, 17�� 30��� S, 145�� 36��� E, 834 m. G.B. Monteith, 23-24 November 1994, 1 male Allotype, 3 females (2 used for SEM voucher TEAU037) QM S32487; Millaa Millaa Falls, 17�� 30��� S, 145�� 36��� E, 834 m. G.B. Monteith, 16 May 1995 1 female QM S38095; Mt Fisher Kjellberg Rd., 17�� 32��� S, 145�� 33��� E, 1100 m. G.B. Monteith, 17���18 May 1995, 2 females (1 used for cleared epigynum voucher TEAU019) QM S43944. Mt. Halifax SE Ridge, 19�� 7��� 12��� S, 146�� 13��� 48��� E, 950 m. G. Monteith & D. Cook, 19���21 March 1991 1 female Holotype QM S17955. Mt. Williams Summit, 16�� 55��� S, 145�� 40��� E, 1000 m, G. Monteith & D. Cook, 27���28 November 1997, 1 female (image and description voucher TEAU048) QM S41804., Published as part of ��lvarez-Padilla, Fernando, Kallal, Robert J. & Hormiga, Gustavo, 2020, Taxonomy And Phylogenetics Of Nanometinae And Other Australasian Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae: Tetragnathidae), pp. 1-107 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2020 (438) on pages 1-107, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.438.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/4613901

Nylanderia pubens (Forel, 1893) Figs. 67–69 (worker); 70–75 (male) Prenolepis (Nylanderia) fulva r. pubens Forel, 1893: 338 (w.q.m.) 5 workers, 1 queen and 2 male syntypes, ST. VINCENT (MHNG) (examined; lectotype male here designated; specimen on pin with two separate points; point with lectotype marked with small red dot. Combination in Paratrechina (Nylanderia): Emery, 1925: 222; in Nylanderia: Kempf, 1972: 167; in Paratrechina: Trager, 1984: 143; in Nylanderia: LaPolla, Brady & Shattuck, 2010: 127. Junior synonym of Nylanderia fulva: Creighton, 1950: 406. Revived from synonymy and raised to species: Trager, 1984: 143. Worker diagnosis: Large species (TL:>2.5), brown, and entire body covered in dense pubescence that gives body a dull and shaggy appearance shaggy. Compare with: N. bourbonica, N. fulva WORKER. Measurements (n= 2): TL: 2.60–2.90; HW: 0.64–0.67; HL: 0.67–0.76; EL: 0.18–0.19; SL: 0.88– 0.9; WL: 0.90–0.94; GL: 1.05–1.20. SMC: 18–26; PMC: 4–6; MMC: 2–3. Indices: CI: 88–95; REL: 25–28; SI: 133–137; SI2: 20–21. Head: sides of head in full-face view nearly parallel; posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin rounded distinctly emarginate medially; anterior clypeal margin emarginate; three ocelli present; eye well-developed. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum convex; anterior margin of mesonotum more or less even with posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area with a short flat area before spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum slightly convex to almost flat in some specimens; dorsal face of propodeum lower than mesonotum in lateral view. Color and pilosity: brown; entire body covered with dense pubescence, giving it dull appearance; in many places across the body pubescence becomes decumbent and long, especially on pronotum, mesonotum and gaster giving shaggy appearance. QUEEN. Measurements (n=1): TL: N/A; HW: 1.04; HL: 0.99; EL: 0.31; SL: 1.1; WL: 1.7; GL: N/A. SMC: 21 PMC: 5; MMC: 23. Indices: CI: 105; REL: 32; SI: 106. Generally, as in worker with modifications expected for caste. MALE. Measurements (n=1): TL: 2.40; HW: 0.57; HL: 0.63; EL: 0.28; SL: 0.99; WL: 1.10; GL: 1.30; SMC: 10; PMC: 0; MMC: 15. Indices: CI: 86; REL: 42; SI: 150. Head: sides of head in full face view nearly parallel becoming slightly broader posterior to eyes; posterior margin straight to slightly rounded; clypeus emarginate anteriorly; mandible with distinct apical tooth and usually a much smaller subapical tooth adjacent to apical tooth; basal angle sharp and distinct. Mesosoma: in lateral view, dorsal margin of mesoscutum same as height as dorsal margin of mesoscutellum; propodeum steeply sloping without distinct dorsal and declivitous faces. Genitalia: gonopod apex triangular but broadly rounded in lateral view; in dorsal view, gonopod margin curves away from penial sclerite; digitus with broadly rounded apex nearly parallel with penial sclerite; cuspis tubular, rounded at apex bending sharply toward digitus; anteroventral process of penial sclerite broadly rounded; valvura of penial sclerite placed ventral to midline (fig. 76). Color and pilosity: nearly uniform light brown to brown; head, pronotum and gaster often slightly darker with a slightly lighter posterior portion of mesosoma; entire body cover with a layer of dense pubescence. Other material examined: ANGUILLA: Brimegin, True Eyes Road, 18.236 N, 63.051 W, 21 May 2006, #95, JK Wetterer; GRENADA: Grand Etang, Morne La Bay, 9 Nov 2003 (JK Wetterer); Grand Etang, Lookout Trail, 8 Nov 2003 (JK Wetterer); Coral Cove, 11 Nov 2003 (JK Wetterer). Notes: This former subspecies of N. fulva was elevated to full species by Trager (1984) based primarily on differences in shape and pilosity of the male gonopods. Nylanderia pubens has gonopods that are more rounded at the distal apex, and much more setose. These morphological differences, as well molecular markers, were used by Gotzek et al. (2012) to support Trager’s assertion that N. fulva and N. pubens are in fact separate species. Based on the Gotzek et al. (2012) study, N. fulva and N. pubens can putatively be considered sister species. Dissection of male N. fulva and N. pubens genitalia completed in this study revealed significant differences in the shape of the penial sclerites as well as in the shape of the 9 th sternites (fig. 76). It is important to note that while we had abundant male N. fulva specimens to examine (we dissected 10 specimens from different locations), we only had access to one male N. pubens we could dissect. The penial sclerites of N. pubens are more elongated than those of N. fulva and the 9 th sternite is longer (along its anterior-posterior axis) and more shield-like in overall shape in N. pubens compared with N. fulva. Unfortunately, it does not seem possible to separate workers of the species based on morphology. Despite the fact that Trager (1984) noted some differences in the heads of N. pubens workers from those of N. fulva stating N. pubens had more emarginate posterior margins, less overall pubescence and the head lacking punctation, we have not found that those differences reliably separate the species. It is not uncommon for sister species in Nylanderia to display differences in male morphology, while workers are difficult to impossible to distinguish morphologically. A well-known example of this is observed in two widespread North American species, N. terricola and N. vividula (Kallal & LaPolla, 2012). There has been much interest in the separation of N. fulva and N. pubens recently due to the rapid spread of N. fulva across the southern United States (Gotzek et al. 2012; Kumar et al. 2015). While N. fulva is the species of recent interest, it is unclear if N. pubens is native to the West Indies either. It seems unlikely to be native based on the fact N. pubens is always found in lowland, highly disturbed places in the West Indies. Additionally, the fact that N. pubens is very likely the sister species to N. fulva, which almost certainly is native to southcentral South America, further supports the notion N. pubens is South American in origin. At one time populations of N. pubens were established in Florida (Trager, 1984), but those populations appear to have since been extirpated from the state. Specimens of N. pubens were also found in the National Museum of Natural History collection (Smithsonian Institution) that came from greenhouses in Washington D.C. around the turn of the 20 th Century. Why N. fulva is now the species primarily being moved around the Western Hemisphere by human activities and not N. pubens is an interesting question. In the interest of nomenclatural stability, a lectotype worker of Nylanderia fulva is here designated from the 12 worker syntype series from NHMW that were examined. Label data is: [Brazil] Novara; 1857-59; Reise (USN- MENT007553598)., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 430-433, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930, {"references":["Forel, A. (1893) Formicides de l'Antille St. Vincent. Recoltees par Mons. H. H. Smith. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 333 - 418.","Emery, C. (1925) Hymenoptera, Fam. Formicidae, subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum, 183, 1 - 302.","Kempf, W. W. (1972) Catalogo abreviado das formigas da Regiao Neotropical. Studia Entomologica, 15, 3 - 344.","Trager, J. C. (1984) A revision of the genus Paratrechina of the continental United States. Sociobiology, 9, 49 - 162.","LaPolla, J. S., Brady, S. G. & Shattuck, S. O. (2010) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 35, 118 - 131.","Creighton, W. S. (1950) The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 104, 1 - 585.","Gotzek, D., Brady, S. G., Kallal, R. J. & LaPolla. J. S. (2012) The importance of using multiple approaches for identifying emerging invasive species: the case of the Rasberry Crazy Ant in the United States. PLoS One, 7 (9), e 45314.","LaPolla, J. S., Kallal, R. J. & Brady, S. G. (2012) A new ant genus from the Greater Antilles and Central America, Zatania (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), exemplifies the utility of male and molecular character systems. Systematic Entomology, 37, 200 - 214.","Kumar, S., LeBrun, E. G., Stohlgren, T. J, Stabach, J. A., McDonald, D. L., Oi, D. H. and LaPolla, J. S. (2015) Evidence of niche shift and global invasion potential of the Tawny Crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva. Ecology and Evolution, 20 (5), 4628 - 4641."]}

Key to the Workers of Extant Nylanderia in the West Indies 1. Extremely small eyes (REL microps - Mesosoma not covered in abundant macrosetae (PMC myops - Propodeal dorsal face short (relative to declivitous face) (fig. 104) and distinctly convex; SI2: 11���14 (Trinidad).. zaminyops 4. Most of mesosoma covered with abundant pubescence........................................................ 5 - Spare to no pubescence present on mesosoma, or if abundant pubescence present on any areas of mesosoma then it is not present on mesopleuron or lateral portions of propodeum......................................................... 6 5. Body reddish-brown to yellow; REL less than 30; mesosomal macrosetae long (index of longest pronotal macrosetae/propodeum height at least least 60)................................................................ fulva or pubens * - Body dark brown to almost black; REL greater than 30; mesosomal macrosetae short (index of longest pronotal macrosetae/ propodeum height less than 60).................................................................. bourbonica 6. Strongly bicolored; head and gaster, and in one species the pronotum, distinctly darker than mesosoma................. 7 - Not strongly bicolored; head and gaster not different in color from mesosoma..................................... 8 7. Head and gaster dark brown, mesosoma bright yellow (figs. 19���20); macrosetae dark brown to black; SL typically> 0.68 mm (Dominican Republic)............................................................................ disatra - Head, pronotum, and gaster brown; mesosoma mostly yellow, anterior mesonotum often brown, propodeum often bright yellow (figs. 77���79); macrosetae brown; SL semitincta 8. In lateral view, under light microscope examination bright blue iridescence observed on the cuticular surface of the body, especially on the mesopleuron, but also often on lateral and dorsal portions of head and dorsum of the gaster (fig. 11); first and second gastral tergites pubescent (Dominican Republic).................................................. caerula - In lateral view, under light microscope examination bright blue iridescence not observed on the cuticular surfaces of the body or if faint blue iridescence observed then first and second gastral tergites not pubescent............................. 9 9. Mandibular subbasal tooth (tooth immediately following basal tooth) relative to both basal and median teeth large (e.g., the tooth is about as large as the teeth on either side of it) (fig. 41); pale yellow to brownish yellow species; SMC: 22���32 (Lucayan Archipelago)................................................................................... lucayana - Mandibular subbasal tooth (tooth immediately following basal tooth) relative to both basal and median teeth small (e.g., the tooth is distinctly smaller than teeth on either side of it); color variable but if subbasal tooth large relative to both basal and median teeth then color is dark brown; if yellow to brownish yellow then SMC less than 22......................... 10 10. Gastral tergite I without pubescence; if present it sparsely covers the posterior half of tergite......................... 11 - Gastral tergite I covered entirely by a fine pubescence....................................................... 14 11. SL> 0.9, HL> 0.74; propodeal dorsal face with a distinct convex dome-like shape (fig. 34) (Trinidad)............. goeldii - SL pini 12. Dorsal face of propodeum usually with a distinct fringe of pubescence (fig. 58); SL 0.8���0.86; gastral tergite I pubescence absent on anterior end of segment becoming denser midlength to dense towards posterior end; mesosomal dorsum with pubescence, - Dorsal face of propodeum without a fringe of pubescence; SL fuscaspecula - Meso/metacoxae and petiole not distinctly lighter in color than mesosoma and gaster (fig. 100); typically higher SMC (measured range: 22���30; average count 27) (Cuba)........................................................ xestonota 14. Propodeal dorsal face distinctly convex (see figs. 14, 37, and 89); SMC typically less than 20 (measured range: 12���23)... 15 - Propodeal dorsal face not distinctly convex; dorsal face flattened in lateral view (see figs. 2, 28, 43, 86, and 97); SMC typically greater than 20 (measured range: 18���38).................................................................. 17 15. Body and legs bright yellow; distinctly contrasting dark brown mesosomal macrosetae (figs. 14���16) (Grenada)....... coveri - Body ranging from dark brown to yellow, but if yellow then mesocoxae and metacoxae white and noticeably lighter than rest of body............................................................................................ 16 16. Body color brown to yellow; coxae always lighter than mesosoma, becoming white if specimen is yellow..... guatemalensis - Body color brown to dark brown with meso/metacoxae contrasting bright white to yellow with rest of body....... steinheili 17. Body yellow, gaster sometimes brownish-yellow (figs. 28���30); pubescence on head, mesosoma, and gaster white but not contrasting with yellow cuticle; macrosetae brown across body contrasting with yellow cuticle typically across entire body (Dominican Republic).......................................................................... esperanza - Body dark brown to yellowish-brown; pubescence on head, mesosoma, and gaster white and contrasting with darker cuticle; macrosetae brown across body, sometimes contrasting on yellow legs and scapes only.............................. 18 18. SLsierra - SL> 0.75mm; WL> 0.8mm; REL>25.................................................................... 19 19. Dark brown species with posterolateral portions of the head almost always lighter brown than the remainder of the head (fig. 2���4); HL> 0.72mm (0.64���0.75); HW> 0.6mm (0.55���0.7) (Dominican Republic).............................. bibadia - Color variable, but if dark brown then head uniformly colored; typically HL wardi - SMC typically less than 25 (measured range: 18���25); head in full-face view distinctly quadrate with angled posterolateral corners (fig. 44) (Dominican Republic)............................................................... metacista, Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 407-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930

Nylanderia pini, sp. nov. Figs. 58���60 (worker); 61���66 (male) Holotype worker, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Parque Nacional Armando Berm��dez; 19�� 04.044���N, 70�� 51.830���W; elev. 1037 m; moss and soil under tree; 07.viii.2009; S.A. Schneider (USNMENT007544798) (NMNH). 4 paratype workers, 1 paratype queen and 1 paratype male with same locality data as holotype (specimens are from the same nest as holotype) (NMNH & MCZC). Worker diagnosis: Generally dark brown; gastral pubescence present only on the mid to posterior end of gastral tergite I, with anterior region of segment without pubescence; dorsal face of propodeum usually with a distinct fringe of pubescence. Compare with: N. bibadia, N. fuscaspecula, N. metacista WORKER. Measurements (n=7): TL: 2.40���2.80; HW: 0.52���0.62; HL: 0.69���0.73; EL: 0.17���0.18; SL:0.84��� 0.86; WL:0.91���0.98; GL:0.83���0.9. SMC: 22���27; PMC: 3���6; MMC: 2���3. Indices: CI: 84���87; REL:24���27; SI:136��� 151; SI2: 19���22. Head: sides of head in full face view rounded and slightly broader posterior to eyes; posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin relatively straight; anterior clypeal margin emarginate; median ocellus sometimes present; eyes well-developed. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum convex; anterior margin of mesonotum distinctly raised above posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area with a short flat area before spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum slightly convex; dorsal face of propodeum slightly lower than mesonotum in lateral view. Color and pilosity: dark brown, with lighter brownish-yellow to yellow funiculus, mandible, mesocoxa/trochanter, metacoxa/trochanter, distal ends of femora and tibiae, and tarsi; occasionally lighter brown around promesonotal junction; cephalic pubescence sparse, denser on posterolateral corners and posterior and anterior of eyes; legs and mesonotum pubescent; dorsal face of propodeum usually with distinct fringe of pubescence; gastral pubescence present only on mid to posterior end of gastral tergite I; anterior portion without pubescence; remaining gastral tergites with abundant pubescence. QUEEN. Measurements (n=1): TL: 4.1; HW: 0.83; HL: 0.83; EL: 0.25; SL: 0.97; WL: 1.5; GL: 2.1. SMC: 14; PMC: 5; MMC: 6; MtMC: 3. Indices: CI: 100; REL: 30; SI: 117. Generally, as in worker with modifications expected for caste and with the following noted difference: slightly lighter brown (to yellow) than seen in workers. MALE. Measurements (n=3): TL: 1.6���2.2; HW: 0.55���0.57; HL: 0.51���0.57; EL: 0.21���0.23; SL: 0.74���0.76; WL: 0.85���1.0; GL: 0.87���1.11. SMC: 10���12 PMC: 0; MMC: 6���12; MtMC: 2���3. Indices: CI: 99���107; REL: 40���42; SI: 134���147. Head: sides of head in full face view rounded; posterior margin rounded; clypeus emarginate anteriorly; mandible with distinct apical tooth and much smaller subapical tooth adjacent to apical tooth; basal angle rounded and indistinct. Mesosoma: in lateral view, dorsal margin of mesoscutum same as height as dorsal margin of mesoscutellum; propodeum steeply sloping without distinct dorsal and declivitous faces. Genitalia: gonopod apex coming to triangular point in lateral view; in dorsal view, gonopod margin curves away slightly from penial sclerite; digitus with pointed apex that bends away from penial sclerite; cuspis tubular, rounded at apex bending sharply toward digitus; anteroventral process of penial sclerite coming to a point with ventral margin of process emarginate; valvura of penial sclerite placed ventral to midline (fig. 105). Color and pilosity: color brown with darker brown head, pronotum, and gaster; remainder of body yellow to light brown; head, scapes, mesosomal notum, legs and gastral dorsum with a layer of pubescence. Other material examined: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Prov. La Vega, La Cienaga, ca. 1100 m, mixed HWpine valley forest, Feb 1975, WL & DE Brown; Prov. La Vega, Valle Nuevo Rd, 18�� 50.29 N, 070�� 41.84 W, elev 1968 m, 3 December 2003, Mark Deyrup; La Vega Prov, Valle Nueva Nat Park, 18.84354 -70.71363 +/- 50 m, 1735m, 31-JUL-2015, Lubertazzi, DL 04056; La Vega Prov, Valle Nueva Nat Park, 18.84257 -70.7229 +/- 40 m, 1585 m, 31-JUL-2015, Lubertazzi DL 04066. Etymology: Species epithet is from the plural form of pinus (L. = pine), named for the dominant trees in the forests in which this species was found. Notes: In our experience N. pini and N. fuscaspecula can be especially difficult to separate from each other. There are size differences, with N. pini being larger especially with regards to scape length (pini typically possesses a scape greater than 0.8 mm in length). Additionally, N. pini typically possesses a first gastral tergite with abundant pubescence beginning about midlength and continuing to the posterior margin of the segment. A fringe of pubescence is typically present along the dorsal face of the propodeum as well. However, we have seen specimens within nest series where the pubescence patterns do not match perfectly as discussed above and in these cases scape measurements should separate the two species. There was one location where both species occurred sympatrically and in fact were collected on the same day (Prov. La Vega, La Cienaga, ca. 1100 m, mixed HW-pine valley forest, Feb 1975, WL & DE Brown). Among these specimens, differences in worker pubescence and size noted above were easily observed. Workers of N. metacista are also likely to be confused with N. pini, but in all specimens we examined N. metacista workers always possess a dense layer of pubescence across gastral tergites I and II and this is never the case in N. pini., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 427-430, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930

Nylanderia disatra, sp. nov. Figs. 19���21 (worker); 22���27 (male) Holotype worker, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: near Reserva Cient��fica Ebano Verde, 19��01.10��� N, 70��31.86��� W, elev. 1139 m, coffee plantation, 30.vii.2009, J.S. LaPolla & S.A. Schneider (USNMENT00753609) (NMNH); 5 paratype workers with same locality data as holotype (specimens are from the same nest as holotype) (NMNH & MCZC). Worker diagnosis: Head and gaster dark brown, contrasting sharply with yellow antennae, mesosoma and legs; macrosetae on mesosoma dark brown contrasting sharply with yellow mesosoma. Compare with: N. semitincta WORKER. Measurements (n=11): TL: 1.80���2.40; HW: 0.51���0.54; HL: 0.59���0.62; EL: 0.14���0.16; SL: 0.68��� 0.72; WL: 0.71���0.78; GL: 0.50���0.99. SMC: 20���32 PMC: 2���4; MMC: 2���4. Indices: CI: 81���89; REL: 23���27; SI: 129���139; SI2: 20���24. Head: sides of head in full face view rounded and slightly convergent anteriorly; posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin straight and slightly emarginate medially; anterior clypeal margin evenly rounded; ocelli absent; eye well-developed. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum subangular; anterior margin of mesonotum raised slightly above posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area without a short flat area before spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum distinctly convex; dorsal margins of propodeum and mesonotum approximately even in lateral view. Color and pilosity: Head and gaster dark brown to almost black, contrasting strongly with yellow mesosoma and petiole; antenna, mandible and legs yellow to brown-yellow; mesocoxa and metacoxa often whitish-yellow; macrosetae distinctly dark brown; scape and legs with layer of pubescence; head, mesosoma and gaster lack pubescence. QUEEN. Measurements (n=1): TL: n/a; HW: 0.74; HL: 0.74; EL: 0.27; SL: 0.84; WL: 1.4; GL: n/a. SMC: 16; PMC: 3; MMC: 15. Indices: CI: 100; REL: 36; SI: 113. Generally, as in worker with modifications expected for caste and with the following noted differences: mesosoma coloration darker brown than in worker, and with distinct yellow color along segmental margins. MALE. Measurements (n=4): TL: 2.0���2.1; HW: 0.50���0.52; HL: 0.51���0.53; EL: 0.20���0.22; SL: 0.61���0.65; WL: 0.78���0.87; GL: 0.72���0.75. SMC: 4���9; PMC: 0; MMC: 8���9. Indices: CI: 94���102; REL: 36���43; SI: 118���129. Head: sides of head in full face view distinctly broader posterior to eyes; posterior margin rounded; clypeus evenly rounded anteriorly; mandible with 2 teeth, a long, distinct apical tooth and much smaller subapical tooth adjacent to apical tooth; basal angle sharp and distinct; Mesosoma: in lateral view, dorsal margin of mesoscutum same as height as dorsal margin of mesoscutellum; propodeum without distinct dorsal and declivitous faces. Genitalia: gonopod apex triangular but broadly rounded in lateral view; in dorsal view, gonopod margin curves away from penial sclerite; digitus with pointed apex that bends away from penial sclerite; cuspis tubular, rounded at apex bending sharply toward digitus; anteroventral process of penial sclerite coming to a point; valvura of penial sclerite placed approximately at midline (fig. 105). Color and pilosity: head and gaster dark brown, contrasting strongly with yellow mesosoma and petiole; antennae, mandibles and legs yellow to brown-yellow; mesocoxae and metacoxae often whitish-yellow; smooth and very shiny; scapes and legs with layer of pubescence; head, mesosomal notum and gastral tergites II-IV with dense pubescence. Other material examined: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Prov. La Vega: Reserva Cientifica Ebano Verde, elev. 1070m, N 19�� 01.95���, W070�� 32.59���, 2 December 2003, in leaf litter, M. Deyrup; La Vega Prov., Jarrabacoa to El Rio, 800���1500m, 5 Feb 1975, shady ravine, WL & DE Brown; La Vega Prov., 10 km NE Jarrabacoa, Raquet Club, 550m, FIT, 20.VII���4.VIII-1995, mixed forest, S+J Peck 95-37; Ma. Tr. Sa., Pr Loma Guaconejo, 19.29965 -69.94937 +/- 50 m, 190m, 21-JUL-2015, Lubertazzi, DL 03903; Ma. Tr. Sa., Pr Loma Guaconejo, 19.30356 - 69.95433 +/- 50m, 290 m, 22-JUL-2015, Lubertazzi, DL 03924; Duarte Prov., Loma Quita Espuela, 19.35222 - 70.14871 +/- 20m, 720m, 25-JUL-2015, Lubertazzi, DL03962; Ma. Tr. Sa., Pr Loma Guaconejo, 19.29529 -69.949 +/- 60m, 150m, 23/ 24-July-2015, Lubertazzi / Prebus T 4#9; Duarte Prov., Loma Quita Espuela, 19.34636 -70.14869 +/- 60m, 515m, 24/ 25-July-2015, Lubertazzi / Prebus T5#2; 4 km NNW Villa Altagracia, 18 42���N, 70 11��� W, 200 m, 12.ix.1992, P.S. Ward #11770-18; La Vega, betw. Jarabacoa & El Rio, 11.iv.1992, 1150 m, M.A. Ivie et al, pine forest Berlesate; Hato Mayor, P.N. Los Haitises, w of Sabana del Mar, 1.iv.1992, misc. litter, MA Ivie et al. Etymology: Species epithet is a combination of atratus (L. = darkened) with the prefix dis- (L. = separate), named for the contrasting appearance of this species. Notes: This is a strikingly colored species (seen in all three castes, but most muted in the queen), and therefore is easy to separate from all other New World Nylanderia known to date. Nylanderia semitincta from Puerto Rico is similarly colored with the head distinctly darker brown (not as dark as in N. disatra), as are the pronotum and gaster, contrasting with the yellow propodeum and legs., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 414-417, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930

Nylanderia microps (Smith, M.R., 1937) Figs. 52–54 (worker) Prenolepis (Nylanderia) microps Smith M.R., 1937: 868 (worker). Syntype worker, PUERTO RICO: 14 kilometers east of Mayagüez (M.R.S.) (NMNH) (examined). Combination in Nylanderia: Kempf, 1972: 167; in Paratrechina: Brandão, 1991: 367; in Nylanderia: LaPolla, Brady & Shattuck, 2010: 127. Worker diagnosis: Very small eyes (EL less than 0.1 mm); orange-yellow; entire body with abundant macrosetae (SMC: 38–47; PMC: 24–27) giving species a prickly appearance. Compare with: N. myops, N. zaminyops. WORKER. Measurements (n=5): TL: 2.40–3.20; HW: 0.55–0.73; HL: 0.67–0.81; EL: 0.05–0.08; SL: 0.77– 0.93; WL: 0.78–1.00; GL: 0.90–1.50. SMC: 38–47; PMC: 24–27; MMC: 5–10. Indices: CI: 82–89; REL: 7–10; SI: 128–139; SI2: 6–9. Head: sides of head in full face view nearly parallel; posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin straight, slightly emarginate medially; anterior clypeal margin evenly rounded; ocelli absent; eye small. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum convex; anterior margin of mesonotum raised slightly above posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area with a short flat area before spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum slightly convex; dorsal face of propodeum lower than mesonotum in lateral view. Color and pilosity: body orange-yellow; legs and gaster sometimes slightly lighter, especially ventrally on gaster; scape and legs with abundant pubescence, pubescence sparse to absent across remainder of body; macrosetae distinctly abundant across entire body, with dark setal bases, giving specimens prickly appearance; anterior portion of propodeal dorsal face with fringe of nearly appressed, very short macrosetae (more or less in a line across dorsal face, pointing toward head). Other material examined: PUERTO RICO: El Verde Field Station, forest in vicinity of field station, N 18 19.295’, W 065 49.190’, elev. 985 ft., 21 July 2008, J.S. LaPolla. Notes: Along with N. myops and N. zaminyops, N. microps is another West Indian species with reduced eye size (EL less than 0.1 mm). While all species are light in coloration, N. myops and N. zaminyops are much paler and do not possess nearly as many macrosetae on the scapes and mesosomal dorsum. Among West Indian Nylanderia, N. microps is unusually setose. The presence of very short, nearly appressed macrosetae along the anterior portion of the propodeal dorsal face is unusual as well. A similar character state has been observed in Nylanderia mixta (Forel, 1897), a species endemic to the Seychelles in the southwest Indian Ocean (LaPolla and Fisher, in prep). It seems reasonable to assume this species is nocturnal given its small eyes and light coloration. One of us (JSL) collected several colonies of N. microps around El Verde Field Station, and workers were never observed foraging during the day. Colonies were interestingly found in trees, usually about 1–2 meters off the ground. They were found to nest in rotten pieces of wood and under bark where soil and leaves had accumulated in a groove or flat part of a tree branch. Hundreds of workers were found in the colonies, but unfortunately males were never collected. Interestingly, this species occurs in sympatry with Zatania cisipa in the El Yunque National Forest, which also nests in trees and is nocturnal (LaPolla et al. 2012). A molecular phylogeny of Nylanderia placed this species as sister species to the other Puerto Rican species described here, N. semitincta (Gotzek et al. 2012)., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 425-426, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930, {"references":["Kempf, W. W. (1972) Catalogo abreviado das formigas da Regiao Neotropical. Studia Entomologica, 15, 3 - 344.","Brandao, C. R. F. (1991) Adendos ao catalogo abreviado das formigas da regiao Neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Brasiliera de Entomologia, 35, 319 - 412.","LaPolla, J. S., Brady, S. G. & Shattuck, S. O. (2010) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Prenolepis genus-group of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology, 35, 118 - 131.","Forel, A. (1897) Ameisen aus Nossi-Be, Majunga, Juan de Nova (Madagaskar), den Aldabra-Inseln und Sansibar, gesammelt von Herrn Dr. A. Voeltzkow aus Berlin. Mit einem Anhang uber die von Herrn Privatdocenten Dr. A. Brauer in Marburg auf den Seychellen und von Herrn Perrot auf Ste. Marie (Madagaskar) gesammelten Ameisen. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 21,185 - 208.","LaPolla, J. S., Kallal, R. J. & Brady, S. G. (2012) A new ant genus from the Greater Antilles and Central America, Zatania (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), exemplifies the utility of male and molecular character systems. Systematic Entomology, 37, 200 - 214.","Gotzek, D., Brady, S. G., Kallal, R. J. & LaPolla. J. S. (2012) The importance of using multiple approaches for identifying emerging invasive species: the case of the Rasberry Crazy Ant in the United States. PLoS One, 7 (9), e 45314."]}

Nylanderia xestonota, sp. nov. Figs. 100���102 (worker) Holotype worker, CUBA: Granma: Parque Nacional Pico Turquino, 20.00800, 076.86500, +/- 150 m, 1200 m, 3 Feb 2012, R.S. Anderson #RSA2012-024 (CASENT0630182) (NMNH); 2 paratype workers, CUBA: Granma: Parque Nacional Pico Turquino, Cerro Joachin Peak, 20.01300, -76.83400 +/- 150 m, 3 Feb 2012, R.S. Anderson #RSA2012-022; 1 paratype worker, CUBA: Granma: Parque Nacional Pico Turquino, Aguada de Joachim, 20.01500, -76.84000 +/- 15 m, 1370 m, 3 Feb 2012, R.S. Anderson #RSA2012-023 (NMNH & MCZC). Worker diagnosis: Dark brown and distinctly shiny; gaster without pubescence; mesocoxae and metacoxae and petiole not distinctly lighter in color than mesosoma and gaster. Compare with: N. fuscaspecula, N. sierra, N. wardi WORKER. Measurements (n=5): TL: 1.63���2.20; HW: 0.42���0.56; HL: 0.53���0.67; EL: 0.12���0.16; SL: 0.62��� 0.78; WL: 0.63���0.76; GL: 0.57���0.92. SMC: 22���30 PMC: 3���4; MMC: 2. Indices: CI: 81���90; REL: 22���24; SI: 134���145; SI2: 18���20. Head: sides of head in full face view nearly parallel; posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin rounded; anterior clypeal margin nearly straight; ocelli absent; eye well-developed. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum convex; anterior margin of mesonotum raised slightly above posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area without a short flat area before spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum slightly convex; dorsal face of propodeum and mesonotum approximately the same height in lateral view. Color and pilosity: dark brown, with scapes, funiculi and legs becoming lighter especially distally; mandibles lighter yellowish-brown; generally, very shiny and without pubescence, except on head especially around eyes and fringe of pubescence on dorsal face of propodeum. Other material examined: CUBA: Santiago de Cuba: Parque Nacional Gran Piedra, near La Isabellica, 20.00300, -75.61300 +/- 150 m, 1075 m, 27 Jan 2012, R.S. Anderson # RSA 2012-008. Etymology: The species epithet is a combination of xesto (Gr. = polished) and nota (Gr. = back), in reference to the very shiny and smooth appearance of the mesosoma. Notes: With their dark brown and very shiny appearance, workers of this species should be fairly easy to separate from other Cuban Nylanderia. It is similar in size to N. sierra, but unlike N. sierra, its mesonotum and gaster have no pubescence. In several features, workers of N. xestonota are most morphologically similar to workers of N. fuscaspecula from Hispaniola. They can be separated on two main features of the worker. In N. fuscaspecula the mesocoxae, metacoxae and petiole are all lighter brown in color and therefore contrasting distinctly with the remainder of the mesosoma. Whereas in N. xestonota those structures are dark in color and similar to the overall color of the mesosoma. Additionally, N. xestonota scapes typically have more macrosetae on them (range in N. xestonota 22���30, with an average of 27 macrosetae; the average macrosetae count in N. fuscaspecula is 23 with a range of 18���24)., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 442-443, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930

Nylanderia lucayana, sp. nov. Figs. 40���42 (worker) Holotype worker, BAHAMAS: North Andros Island, access road to Stafford Creek south of bridge, 12 Nov 1996, under rock on bank, M. Deyrup & L. Davis (NMNH); 11 paratype workers same locality as holotype (specimens are from the same nest as holotype) (NMNH & MCZC). Worker diagnosis: Pale-yellow with REL: 19���23 and SI2: 15���19. Compare with: N. guatemalensis. WORKER. Measurements (n=4): TL: 2.10���2.20; HW: 0.49���0.55; HL: 0.59���0.65; EL: 0.12���0.14; SL: 0.73��� 0.77; WL: 0.67���0.74; GL: 0.76���0.85. SMC: 22���32; PMC: 4���3; MMC: 3���4. Indices: CI: 82���89; REL: 19���23; SI: 134���151; SI2: 15���19. Head: sides of head in full face view nearly parallel; posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin straight and slightly emarginate medially; anterior clypeal margin emarginate; ocelli absent; eye well-developed. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum convex; anterior margin of mesonotum more or less even with posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area without a short flat area before spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum slightly convex; dorsal face of propodeum lower than dorsal face of mesonotum in lateral view. Color and pilosity: pale yellow, gaster sometimes slightly darker yellow; macrosetae across body yellow to white, some darker brownish-yellow towards bases; cephalic pubescence sparse; mesosoma with pubescence dorsally on pronotum and mesonotum; gastral tergites I & II with dense pubescence dorsally. Other material examined: BAHAMAS: North Andros Island, access road to Stafford Creek south of bridge, 12 Nov 1996, under rock on bank, M. Deyrup & L. Davis; Rum Cay, 11 November 2002, John Mangold. Etymology: Species epithet is a toponym relating to the Lucayan Archipelago where this species is found. Notes: Workers of Nylanderia lucayana and N. guatemalensis are very similar but can be best separated another using eye size. The eye of N. lucayana is generally smaller and it has a relative eye index 19���23. In N. guatemalensis, the relative eye index is above 21, with most specimens in the mid-20s and some approaching 30. The SI2 index also effectively separates the two species (measured range in N. lucayana: 15���19; measured range in N. guatemalensis: 18���26). There is also a color difference between the two but it is difficult to appreciate it until one has looked at many specimens of N. guatemalensis. Nyladeria guatemalensis is never as pale yellow as seen in N. lucayana. Finally, N. lucayana is putatively an endemic to the Lucayan Archipelago so it is likely only in this area that separating N. guatemalensis and N. lucayana is necessary. Gotzek et al. (2012) clearly show this species (listed as Nylanderia n.sp. 83) to be quite distinct phylogenetically from N. guatemalensis (Gotzek et al. 2012 and unpublished data)., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 420-421, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930, {"references":["Gotzek, D., Brady, S. G., Kallal, R. J. & LaPolla. J. S. (2012) The importance of using multiple approaches for identifying emerging invasive species: the case of the Rasberry Crazy Ant in the United States. PLoS One, 7 (9), e 45314."]}

Nylanderia metacista, sp. nov. Figs. 43���45 (worker); 46���51 (male) Holotype worker, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Cachote Forest, 18�� 04.01���N, 71�� 10.768���W, elev. 1054 m, cloud forest, nest under bark of rotting, fallen tree, 28.vii.2009, J.S. LaPolla & S.A. Schneider (USNM00754797) (NMNH). 3 paratype workers, 1 paratype male with same locality data as holotype (specimens are from the same nest as holotype) (NMNH & MCZC). Worker diagnosis: Brown head, mesosoma, and gaster contrasting with yellow legs and antennae; gastral tergites I & II with a dense layer of pubescence. Compare with: N. bibadia, N. pini, N. fuscaspecula WORKER. Measurements (n=7): TL: 2.50���2.80; HW: 0.53���0.59; HL: 0.64���0.68; EL: 0.17���0.19; SL: 0.74��� 0.78; WL: 0.80���0.89; GL: 0.90���1.30. SMC: 18���25; PMC: 3���6; MMC: 2. Indices: CI: 83���88; REL: 25���28; SI: 132���142; SI2: 22���24. Head: sides of head in full face view nearly parallel; posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin straight, occasionally very slight emarginated medially; anterior clypeal margin emarginate; ocelli absent; eye well-developed. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum convex; anterior margin of mesonotum raised slightly above posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area without short flat area before spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum slightly convex; dorsal face of propodeum and mesonotum approximately the same height in lateral view. Color and pilosity: body brown; mandible, scape, legs, mesocoxa and metacoxa lighter brown; cephalic pubescence sparse; pronotum, mesonotum, anterior portion of propodeum with sparse pubescence; gastral tergites I & II with dense pubescence dorsally. QUEEN. Measurements (n=1): TL: 4.80; HW: 0.86; HL: 0.87; EL: 0.3; SL: 0.92; WL: 1.6; GL: 2.3. SMC: 8; PMC: 5; MMC: 27. Indices: CI: 98; REL: 34; SI: 107. Generally, as in worker with modifications expected for caste and with the following noted difference: lighter brown (to yellow) than seen in workers. MALE. Measurement (n=1): TL: 2.40; HW: 0.53; HL: 0.56; EL: 0.23; SL: 0.85; WL: 0.85; GL: 1.00. SMC: 4; PMC: 0; MMC: 8. Indices: CI: 94; REL: 41; SI: 161. Head: sides of head in full face view nearly parallel becoming distinctly broader posterior to eyes; clypeus evenly rounded anteriorly; mandible with distinct apical tooth and much smaller subapical tooth adjacent to apical tooth; basal angle rounded and indistinct. Mesosoma: in lateral view, dorsal margin of mesoscutum same as height as dorsal margin of mesoscutellum; propodeum steeply sloping without distinct dorsal and declivitous faces. Genitalia: gonopod apex coming to triangular point in lateral view; in dorsal view, gonopod margin curves away from penial sclerite; digitus with pointed apex that bends away from penial sclerite; cuspis tubular, rounded at apex bending sharply towards digitus; anteroventral process of penial sclerite comes to a point with ventral margin of process emarginate; valvura of penial sclerite placed ventral to midline (fig. 105). Color and pilosity: yellow to light brown; head darker than remainder of body; head, scapes, mesosomal notum, legs and gastral dorsum with a layer of short pubescence; fine, wispy, silvery pubescence between the ocelli and the compound eyes. Other material examined: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Pedernales Pr., Sierra de Bahoruco NP, 18.14764 - 71.162321 +/- 70 m, 1320 m, III-2014, Lubertazzi, DL 03720-001; Pedernales Pr., Sierra de Bahoruco NP, 18.15016 -71.62487 +/- 110 m, 1290 m, III-2014, Lubertazzi, DL03741:003; Pedernales, Jaragua National Park, 18.07332 -71.65203 +/- 120 m, 400 m, 27-III-2014. Etymology: Species epithet is a combination of cista (L. = box) with the prefix meta- (L. = end), named for thickened tips of the penial sclerites found in this species. Notes: Workers of this species can usually be separated from N. fuscaspecula and N. pini based on the presence of dense pubescence of the first gastral tergite. Males of N. metacista males have a fine, wispy, silvery pubescence between the ocelli and the compound eyes. In contrast, N. pini has short, thick, dark brown pubescence and some pubescence free areas between the ocelli and the compound eyes. Separating N. metacista from N. bibadia can generally be done with color: N. metacista has lighter brown workers, with distinct yellow antennae and legs, which contrasts against the darker workers of N. bibadia. However, color is not always reliable and can be difficult to qualitatively assess. Nylanderia metacista is overall smaller than N. bibadia (especially with regards to head length and width). Male morphology provides some further characters for separating the two species. Males of N. metacista are brownish-yellow whereas N. bibadia are dark brown. Additionally, in N. metacista the gastral pubescence is very appressed against the cuticle. In contrast N. bibadia possess gastral pubescence that is less appressed, the gaster having a shaggy appearance. The anteroventral process of the penial sclerites in N. metacista is distinctly emarginate in contrast to the broadly rounded anteroventral process of N. bibadia. Uniquely among West Indian Nylanderia N. bibadia, N. metacista and N. pubens have rather elongated penial sclerites. The valvurae of the penial sclerites in all three species are also ventral to the midline of the penial sclerites (fig. 105). It is not surprising that N. metacista and N. bibadia workers can be challenging to separate from each other because molecular analyses indicate they are sister taxa (Gotzek et al. 2012)., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 422-424, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930, {"references":["Gotzek, D., Brady, S. G., Kallal, R. J. & LaPolla. J. S. (2012) The importance of using multiple approaches for identifying emerging invasive species: the case of the Rasberry Crazy Ant in the United States. PLoS One, 7 (9), e 45314."]}

Nylanderia wardi, sp. nov. Figs.97���99 (worker) Holotype worker, CUBA: Holguin, 6 km S Yamanig��ey, 20�� 33��� N, 74�� 44���W, 25 m, 23.viii.2001, P.S. Ward #14437- 23 (NMNH); 2 paratype workers same locality data as holotype (specimens are from the same nest as holotype); 3 paratype workers same locality data as holotype but different collecting code (P.S. Ward #14436) (NMNH & MCZC). Worker diagnosis: Larger brown to light brown species (HL: 0.6���0.72); SMC typically greater than 30 (measured range: 26���38); head in full-face view distinctly ovate with rounded posterolateral corners. Compare with: N. sierra, N. xestonota WORKER. Measurements (n=7): TL: 2.20���2.84; HW: 0.54���0.6; HL: 0.60���0.72; EL: 0.15���0.18; SL: 0.78���0.87; WL: 0.76���0.85; GL: 0.82���1.3; SMC: 26���38; PMC: 4���6; MMC: 3���4. Indices: CI: 83���90; REL: 24���25; SI: 141���152; SI2: 18���21. Head: Sides of head in full face view rounded and slightly convergent anteriad; posterolateral corners distinctly rounded; posterior margin straight; anterior clypeal margin emarginate; median ocellus present; eye well-developed. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum convex; anterior margin of mesonotum raised slightly above posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area without short flat area before spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum slightly convex; dorsal face of propodeum lower than mesonotum in lateral view. Color and pilosity: color light brown to brownish-yellow; slightly darker dorsally; mesocoxae and metacoxae slightly lighter than the mesosoma; head generally without pubescence, except some sparse pubescence laterally and underneath eyes; mesosoma generally without pubescence, except some sparse pubescence on the mesonotum and a sparse fringe along dorsal face of propodeum; gastral tergites with abundant pubescence. Other material examined: CUBA: Santiago de Cuba: Parque Nacional Gran Piedra, near La Isabellica, 20.00700, -75.61900 +/- 150 m, 1115 m, 29 Jan 2012, R.S. Anderson # RSA 2012-013. Etymology: Named in honor of Philip S. Ward (University of California���Davis), who not only collected this species, but whose many superb contributions to myrmecology have greatly enriched the field. Notes: Workers of this species are very similar to N. sierra, but N. wardi is much larger and the declivity following the mesonotum to the metanotal area is distinctly longer in N. wardi. Additionally, N. wardi has much more scape macrosetae than N. sierra. There were individuals of N. sierra collected in sympatry with N. wardi and the morphological differences between the two species were maintained., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 441-442, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930

Nylanderia semitincta, sp. nov. Figs. 77���79 (worker); 80���85 (male) Holotype worker, PUERTO RICO: El Yunque National Forest, N 18�� 16.295���, W 65�� 45.877���, elev. 3054 ft., dwarf forest, nest in rotting wood, 15 July 2008, J.S. LaPolla (USNMENT00754809) (NMNH); 4 paratype workers, 1 paratype queen, 2 paratype males same locality as holotype (specimens are from the same nest as holotype) (NMNH & MCZC). Worker diagnosis: Coloration distinct with head, pronotum, often anterior mesonotum and gaster brown, contrasting with yellow remainder of mesosoma (propodeum especially bright yellow in many specimens) and legs. Compare with: N. disatra WORKER. Measurements (n=3): TL: 2.12���2.30; HW: 0.47���0.52; HL: 0.52���0.59; EL: 0.12���0.15; SL: 0.61��� 0.68; WL: 0.66���0.74; GL: 0.92���1.00. SMC: 20���22 PMC: 2���4; MMC: 2. Indices: CI: 85���91; REL: 22���25; SI: 129���136; SI2: 19���22. Head: sides of head in full face view nearly parallel; posterolateral corners rounded; posterior margin straight and slightly emarginate medially; anterior clypeal margin with slight median emargination; three ocelli present; eye well-developed. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum convex; anterior margin of mesonotum raised slightly above posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area with a short flat area before spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum slightly convex; dorsal face of propodeum slightly lower than mesonotum in lateral view. Color and pilosity: head, pronotum, often anterior mesonotum and gaster brown, contrasting distinctly with yellow remainder of mesosoma (propodeum often brightest yellow) and legs; antennae and mandibles lighter brownish-yellow; pubescence sparse except on small patches around eyes; scapes and legs with abundant pubescence. QUEEN. Measurements (n=1): TL: 4.40; HW: 0.72; HL: 0.71; EL: 0.23; SL: 0.78; WL: 1.4; GL: 2.3. SMC: 8 PMC: 3; MMC: 25. Indices: CI: 101; REL: 32; SI: 109. Generally, as in worker with modifications expected for caste. MALE. Measurements (n=2): TL: 1.90���2.00; HW: 0.46���0.48; HL: 0.43���0.46; EL: 0.17���0.19; SL: 0.54���0.55; WL: 0.70���0.72; GL: 0.78���0.83. SMC: 3���5 PMC: 0; MMC: 5���7. Indices: CI: 103���106; REL: 35���43; SI: 114���118. Head: sides of head in full face view rounded; posterior margin straight rounded; clypeus evenly rounded anteriorly; mandible distinct apical tooth and much smaller, often very indistinct, subapical tooth adjacent to apical tooth; basal angle sharp and distinct. Mesosoma: in lateral view, dorsal margin of mesoscutum same as height as dorsal margin of mesoscutellum; propodeum sloping without distinct dorsal and declivitous faces. Genitalia: gonopod apex coming to triangular point in lateral view; in dorsal view, gonopod margin curves away from penial sclerite; digitus with pointed apex that bends away from penial sclerite; cuspis tubular, rounded at apex bending sharply toward digitus; anteroventral process of penial sclerite broadly rounded; valvura of penial sclerite placed approximately at midline (fig. 105). Color and pilosity: color as in worker but not as distinctly contrasting (colors closer to each other in tone) with brown head (including antennae), pronotum, mesoscutum, and gaster; remainder of body yellow to light brown; head, scapes and mesonotum with a layer of abundant pubescence. Other Material Examined: PUERTO RICO: El Yunque National Forest, Ba��o de Oro trail, 24.vi.1995 (W. & E. MacKay #17131); 3 km N. Las Torres, Rte. 949, 18.248�� N, 65.829�� W, 7 Oct 2007 #36 (JK Wetterer). Etymology: Species epithet is a combination of semi- (L. = half) and tincta (L. = colored), named for the twotoned appearance of this species. Notes: This species is easily separated from the other native Puerto Rican species, N. microps, which is much larger, yellow, covered in many macrosetae across the pronotum and mesonotum and has very small eyes. Both species do occur in sympatry in at least the El Yunque National Forest and possibly other rainforest areas of the island, but N. semitincta is currently only known from El Yunque. Although not as strongly contrasting (not as dark brown), the coloration pattern seen in N. semitincta is similar to N. disatra known from the Dominican Republic. Although in N. disatra workers the head is very dark brown and the entire mesosoma is bright yellow. Overall, the male genitalia between the two species are also fairly similar (with some obvious differences in gastral pubescence and shapes of genitalic structures especially the volsellar lobes and the digiti), which may suggest these two species are closely related. This species is included in the phylogeny of Gotzek et al. (2012) as Nylanderia n.sp. PR1 where it is sister to to N. microps and not to N. disatra., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 433-436, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930, {"references":["Gotzek, D., Brady, S. G., Kallal, R. J. & LaPolla. J. S. (2012) The importance of using multiple approaches for identifying emerging invasive species: the case of the Rasberry Crazy Ant in the United States. PLoS One, 7 (9), e 45314."]}

Nylanderia coveri, sp. nov. Figs. 14���16 (worker); 17���18 (male) Holotype worker, GRENADA: Saint Andrew Parish, 1.0 mi WNW of Lower Capital on road to Gouave (measured to junction of north-south road), 19-VI-1995, SP Cover, SPC G-148 (MCZC); 7 paratype workers and 2 paratype males with same locality data as holotype (NMNH & MCZC). Worker diagnosis: Body bright yellow, with sharply contrasting brown macrosetae across body. Compare with: N. guatemalensis WORKER. Measurements (n=4): TL: 1.98���2.13; HW: 0.46���0.50; HL: 0.59���0.63; EL: 0.15���0.17; SL: 0.68��� 0.72; WL: 0.69���0.78; GL: 0.85���0.93. SMC: 14���19; PMC: 2; MMC: 2���3. Indices: CI: 79���82; REL: 25���28; SI: 140���149; SI2: 22���25. This appears to be a ground dwelling species, like many Nylanderia species. The type series was collected in a nutmeg-banana plantation in a rotten stick partly buried in the leaf litter in the shade. Head: sides of head in full face view nearly parallel; posterolateral corner rounded; posterior margin straight; anterior clypeal margin evenly rounded; ocelli absent; eye well-developed. Mesosoma: in lateral view, pronotum convex; anterior margin of mesonotum raised slightly above posterior pronotal margin; metanotal area with short flat area anterior of spiracle; dorsal face of propodeum slightly convex; dorsal face of propodeum and mesonotum approximately the same height in lateral view. Color and pilosity: bright yellow; becoming slightly lighter to almost white distally on funiculus and legs; head, pronotum, mesonotum, propodeal dorsal face and gastral tergite I with abundant pubescence. MALE. Measurements (n=2): TL: 2.15; HW: 0.39���0.44; HL: 0.49���0.50; EL: 0.22���0.21; SL: 0.72; WL: 0.76��� 0.77; GL: 0.88. SMC: 3���7; PMC: 0; MMC: 11���20. Indices: CI: 78���88; REL: 41���44; SI: 184. Head: sides of head in full face view rounded; posterior margin rounded; clypeus emarginate anteriorly; mandible with apical tooth and much smaller, often indistinct, subapical tooth adjacent to apical tooth; basal angle sharp and distinct. Mesosoma: in lateral view, dorsal margin of mesoscutum same as height as dorsal margin of mesoscutellum. Genitalia: gonopod apex nearly triangular in lateral view; gonopods in dorsal view distally divergent with remainder of gaster; digitus with pointed apex that bends away from penial sclerite; cuspis tubular, rounded at apex bending sharply toward digitus; anteroventral process of penial sclerite pointed; valvura of penial sclerite placed slightly ventral to midline (fig. 105). Color and pilosity: bright yellow; becoming slightly lighter to almost white distally on funiculi and legs; head, pronotum, mesonotum, dorsal face of propodeum and gaster with abundant pubescence; on gaster macrosetae become more abundant posteriorly. Other material examined: GRENADA: Grand Etang, South of Lake, 12 Nov 2003 #40, JK Wetterer. Etymology: Named after myrmecologist Stefan P. Cover (Harvard University, Museum of Comparative Zoology), collector of this species and whose field skills for finding new and unusual ant species are unmatched. Notes: This species can be confused with N. guatemalensis when it is more yellow than brown, but preliminary molecular data clearly separates it from N. guatemalensis. The molecular results place N. coveri within a clade containing N. guatemalensis and N. steinheili. This species is another example of a small yellow species having workers that are difficult to separate from the widespread sometimes yellow, but color variable N. guatemalensis (the other example being N. lucayana). Overall once you have looked at enough N. guatemalensis the bright yellow color of N. coveri is actually distinctly different, contrasting sharply with the dark brown macrosetae. Generally, N. guatemalensis is never this bright yellow.Additionally, even in yellow specimens of N. guatemalensis the mesocoxae and metacoxae are always lighter than the remainder of the body. In N. coveri, the entire body, including the mesocoxae and metacoxae is bright yellow. Other than molecular data the penial sclerites also support recognition of this species with the proximal ventral extension coming much more to a point than it does in both N. guatemalensis and N. steinheili., Published as part of Kallal, Robert J., 2019, Nylanderia of the World Part III: Nylanderia in the West Indies, pp. 401-451 in Zootaxa 4658 (3) on pages 412-414, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4658.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/3375930