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Biofilm-forming methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an emerging pathogen that adversely affects animal and human health. World Health Organization (WHO) has designated MRSA as a high-priority pathogen for research and development. In this study, we have investigated the pathogenic potential of MRSA recovered from mastitic milk of cow. The MRSA was initially characterized for coagulase, haemolytic and DNase activity followed by its biofilm forming ability. Further, an intravenous murine model of MRSA was developed using multiparameter approach comprising of disease activity score, viable bacterial count in blood and tissues; and, detection of biofilm mass in tissue. Infection was successfully established in mice following intravenous inoculation of 3 × 108 colony forming unit (CFU) per mL of MRSA. Fifty percent of MRSA-challenged mice died after infection whereas mice survived exhibited disease activity score >25. Significantly higher MRSA count was recorded in blood, liver and kidney of MRSA-challenged mice as compared to healthy mice (P <0.05). Gram staining revealed the presence of varied size of multiple clusters of Gram-positive biofilm mass in the liver and kidney of MRSA-challenged mice. This study on pathogenesis of MRSA in mice would be useful in not only controlling the MRSA infection, but also in the development of effective therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four male pups were presented with complaint of red mass hanging from anus along with inappetence, vomition, dull and not passing feaces and urine. Animals were dehydrated and anemic. On basis of history, clinical sign and ultrasonography, all dogs were diagnosed as intussusceptions with prolapse of intussusceptum through anus. Before surgery, animals were maintained on medical treatment as condition of animals was critical. Intussusceptions mass hanging from anus were fresh which were washed with normal saline solution and were corrected by manual reduction with milking in all animals. Taking all aseptic precautions under general anesthesia corrected the intussusception with taking midline incision and after correction, laparotomy incision were closed as per the standard procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Labrador dog was brought with complaint of huge pendulous mass hanging on right side of neck region gradually increased in size over a period of one month. Clinical examination revealed it as large hard, circumscribed swelling present beneath the skin. The mass was removed surgically weighing 1.7 kg and histopathology confirmed fibrosarcoma. The dog showed uneventful recovery with no reocurrence after surgical removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 18 months old male Rottweiler dog was presented with history of red coloured mass protruding out from medial canthus of right eye since last one month. After clinical examination, the condition was diagnosed as unilateral prolapsed third eyelid gland and surgical correction was performed. There was no complication and dog showed uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four (3 Labrador and 1Doberman) bitches aged between 7-10 years were brought to the Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology with history of purulent vaginal discharge since last 5 to 8 days with distended abdomen. Two Labrador had history of mucopurulent discharge in preceeding estrous also and undergone medical treatment. Based on the history, clinical symptoms and sonography reports the condition was diagnosed as open pyometra which was successfully managed by ovariohysterectomy. Post-operative care included Intacef tazo (562 mg), Melonex (2 ml), Dexona (2 ml) and Tribivet (2 ml) alongwith antiseptic dressing with betadine solution and silverx ointment for 5 days. Animal showed uneventful recovery and sutures were removed after 12 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four bullocks were presented with fracture, bending from base and trauma leading to horn affections. History revealed horn rubbing against hard objects with head down and tilting towards the affected horn. Physical examination exhibited severe discomfort and pain on palpation of affected horn. The cases were tentatively diagnosed as horn cancer and were treated surgically by flap method. The animals were treated with flap method under sedation and cornual nerve block. Histopathology later confirmed squamous cell carcinoma. Post-operatively, all animals were managed with Antibiotics, Anti-inflammatories and Vitamins. All animals recovered without any complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which assessed the safety of intercoccygeal epidural buprenorphone and xylazine in combination with lignocaine by estimating several haemo-biochemical parameters. Using male buffalo calves, the researchers found that epidural administration of lignocaine alone or along with buprenorphine caused no significant changes in haemotological parameters. However, lignocaine with xylazine resulted in a drop in haemoglobin, packed-cell volume, and lymphocytes, among other changes.

Two horses were presented with history of floating worm in right eye along with corneal opacity, epiphora, conjunctivitis and poor vision. Clinical examination of eye revealed thread like worm having vigorous movement in aqueous humour causing corneal opacity. Eye worms were surgically removed under general anaesthesia with surgical site at 12 o’clock on the limbus. Post-operatively, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs were given. Both horses recovered uneventfully without any complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which evaluated the clinico-physiological effects of lumbar epidural anaesthesia through bupivacaine alone and in combination with medetomidine and fentanyl in buffalo calves. The animals were split into three groups with five members, and were all injected with 7 milliliters of the drug alter reconstituting with distilled water. It is concluded that bupivacaine alone or in combination with medetomidine and fentanyl can be safely utilized in clinical cases for thoraco abdominal surgery.

The article describes a study which investigated the effect of lignocaine, in combination with buprenorphine and xylazine, administered as an epidural anaesthesia to buffalo calves. The clinical parameters used include the measurement of induction time, duration and degree of sedation, and onset and duration of analgesia. It is concluded that epidural lignocaine along with xylazine and buprenorphine resulted to longer duration of analgesia and longer extent of analgesic.

The article discusses a study which evaluated the efficacy of bupivacaine alone and in combination with ketamine and detomidine for lumbar epidural analgesia in healthy, male buffalo calves aging 6-8 months. It shows that the onset of analgesia was earlier in calves which received bupivacaine and detomidine as compared to calves which received bupivacaine alone, and the group which received bupivacaine and ketamine. It is inferred that bradycardia in the group which received bupivacaine alone might be due to paralysis of cardiac sympathetic fibres.

A Murrah buffalo was presented with complaint of swelling on lower eyelid of both eye which gradually increased in size over than a last one month. Clinical examination revealed exophthalmos of eye and large hard swelling present beneath the skin. The mass was removed surgically under sedation and local anaesthesia. Histopathology of excised mass confirmed ocular lymphosarcoma. Numerous mitotic figures were present and lymphocytes of variable size and their nuclei had abnormal shape. Post-operative care alongwith antiseptic dressing were undertaken. The buffalo recovered uneventfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four cattle were presented with anorexia and abdominal distension with chronic recurrent tympany for last three months. Clinical examination revealed pale mucous membrane, absence of rumination and reduced ruminal motility. Rectal examination revealed distended and heavily impacted rumen along with pellet mucous coated feces. On basis of history, clinical examination and rectal palpation it was tentatively diagnosed as ruminal impaction and confirmative diagnosis were carried out by explorative rumenotomy. Impacted mass (40-50 kg polythene) were taken out from rumen of all four animals. Rumen impaction was due to excessive polythene bags, animals showed uneventful recovery and restoration of normal appetite after surgical intervention within ten days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A doe was brought with complaint of anorexia, bleating, head pressing against the wall and circling movement since last 1 month. On palpation of the occipital bone between the two horns leads to bleating. Surgical removal of coenurous cyst was done as operative site was blocked by 2% Lignocaine hydrochloride. A cruciate incision was given to remove the cyst. The flaps were sutured by interrupted pattern with silk. A benzoin seal was then applied over the wound. Dextrose saline 5% (500 ml) was administered continuously into the jugular vein during operation. Post-operative care was undertaken. Suture was removed after 8 days. The animal recovered uneventfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of the surgical management of evisceration of rumen in a cow calf. It recalls that a male cow calf was presented with tearing of skin, muscle and peritoneum of the left paralumbar fossa and evisceration of the rumen from the abdomen as a result of an automobile accident. The surgical process includes the resection of damaged tissue, closure of the perforation of the rumen and correction of the peritoneum. Sutures have been removed 10 days after surgery.

The article presents a study on the surgical management of intestinal intussusceptions in a Doberman pup. The researchers observed a four month old pup that was brought with recurrent prolapse of intestinal mass from the past seven days. They found that excessive worm load and enteritis might be the inciting factor behind the intussusception.

The article presents a case study on the surgical management of Obstructive Urolithiasis in six month old male zebu cow calf. It states that post-scrotal urethrotomy was performed due to dehydration and abdominal distension. It mentions that Urolithiasis happens in cattle who receive high rations in oil meals, estrogen of silica, and cereal grains. It notes that the dilution of calculogenic ions in the urine is an important concern in prevention of Urolithiasis in ruminants.

The article presents a case study of basal cell carcinoma in a German shepherd dog. Following complaints of overgrowth in the ventral abdominal region of the dog, radical surgical treatment has been recommended to remove the hard mass detected. Atropine sulphate and diazepam have been administered prior to surgery. The uneventful recovery of the dog with no growth recurrence have been recorded during the follow up period of six months.

The article reports on a case where preputial prolapse with extensive fibrosis in a seven-year old Sahiwal bull was successfully treated with circumcision. A circumscribed incision was made close to the affected part but care was taken not to include the elastic tissue layers of the penis. A suture was made on the elastic layer using an uninterrupted pattern. The epithelium was also sutured. The bull recovered within 12 days.

The article discusses the case of an adult barn owl or Tyto alba with a fracture of the tibiotarsus bone. It cited some common causes of fracture in birds. Topics covered include result of the owl's physical examination, details of the treatment administered to the owl, and the post-operative medications injected to the owl like Taxim and Dexona.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinico-physiological effects of epidural anaesthesia using lignocaine alone and in combination with ketamine in cow calves. Eight clinically healthy non-descript, stall- fed male cow calves aged 7 to 8 months and weighing 55 to 65 kg were used in the study. Animals were divided in two groups of four animals each. In (group A) lignocaine @ 0.5mg/kg body wt. and in (group B) lignocaine @ 0.5mg/kg body wt with ketamine @ 2 mg/kg body wt. was administered at first inter coccygeal epidural space. Clinical observations such as, onset, depth of analgesia, area of desensitization, motor incoordination, salivation, heart-rate, respiration rate and rectal temperature (°F) were recorded before and at 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150,180 and 240 minutes after injection of drug(s). Ruminal movements were recorded at every 30 minutes after the injection of drug(s) upto complete recovery and 24 hours after the injection. The onset of analgesia in group B was significantly shorter as compared to group A. Group B animals induced deeper analgesia as compared to group A. In group A animals decrease in heart rate was recorded whereas in group B animals heart rate was increased. In group A, decrease in RR was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluated the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of methanolic extract of Hemidesmus indicus root (MHIR) in combination with amoxicillin and clindamycin against biofilm-forming methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from milk samples of mastitic cows. Microdilution susceptibility testing and microtitre plate assays were used to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of MHIR and antibiotic combinations against MRSA (n = 12). Furthermore, in vitro findings were validated in a murine model. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of amoxicillin and clindamycin in combination with MHIR were significantly (P < 0·05) lower than when used alone against MRSA. In terms of antibacterial activity, MHIR showed additive interaction (fractional inhibitory concentration index >0·5-4) with amoxicillin and clindamycin against all the MRSA isolates, whereas MHIR synergizes (fractional biofilm inhibitory concentration index ≤0·5) the antibiofilm activity of amoxicillin and clindamycin against 58·33% and 83·33% of the MRSA isolates respectively. Amoxicillin/clindamycin in combination with MHIR significantly (P < 0·05) reduced disease activity score, and bacterial load and Gram-positive spots in kidney and liver of MRSA-infected mice. The combined efficacy of MHIR and amoxicillin/clindamycin was comparable to clindamycin alone but superior to amoxicillin alone. Hence, the combination of MHIR with amoxicillin/clindamycin is advocated in the treatment of MRSA-associated infections., (© 2022 Society for Applied Microbiology.)