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We propose highly sensitive trichannel photonic crystal fibre (TCPCF) refractive index (RI) sensor based surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In this design, we have been integrated the sensing layer with thin gold metal deposited over the surface of the TCPCF for fabrication feasible and easy liquid infiltration. Then, Y‐shaped channel is formed through reducing the diametre of air holes for controlling the direction of light through photonic crystal fibre to attain high sensitivity. Also, effective coupling between surface plasmon polariton mode at the metal layer and the core‐guided mode is obtained by numerical simulation of finite element method. The optimized TCPCF sensor exhibits maximum amplitude sensitivity of 1938.5 RIU−1 and wavelength sensitivity of 11,000 nm.RIU−1 within the analyte range from 1.34 to 1.39. Further, we have achieved amplitude resolution of 5.2 × 10−6 RIU and wavelength resolution of 9.1 × 10−6 RIU. It is confirmed high detection accuracy for small changes in RI analyte. Moreover, high figure of merit of 623.9 RIU−1 is obtained for the proposed sensor. Therefore, the proposed TCPCF RI sensor can be utilized in the chemical, bio and gas sensing applications.

Expeditious enhancements in technology and consumer electronics push towards the unavoidable usage of intelligent devices in everyday life. These smart devices play a vital role in enhancing human comfort and ensures better standard of living. The refrigerator is one of primary appliance that is utilized in everyday life where many food items and grocery things are placed. The items that are placed inside the refrigerator need to be monitored for better utilization and also to avoid the wastage. This work aims to convert the traditional refrigerators to smart refrigerator that detects the shortage or spoilage of items using the item information from the database created. The proposed system automatically control the refrigerator temperature according to varying conditions using thermostat control and provides the motorized control of the door for energy saving and efficient cooling. The system also provide motorized control of the door for energy saving and efficient cooling. This internet of things (IoT) based system allows to monitor the food items that are placed inside the refrigerator and utilization of other grocery items before the expiry date. In addition to, this works also aims to place the online order of expired items by providing the app notification and also sends a short message service (SMS) text message to the user smart phone. We have identified and loaded the items available online search engines in our database. Based on the user input, this system will identify the link with less cost and expected delivery time of the needed items, therefore the user can select ordering of items accordingly. The characteristics of utilized components and materials are presented.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based films with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) in varying concentrations have been prepared and characterised in this study, to discover their application in the biomedical field. Acid hydrolysis method is applied to extract CNC from pea peel waste fibres (PPWF) and their sizes were determined. The films - PVA/CNC/T0.5, PVA/CNC/T1.0 and PVA/CNC/T1.5 were subjected to biophysical, microscopic and mechanical property characterization. Through SEM and FTIR analysis, uniform distribution and successful incorporation of CNC and TiO2 has been confirmed. From the X-ray diffraction pattern of the films, it could be noted that the crystallinity increased with the addition of CNC and rutile TiO2. The tensile strength of the films also greatly improved with the CNC reinforcement and increase in TiO2 content in the films. Overall, the results of this study suggest that the PVA/CNC/ TiO2 films have the potential to find application in biomedical devices.

The proposed system of a 450 nm blue GaN (Gallium Nitride) laser diode directly modulated by pre-leveled 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiplexing (OFDM)data is implemented to achieve high transmission capacity upto 10.02 Gbits/sec. The simulation analysis will be done under sea water and tap water to enable underwater wireless optical communication(UOWC) over a distance of upto 12 m. The UWOC tap water provide an allowable bit rate decrease from 16.57 to 14.67 Gbps with the transmission distance significantly increased from 2 m to 6 m, exhibit bit/distance decay ratio of −0.236 Gbps/m. By performing Underwater Optical Wireless Communication (UOWC) in sea water, the impurities in sea water scattered the light causing attenuation of the blue laser power. This reduces the transmission capacity with a slightly higher decay ratio −0.410 Gbps/m. There are other noise sources in the sea produced by creatures or by natural and man made activities. All these noise are also taken into consideration so that the ambient noise are eliminated with the help of digital signal processing.

To investigate the influence of non-linearity in the bidirectional optical link which enables simultaneous uplink and downlink transmission of 16-QAM data signal. We analyze non-linear effects like self-phase modulation (SPM) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). The performance limitation due to the non-linear effects in the system is analyzed. The analysis shows that the SBS threshold for launch power is 16 dBm for unmodulated carrier signal and 6 dBm for modulated signal. At 6 dBm launch power, the system has an average Q of 44.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of physical devices, which collects data and processes into a system without human intervention. In the commercialized market, IoT architectures are upgrading day by day to reduce data transmission costs, latency, and bandwidth usage for various application requirements. The extensively available IoT architectures and their specification resist the researchers to select a system-on-chip (SoC) for heterogeneous IoT applications. This paper seeks to comprehend the various IoT device specifications and their characteristics to support multiple applications. Moreover, microprocessor architectures and their components are detailed to facilitate developer knowledge in advanced methodology and technology. The various instructions set architectures (ISA) are implemented in a Zynq-7000 (xc7Zz20clg484-1) FPGA device to examine the feasibility of design space requirements for real-time hardware execution. To select specific system-on-chip (SoC) architecture for heterogeneous IoT applications, a genetic algorithm (GA) based optimization method is implemented in MATLAB. The proposed algorithm identifies the optimized SoC architecture concerning device parameters such as a clock, cache, RAM space, external storage, network support, etc. Further, the confusion matrix method evaluates the proposed algorithm's accuracy, which yields 84.62% accuracy. The outcome of SoCs attained through the GA are tested by analyzing their execution time and performance using various evaluation benchmarks. This article helps the researchers and field engineers to comprehend the microarchitecture device configurations and to identify the superior SoC for next-generation IoT practices.

This paper presents a compact, bouquet-inspired, four-element MIMO array for super wideband (SWB) applications. The proposed unit element monopole antenna has compact geometry, and it is deployed by the fusion of an elliptical and circular-shaped radiator. The convoluted geometry and semi-elliptical ground plane, along with the narrow rectangular slit defected ground structure, provides a wide impedance bandwidth. The designed unit cell has the dimensions of 32 mm &times, 20 mm &times, 0.8 mm, operates from 2.9 to 30 GHz (S11 &le, &minus, 10 dB) and provides a bandwidth dimension ratio (BDR) of 2894. The proposed low-profile diversity array without any decoupling structures consists of four orthogonally placed, uncorrelated antennas with an inter element spacing of 0.05 &lambda, 0, occupies an area of 57 mm &times, 57 mm and provides dual polarization. The performance metrics of the diversity array were validated for frequencies over ultra-wideband, using mutual coupling characteristics, envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) by far-field radiation, diversity gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), channel capacity loss (CCL) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) analysis. The measured mutual coupling over the operating band was less than &minus, 18 dB, the ECC was less than 0.004 and the TARC was less than &minus, 15 dB, and a better CCL of ˂0.28 bits/s/Hz was achieved by the fabricated antenna.