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Three-dimensional matrices of collagen type I (Col I) are widely used in tissue engineering applications for its abundance in many tissues, bioactivity with many cell types, and excellent biocompatibility. Inspired by the structural role of lignin in a plant tissue, we found that sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) and an alkali-extracted lignin from switchgrass (SG) increased the stiffness of Col I gels. SLS and SG enhanced the stiffness of Col I gels from 52 to 670 Pa and 52 to 320 Pa, respectively, and attenuated shear-thinning properties, with the formulation of 1.8 mg/mL Col I and 5.0 mg/mL SLS or SG. In 2D cultures, the cytotoxicity of collagen-SLS to adipose-derived stromal cells was not observed and the cell viability was maintained over 7 days in 3D cultures. Collagen-SLS composites did not elicit immunogenicity when compared to SLS-only groups. Our collagen-SLS composites present a case that exploits lignins as an enhancer of mechanical properties of Col I without adverse cytotoxicity and immunogenicity for in vitro scaffolds or in vivo tissue repairs.

The pretreatment of plant biomass negatively impacts the economics of many bioenergy and bioproduct processes due to the thermochemical requirements for deconstruction of lignocelluluose. An effective strategy to reduce these severity requirements is to pretreat the biomass with white-rot fungi, such as Trametes versicolor, which have the innate ability to deconstruct lignocellulose with a suite of specialized enzymes. In the present study, the effects of 12 weeks of pretreatment with a wild-type strain (52J) and a cellobiose dehydrogenase-deficient strain (m4D) of T. versicolor on hardwood and Miscanthus were explored. Both strains of T. versicolor led to significant decreases of insoluble lignin and significant increases of soluble lignin after acid hydrolysis, which suggests improved lignin extractability. The glucose yields after saccharification using an enzyme cocktail containing chitinase were similar or significantly higher with 52J-treated biomass compared to untreated hardwood and Miscanthus, respectively. The fungal treated biomass, regardless of the strain used, also showed significant increases in energy content and compressive strength of pellets. Overall, the use of T. versicolor as a pretreatment agent for hardwood and Miscanthus could be an environmentally friendly strategy for conversion technologies that require delignification and saccharification, and/or processes that require densification and transport.

Understanding the factors that determine the strength of predator-prey interactions is essential to understanding community structure and stability. Variation in the strength of predator-prey interactions often can be attributed to predator mass and prey mass, or abiotic factors like temperature. However, even when accounting for these factors, there remains a considerable amount of unexplained variation that may be attributed to other traits. We compiled functional response data from the literature to investigate how predator mass, prey mass, prey type (taxonomic identity), temperature, and prey defenses (hard vs soft integument) contributed to the variation found in the predator-prey interactions between freshwater cyclopoid copepods and their prey. Surprisingly, our results indicate that prey identity (taxonomic group) and defenses (hard vs soft integument) are more important for generating variation in interaction strengths than body mass and temperature. This suggests that allometric functions can only take us so far when attempting to better understand variation in individual predator prey interactions, and that we must evaluate how other traits influence interaction strengths. Identifying additional factors such as prey defenses may enable us to better predict potential changes in the structure and function of planktonic and other food webs by better accounting for the variation in the interactions between generalists and their many prey types.