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Marine invertebrates are multicellular organisms consisting of a wide range of marine environmental species. Unlike vertebrates, including humans, one of the challenges in identifying and tracking invertebrate stem cells is the lack of a specific marker. Labeling stem cells with magnetic particles provides a non-invasive, in vivo tracking method using MRI. This study suggests antibody-conjugated iron nanoparticles (NPs), which are detectable with MRI for in vivo tracking, to detect stem cell proliferation using the Oct4 receptor as a marker of stem cells. In the first phase, iron NPs were fabricated, and their successful synthesis was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. Next, the Alexa Fluor anti-Oct4 antibody was conjugated with as-synthesized NPs. Their affinity to the cell surface marker in fresh and saltwater conditions was confirmed using two types of cells, murine mesenchymal stromal/stem cell culture and sea anemone stem cells. For this purpose, 106 cells of each type were exposed to NP-conjugated antibodies and their affinity to antibodies was confirmed by an epi-fluorescent microscope. The presence of iron-NPs imaged with the light microscope was confirmed by iron staining using Prussian blue stain. Next, anti-Oct4 antibodies conjugated with iron NPs were injected into a brittle star, and proliferating cells were tracked by MRI. To sum up, anti-Oct4 antibodies conjugated with iron NPs not only have the potential for identifying proliferating stem cells in different cell culture conditions of sea anemone and mouse cell cultures but also has the potential to be used for in vivo MRI tracking of marine proliferating cells.

In this study, the effects of constructivist learning and computer-assisted instruction on the achievement and attitudes of high school 2nd grade students in learning folk literature unit were examined by comparing with traditional teaching methods. The sample of the study consisted of 60 high school 2nd grade students studying in a high school in Arkalyk, Kazakhstan. The folk literature unit was taught by using constructivist learning and computer assisted instruction method in the experimental group, while traditional teaching methods were used in the control group. Constructivist teaching was organized according to the 5E model and associated with computer assisted instruction. The experimental applications of the research lasted 7 weeks. Folk literature achievement test and attitude scale towards folk literature were used to collect the data. As a result of the study, it was found that the students who studied with constructivist learning and computer-assisted instruction method achieved higher achievement levels in learning the folk literature unit compared to the students who studied with traditional teaching methods. The study also found out that constructivist learning and computer-assisted instruction practices significantly increased students' attitudes towards folk literature subjects.

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force in regenerative medicine, revolutionizing research, clinical applications, and personalized therapies. This article explores how AI accelerates the identification of biomarkers, optimizes cell and tissue engineering processes, and enhances treatment efficacy through personalized medicine approaches. AI's role in predictive analytics, robotic systems for tissue fabrication, and real-time monitoring tools underscores its potential to reshape the future of healthcare. Addressing ethical considerations is essential as AI continues to pave the way for innovative regenerative therapies.

Background: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a condition affecting the liver and immune system. In this study, the impact of autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cell (BM-MNC) transplantation on PBC patients was investigated. Methods: Sixteen eligible PBC patients participated at the National Scientific Medical Center in Astana, Kazakhstan, between 2017 and 2022, and BM-MNCs were harvested from their anterior iliac crest. After isolating and cultivating the BM-MNCs, they were infused back into the patient’s peripheral veins. Changes in BM-MNC and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PB-MNC) phenotypes were assessed before and after a 24-hour cultivation period and 72 hours post-transplantation. We monitored liver function parameters over 6-month intervals and conducted flow cytometry analysis to assess CD markers on BM-MNCs before and after cultivation and PB-MNCs before and after transplantation. Statistical analysis included the Friedman test for liver parameters and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for BM-MNC and PB-MNC comparisons.Results: Our findings revealed significant reductions in liver function tests after multiple transplantations. Flow cytometry analysis before and after a 24-hour culture and autologous BM-MNC infusion revealed the expansion of specific cell populations, with significant increases in CD3+, CD4+, CD16+, CD20+, CD25+, CD34+, CD105+, CD73+, СD117+, and CD34+populations, while CD4+25+, CD34+105+, and CD4+FOXP3+ populations decreased. Interestingly, a contradictory finding was observed with a decrease in bone marrow CD34+105+ cell lines (P=0.03) alongside an increase in peripheral CD34+105+ population (P=0.03).Conclusion: In summary, our study shows that BM-MNC transplantation in PBC patients leads to changes in immune cell populations and liver function. These findings suggest potential therapeutic applications of BM-MNC transplantation in managing PBC and offer insights into the dynamics of immune cells associated with this treatment approach.

Diseases of the middle ear and the temporal bone pyramid remain one of the most common diseases in the structure of otorhinolaryngological pathologies, which have a significant impact on the quality of life of adults and children. Exudative processes, as well as their consequences, become one of the main causes of persistent hearing loss and are characterized by an asymptomatic course with a gradual evolution to chronic forms. It should be noted that in childhood the risk of impaired speech and intellectual development increases, leading to changes in the psycho-emotional status, social maladaptation of the child, and a decrease in the quality of life. Timely and complete diagnosis and high-quality follow-up takes a leading role in preventing the development of conductive hearing loss and other complicated pathologies of the temporal bone pyramid. Purpose of the study. To study the main predisposing factors, methods of radiological diagnosis and dynamic observation of patients, as well as some modern aspects of the treatment of the most common pathologies of the temporal bone pyramid. Methodology. We conducted an analytical review of open access sources from scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, DisserCat, CyberLeninka. Key words used for the search: “chronic otitis media”, “cholesteatoma”, “mastoiditis”, “complications”, “magnetic resonance imaging”, “DWI”, “computed tomography”. Publications included in the literature review were full-text articles in English and Russian and dissertations in Russian. Exclusion criteria: brief reports, newspaper articles and personal communications. The search range was 5 years (2018-2023). A total of 108 sources were analyzed, of which 50 met the research objectives and inclusion criteria. Results and conclusions. In the diagnosis of temporal bone pathologies, the gold standard for diagnosis is computed tomography, but non-ionizing research techniques are increasingly used. Indications for the use of magnetic resonance imaging of the temporal bones are constantly expanding, and techniques for merging data with computed tomography data are being increasingly introduced. As a follow-up tool, magnetic resonance therapy is increasingly becoming a priority technique to reduce patient radiation exposure in the long term. In the treatment of complicated forms of diseases, endoscopic and laser correction techniques are used in foreign practice, helping to reduce the risk of recurrence and postoperative complications. Key words: chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, treatment

Background: In this phase I clinical trial, our primary objective was to develop an innovative therapeutic approachutilizing autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (BM-MSCs) for the treatment of nonobstructiveazoospermia (NOA). Additionally, we aimed to assess the feasibility and safety of this approach.Materials and Methods: We recruited 80 participants in this non-randomized, open-label clinical trial, including patientsundergoing NOA treatment using autologous BM-MSCs (n=40) and those receiving hormone therapy as a control group(n=40). Detailed participant characteristics, such as age, baseline hormonal profiles, etiology of NOA, and medical history,were thoroughly documented. Autotransplantation of BM-MSCs into the testicular network was achieved using microsurgicaltesticular sperm extraction (microTESE). Semen analysis and hormonal assessments were performed both before andsix months after treatment. Additionally, we conducted an in-silico analysis to explore potential protein-protein interactionsbetween exosomes secreted from BM-MSCs and receptors present in human seminiferous tubule cells.Results: Our results revealed significant improvements following treatment, including increased testosterone and inhibin Blevels, elevated sperm concentration, and reduced levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), andprolactin. Notably, in nine patients (22.5%) previously diagnosed with secondary infertility and exhibiting azoospermia beforetreatment, the proposed approach yielded successful outcomes, as indicated by hormonal profile changes over six months.Importantly, these improvements were achieved without complications. Additionally, our in-silico analysis identified potentialbinding interactions between the protein content of BM-MSC-derived exosomes and receptors integral to spermatogenesis.Conclusion: Autotransplantation of BM-MSCs into the testicular network using microTESE in NOA patients led to the regenerationof seminiferous tubules and the regulation of hormonal profiles governing spermatogenesis. Our findings supportthe safety and effectiveness of autologous BM-MSCs as a promising treatment modality for NOA, with a particular focus onthe achieved outcomes in patients with secondary infertility (registration number: IRCT20190519043634N1).

Abstract Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC) therapy has emerged as a transformative strategy in cancer treatment, leveraging the unique regenerative and immunomodulatory properties of MSCs to address the limitations of traditional approaches. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted applications and intricate mechanisms of action underlying MSC therapy for cancer. MSCs exhibit remarkable tumor-targeting capabilities, harnessing their innate homing abilities for selective migration to tumor sites. This property is harnessed for targeted drug delivery, optimizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing collateral damage to healthy tissues. Moreover, the immunomodulatory prowess of MSCs plays a pivotal role in shaping the tumor microenvironment. Through the suppression of pro-inflammatory signals and the promotion of antitumor immune responses, MSCs create a milieu that inhibits tumor growth. Engineered MSCs further serve as carriers for anticancer drugs, facilitating direct delivery to tumor sites and mitigating systemic toxicity. Additionally, the radioprotective effects of MSCs provide a unique opportunity to enhance the therapeutic window during radiotherapy, safeguarding healthy tissues. However, challenges such as achieving consistent tumor tropism, addressing safety concerns, and standardizing protocols underscore the need for ongoing research. Rigorous clinical trials are imperative to establish the safety profile and efficacy of MSC therapy across diverse cancer types. As we navigate these challenges, the promise of personalized and effective cancer treatments through MSC therapy continues to unfold, offering new hope for improved outcomes in the relentless battle against cancer.

The usage of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in cardiothoracic surgery contributes to the activation of the inflammatory response. In certain cases, the systemic inflammatory response may be immoderate, leading to organ dysfunction, such as acute renal failure or multiorgan dysfunction. This study aimed to examine the effect of haemoadsorption (HA) therapy on inflammatory markers and renal damage indices during cardiopulmonary bypass and in the early postoperative period. We conducted a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data in a single tertiary care center on patients operated between January 2021 and May 2022. The levels of inflammatory markers and renal parameters in blood samples (Interleukin (IL) 6, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells, lactate, procalcitonin (PCT), and NT-proBNP, urea, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), mechanical ventilation days and intensive care unit (ICU) days) were compared between the three groups. Data from the Jafron HA 330 (n = 20) and CytoSorb300 (n = 20) groups were compared with those from the control group (n = 20). All patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass for more than 120 min. Baseline patient characteristics were similar in all three groups. Acute kidney injury (AKI) was diagnosed in 17 patients (28.3%); seven patients were in the Jafron HA 330, two in the CytoSorb300, and eight in the control group. We found that IL1α, IL 6, IL8, Lactate dehydrogenase, PCT, NT-proBNP, CRP, Leukocyte, and TNFα had no significant or clinical difference between the CytoSorb 300 and Jafron HA 330 adsorber groups. Our results indicate that haemoadsorption therapy does not significantly reduce the risk of AKI after prolonged CPB, but decreases the need for renal replacement therapy.

The rate of disabled individuals is quite high in Kazakhstan. It is a fact that people with disabilities also have problems related to education and work, as well as the problems they face in social life. With the psychological support to be provided in the fields of education, the problems of the disabled individuals can be minimized, the deficiencies can be eliminated, and the fact that they know that they receive education with other individuals with equal opportunities can provide a sense of trust in disabled individuals. This study aims to determine the importance of psychological support for disabled children who continue their education. The qualitative research method was used in the research. Open-ended questions prepared by the researcher were asked. The study group of the research consists of 28 counselor teachers working in a state school with mainstreaming students in Kazakhstan. Results reveal that disabled individuals need psychological support in their education. It turned out that the psychological support provided was insufficient.

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy for knee osteoarthritis has emerged as a revolutionary approach to address the root cause of this debilitating condition. This editorial provides a concise overview of the significance of MSC therapy in the context of knee osteoarthritis treatment. Knee osteoarthritis is a common and costly condition that affects millions worldwide, necessitating a paradigm shift in treatment strategies. Current approaches primarily focus on symptom management, leaving the underlying cartilage degeneration unaddressed. MSC therapy offers the potential to regenerate damaged cartilage, reduce pain, improve function, and potentially delay the need for surgery. This minimally invasive and safe procedure presents a promising avenue for patients seeking long-lasting relief from knee osteoarthritis. However, while the therapy shows significant potential, ongoing research, clinical trials, and efforts to ensure accessibility and affordability are essential for realizing its full impact. In conclusion, MSC therapy represents a beacon of hope for those afflicted by knee osteoarthritis, holding the promise of transforming a debilitating condition into a manageable one and thereby enhancing the quality of life for countless individuals.

Background: Left ventricular assist device (LVAD) candidates are at increased risk of immune dysregulation and infectious complications. To attenuate the elevated proinflammatory cytokine levels and associated adverse clinical outcomes, it has been postulated that extracorporeal blood purification could improve the overall survival rate and morbidity of patients undergoing LVAD implantation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed prospectively collected data of 15 patients who underwent LVAD implantation at our center between January 2021 and March 2022. Of these, 15 (100%) who received HeartMate 3™ (St. Jude Medical, Abbott, MN, USA) device were eligible. Intraoperatively, patients were single randomized 1:1:1 to three groups: group 1, patients who received Cytosorb therapy (n = 5; installed in the CPB circuit); group 2, patients who received Jafron HA330 (n = 5; installed in the CPB circuit); and control group 3, patients who did not receive filter (n = 5; usual care, neither Cytosorb nor Jafron during CPB). Baseline patient characteristics and intraoperative data were compared between the groups. Blood sample analyses were performed to assess the levels of inflammatory markers (IL-1, 6, 8; CRP, Leukocyte, Lactate, PCT, NT-proBNP, TNF-α) in both preoperative and postoperative data. Results: Baseline patient characteristics were similar in all three groups. We found that IL1α; IL 6; IL8; Lactatedehydrogenase, PCT, pro-BNP, CRP; Leukocyte, and TNFα levels significantly increased with LVAD implantation and that neither Cytosorb nor Jafron influenced this response. In-hospital mortality and overall survival during follow-up were similar among the groups. Conclusion: Our preliminary results showed that hemoadsorption therapy using Cytosorb or Jafron hemoadsorption (HA) 330 may not be clinically beneficial for patients with advanced heart failure undergoing LVAD implantation. Large prospective studies are needed to evaluate the potential role of HA therapy in improving outcomes in patients undergoing LVAD implantation.

BackgroundThe human gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining metabolic health, with substantial evidence linking its composition to insulin resistance. This study aims to analyze the global scholarly contributions on the relationship between intestinal microbiota and insulin resistance from 2000 to 2024.MethodsA bibliometric analysis was conducted using data from Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection. The search strategy included terms related to “Gastrointestinal Microbiome” and “Insulin Resistance” in the title or abstract.ResultsThe analysis of 1,884 relevant studies from 510 sources was conducted, revealing a mean citation of 51.36 per manuscript and a remarkable annual growth rate of 22.08%. The findings highlight the significant role of gut microbiota in insulin resistance, corroborating prior studies that emphasize its influence on metabolic disorders. The literature review of the current study showed key mechanisms include the regulation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and gut hormones, which are critical for glucose metabolism and inflammation regulation. The analysis also identifies “Food and Function” as the most productive journal and Nieuwdorp M. as a leading author, underscoring the collaborative nature of this research area.ConclusionThe consistent increase in publications in the field of gut microbiota and insulin resistance indicates growing recognition of the gut microbiota’s therapeutic potential in treating insulin resistance and related metabolic disorders. Future research should focus on standardizing methodologies and conducting large-scale clinical trials to fully realize these therapeutic possibilities.

The paper proposes applying a precise and low-cost internal combustion engine (ICE) diagnostic method based on acceleration and rundown characteristics. We developed an engine test stand based on and selected diagnostic tools to record acceleration-rundown parameters: a DBD-4 gasoline engine loader and USB Autoscope 4. We established that the injector feed rate significantly affects acceleration time, while the wear of the cylinder-piston group (CPG) significantly affects the acceleration time of the ICE crankshaft. When CPG wear was 28%, acceleration time increased to 15 s, and when the wear was 5% - to 3s. The rundown time significantly depends on the outlet resistance and increases with an increase in the degree of CPG wear. Applying the developed method reduced the fuel consumption of the test engine by 21%.

BackgroundMicrovascular decompression (MVD) remains the primary surgical treatment for trigeminal neuralgia due to its positive postoperative results. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia who underwent MVD. Additionally, the paper offers a detailed explanation of the surgical methodology of MVD employed at the neurosurgical hospital in Kazakhstan.MethodsThe study involved 165 medical records of patients with trigeminal neuralgia who underwent MVD between 2018 and 2020. Out of these 165 patients, 90 (54.55%) were included in the final analysis and were further evaluated using the Barrow Neurological Institute pain intensity score. Various variables were analyzed, including age, sex, affected side, dermatomes, offending vessel, and surgical intervention type. Moreover, the surgical technique employed at the hospital was described.ResultsThe average follow-up period after the MVD procedure was 32.78 ± 9.91 months. The results indicated that out of the 90 patients, 80 (88.89%) achieved a good outcome as evidenced by BNI scores I and II. It was observed that patients with affected maxillary dermatomas and those with affected ophthalmic + maxillary dermatomas were more likely to experience fair + poor postsurgery BNI scores. On the other hand, patients with neurovascular conflicts involving the maxillary + mandibular dermatomas demonstrated good BNI scores (p = 0.01).ConclusionsThe outcomes of MVD in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia showed good BNI scores within this study population. The outcome depended on the affected dermatome of the trigeminal nerve with the vessel. Additionally, patient positioning, intraoperative management including small skin incisions, minimal craniotomy, and precise closure of the dura, as well as intraoperative neurolysis, may contribute to achieving good clinical and satisfactory post-surgery aesthetic outcomes.

Hypertension, a multifaceted cardiovascular disorder influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, poses a significant risk for the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Epigenetic alterations, particularly in histone modifications, DNA methylation, and microRNAs, play a pivotal role in unraveling the complex molecular underpinnings of blood pressure regulation. This review emphasizes the crucial interplay between epigenetic attributes and hypertension, shedding light on the prominence of DNA methylation, both globally and at the gene-specific level, in essential hypertension. Additionally, histone modifications, including acetylation and methylation, emerge as essential epigenetic markers linked to hypertension. Furthermore, microRNAs exert regulatory influence on blood pressure homeostasis, targeting key genes within the aldosterone and renin-angiotensin pathways. Understanding the intricate crosstalk between genetics and epigenetics in hypertension is particularly pertinent in the context of its interaction with T2DM, where hypertension serves as a notable risk factor for the development of CAD. These findings not only contribute to the comprehensive elucidation of essential hypertension but also offer promising avenues for innovative strategies in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications, especially in the context of T2DM.

This study investigates the phenomenon of religious conversion among non-Muslim nationalities in Kazakhstan following the collapse of the Soviet government and the resurgence of interest in Islam. Through sociologically in-depth interviews, the research reveals that low religious awareness, marriage to a Muslim, social influence, and the presence of a local Muslim community are pivotal factors driving this conversion process. Moreover, the study highlights the broader societal context, including post-Soviet spiritual quests and the quest for meaning, as contributing to the growing interest in religion. As a result of religious conversion, individuals from various backgrounds experience a profound transformation of their personal identity, transitioning from a Christian to a Muslim identity. This transformation fosters closer relations with the Muslim majority in Kazakhstan, promoting social cohesion and unity in a society where Islam has a significant presence.

Background: Cervical cancer poses a considerable worldwide health issue, where infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a vital role as a risk factor. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive treatment for HPV-related cervical lesions, which uses photosensitizers and light to selectively destroy abnormal cells. Objectives: Our objective is to present a comprehensive overview of the different types of molecules employed in PDT to reduce the occurrence and fatality rates associated with cervical cancer. Design: Scoping review and bibliometric analysis. Methods: The article explores clinical trials investigating the efficacy of PDT in treating low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, as well as preclinical approaches utilizing various molecules for PDT in cervical cancer. Furthermore, the article sheds light on potential molecules for PDT enhancement, examining their properties through computer modeling simulations, molecular docking, and assessing their advantages and disadvantages. Results: Our findings demonstrate that PDT holds promise as a therapeutic approach for treating cervical lesions associated with HPV and cervical cancer. Additionally, we observe that the utilization of diverse dye classes enhances the anticancer effects of PDT. Conclusion: Among the various molecules employed in PDT, functionalized fullerene exhibits a notable inclination toward overexpressed receptors in cervical cancer cells, making it a potential candidate for intensified use in PDT. However, further research is needed to evaluate its long-term effectiveness and safety.

Abstract For nearly two decades, the West Kazakhstan Medical Journal (WKMJ) has been a cornerstone of medical knowledge and research in the West Kazakhstan region, serving as a vital platform for local and regional healthcare communities. In a strategic move, the journal is transitioning to the English language, aligning itself with the global discourse in medical science. This transition aims to enhance accessibility, visibility, and impact, fostering international collaborations and contributing valuable insights to the broader medical community. The metamorphosis signifies a commitment to global integration without compromising the journal's unwavering commitment to quality, ethical publishing, and rigorous peer review. The transformation invites researchers, practitioners, and institutions worldwide to participate in this journey, elevating the exchange of medical knowledge on a global scale.

BACKGROUND: Tetralogy of Fallot represents 7–10% of all cases of congenital heart disease, as it occurs in approximately 0.5 per 1,000 live births and is the second most common form of complex congenital heart disease. Advances in diagnosis, surgical techniques, and postoperative treatment have led to an increasing number of patients reaching adulthood, with a dramatic increase in the survival rate to almost 90% at 30 years, thereby creating a need for long-term monitoring of certain anatomic parameters to identify complications in a timely manner. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of computed tomography detected complications after radical correction of Tetralogy of Fallot in pediatric patients. AIM: to identify markers between the most frequency computed tomography detected complications after repair of Tetralogy of Fallot in pediatric patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 613 patients with Tetralogy of Fallot from October 2011 to June 2020. The study included a total of 116 patients (69 men and 47 women) who experienced complications after a repair of Tetralogy of Fallot, as identified by computed tomography. At the time of repair of Tetralogy of Fallot, the patient’s average age ranged from 10 to 36 months (mean: 12 months), average body weight was 21 kg, average height was 105.4 cm, and average body surface area was 0.74 m2. The patients’ median age at the time of the computed tomography examination was 17.5 years (age range: 7–36 years). RESULTS: Among the 116 patients who exhibited complications after an repair of Tetralogy of Fallot, 49 had a pulmonary artery stenosis, 92 had a pulmonary artery branch stenosis (56 of them of the left main pulmonary artery branch, and 36 of them of the right main pulmonary artery branch), 8 had a right ventricular outflow tract stenosis, 32 had a ventricular septal defect, 1 had a shunt thrombosis, 12 had a postoperative deformation of the pulmonary artery, 10 exhibited a marked right ventricular dilatation, 2 had an right ventricular outflow tract aneurysm, and 6 suffered from conduit calcification and stenosis. Moreover, patients with left main pulmonary artery branch stenosis had a 6.5 times greater chance of developing an right main pulmonary artery branch stenosis in (p 0.001). CONCLUSION: The most frequently computed tomography detected complications after a repair of Tetralogy of Fallot were pulmonary artery stenosis and pulmonary artery branch stenosis. Patients with pulmonary artery stenosis and pulmonary artery branch stenosis exhibit no significant differences in terms of age, anthropometric parameters (height, weight, and body surface area), and gender distribution in the presence or absence of different stenosis types (pulmonary artery, right main pulmonary artery branch, or left main pulmonary artery branch). However, an right main pulmonary artery branch stenosis increases the chances of developing an left main pulmonary artery branch stenosis.

IntroductionThe prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is increasing worldwide. Several modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol drinking, physical inactivity, and obesity, have been linked to the development of NCDs in both genders. Understanding the prevalence of these risk factors and their associated factors is crucial for effective intervention planning in adult populations. This study aimed to provide an overview of the prevalence and associated factors of these risk behaviors among different genders of adults in West Kazakhstan.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in four regions of West Kazakhstan. A stratified multistage sampling technique was utilized to obtain a representative sample size of 4,800 participants aged 18 -69 years. Trained researchers administered face-to-face interviews using validated questionnaires to gather information pertaining to sociodemographic characteristics, smoking habits, alcohol drinking, dietary patterns, physical activity levels, body mass index (BMI), and prevalent diseases.ResultsThis study, which included 4,800 participants from West Kazakhstan, revealed some striking numerical findings. The overall prevalence rates of behavioral risk factors and metabolic conditions were as follows: smoking was 13.6% (95%CI: 3.2–24.0%), alcohol drinking was 47.0% (27.7–66.3%), current obesity was 22.3% (9.0–35.6%), and physical inactivity was 80.7% (55.4–106.0%). In addition, the overall prevalence rates of metabolic conditions were 25.6% (11.3–39.9%) for hypertension, 7.5% (0.2–15.2%) for diabetes, 11.8% (2.1–21.5%) for high cholesterol, and 13.0% (2.8–23.2%) for cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, a higher prevalence of high cholesterol was observed in men, and a greater prevalence of heart disease was identified in women. Multinomial logistic regression revealed that physical inactivity was associated with hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease, while obesity was linked to hypertension, high cholesterol, and heart disease.DiscussionThis study in West Kazakhstan identified variations in the prevalence of behavioral risk factors and NCDs, highlighting gender, age, and regional disparities. Notably, men showed higher rates of smoking and alcohol drinking, while women exhibited a greater prevalence of physical inactivity and obesity. Gender and regional differences were evident, with the West Kazakhstan region standing out for distinct patterns. Tailored interventions are crucial to address these disparities and enhance public health in the region.

The scale of emergency caused by COVID-19, the ease of survey, and the crowdsourcing deployment guaranteed by the latest technology have allowed unprecedented access to data describing behavioral changes induced by the pandemic. The study aimed to present the survey results identifying attitudes toward vaccination against COVID-19 among the population of West Kazakhstan, the level of confidence in the national QazVac vaccine, and the role of different sources of information on COVID-19 in decision-making concerning vaccination. A computer-assisted survey was conducted using WhatsApp messenger. Overall, 2,009 participants responded, with a response rate of 92%. Most (83.1%) were immunized against COVID-19; among them, 20.1% obeyed the request of their employers that had been practiced within non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain the disease. The youngest respondents, individuals with a college education, students, and employed people, as well as those with chronic diseases, showed positive attitudes toward vaccination (all p

The operating parameters of present-day engines depend on many factors, including the lubrication system. The lubrication system not only reduces friction between the surfaces of moving parts, but also contributes to their cooling and cleans engine parts from carbon deposits and impurities. High environmental requirements are also imposed on the quality of the lubricants, while maintaining their specifications. To that end, various additives are added to lubricating oil. The paper studies the effect of fine powders (enamels) on the wear of friction pairs in laboratory tests. The tests are mainly carried out for all-season synthetic and mineral oils in demand. Such criteria as wear of a roller and upper and lower bearings, specific wear of friction pairs, moment load, and temperature are selected as the effectiveness evaluation criteria of the use of enamels and nanomaterials. Experimental studies show a high efficiency of using enamels as additives to reduce friction and increase the load-carrying capacity of oils. The temperature in the friction layer is reduced by 10-20%, depending on the enamel concentration in the oil. The enamel acts as a third body with a lower friction coefficient and energy to failure, which increases the actual contact area of the friction pairs. The results of the study can be applied in the development of motor oils with fine enamel as an additive.

OBJECTIVE: According to the World Health Organization, 17.9 million individuals died from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in 2019, constituting 32% of all global mortalities. In recent years, percutaneous coronary interventions such as stenting have become a common treatment approach for coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the problem of angina recurrence after stenting, associated with instent restenosis, persists. The aim of this study was to elucidate the intricate structure of relevant countries and regions, prominent research institutions, prolific authors, and recurring keywords shaping the landscape of this field. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The search strategy involved Scopus and Web of Science Core Collection databases on December 13, 2023. Bibliometric analysis was performed using the Bibliometrix R-package. RESULTS: An upward trend was found, characterized by an annual growth rate (AGR) of 6.82%. China leads with 17 publications, followed by Argentina with 14 and Italy with 9. Capital Medical University from China has published the largest number of articles in the field. The most significant number of publications were published in the American Journal of Cardiology. Among the top ten authors, Kim J. has published six articles and Yang C. has published four, making them the most productive in the field. "In-stent restenosis" and "percutaneous coronary intervention" were the most frequently used terms between 2002 and 2023. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to note that the majority of studies examined were conducted in developed countries, which may influence the generalization of results. Nevertheless, there is also considerable attention to the topic from scientific groups in developing countries. This analysis helps identify gaps in the current research field and define directions for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type Diagnosing and detecting malfunctions in internal combustion engines (ICE) is not an easy task due to their complex design. Timely and high-quality ICE monitoring allows performance to be maintained and prevents breakdowns. Vibration and acoustic analysis is a powerful and informative tool for detecting faults even at an early stage. This article considers a method for determining the main malfunctions of the valvetrain (VT) (tightness of the "valve-seat" interface, thermal gap in the valve drive, valve opening and closing phases) by measuring and analyzing vibroacoustic pulses caused by the operation of individual engine elements. The maximum amplitude and the moment of vibration impulses are used as signal parameters. For the reference signal of the piston, the top dead center (TDC) of the cylinder under study, a vibration pulse from the impact of the piston on an elastic tip placed in the combustion chamber is taken. This technique makes it possible to exclude the external influences and inaccuracies associated with a change in the geometry ICE elements.

Abstract Background Antimicrobial drug resistance is a major public health threat that can render infections including wound and skin infections untreatable. The discovery of new antimicrobials is critical. Approaches to discover novel antimicrobial therapies have included investigating the antimicrobial activity of natural sources such as honey. In this study, the anti-microbial activity and chemical composition of 12 honeys from Kazakhstan and medical grade manuka honey were investigated. Methods Agar well diffusion and broth culture assays were used to determine anti-microbial activity against a range of skin and wound infecting micro-organisms. Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine the total phenol content of the honeys and non-targeted liquid chromatography analysis was performed to identify components that correlated with antimicrobial activity. Results In the well diffusion assay, the most susceptible micro-organisms were a clinical isolate of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 19433). Buckwheat & multi-floral honey from Kazakhstan demonstrated the highest antimicrobial activity against these two micro-organisms. Kazakhstan honeys with a buckwheat floral source, and manuka honey had the highest total phenol content. Non-targeted liquid chromatography analysis identified components that correlated with anti-microbial activity as hydroxyphenyl acetic acid, p-coumaric acid, (1H)–quinolinone, and abscisic acid. Conclusions The Kazakhstan honeys selected in this study demonstrated antimicrobial activity against wound and skin infecting micro-organisms. Compounds identified as correlating with antimicrobial activity could be considered as potential bioactive agents for the treatment of wound and skin infections.

In this article, the process of creating calcium phosphate coatings through plasma electrolytic oxidation was investigated. Calcium phosphate coatings were deposited onto titanium substrates fabricated via the selective laser melting (SLM) method. The correlation between the characteristics of the coating and the applied voltage (200, 250, and 300 V) of PEO was studied. The surface morphology analysis indicates that an increase in applied voltage results in a larger pore size. It was discovered that, when a voltage of 300 V was applied, a layer of hydroxyapatite formed. However, at 300 V, the coating cracked, producing a significantly rough surface. Our analysis of the elemental composition of sample cross sections indicates the presence of TiO2 layers that are enriched with calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The coefficient of friction and wear rate are primarily influenced by the morphology, pore size, and density of the titanium dioxide layer. Furthermore, a rise in the quantity of the beta phase of the titanium on the surface can be noticed as the applied voltage increases. As a result, it also affects the mechanical and tribological characteristics of the coating. The sample treated to a voltage of 250 V demonstrates a higher resistance to wear and a lower elastic modulus in comparison to the other two coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]