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The paper presents the concept of emotional and decisional forgiveness proposed by Worthington et al. (Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 291-302, 2007 (See CR41)) and employing the Polish versions of the Decision to Forgive Scale and Emotional Forgiveness Scale developed in line with this theory. Both scales are tools measuring episodic forgiveness is forgiveness for a specific transgression that is made once. Decisional forgiveness is a declaration to forgive, whereas emotional forgiveness is a 'change of heart'. The results of exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis showed that the structure of the Polish scales is exactly the same as of the original tools, i.e., in case of the DTFS, a one-factor solution (CFI = .998, GFI = .990, RMSEA = .042), and in case of the EFS, a two-factor solution (CFI = .987; GFI = .984; RMSEA = .051). The Polish versions of the DTFS and EFS were significantly correlated with other tools of forgiveness (TRIM-18 - episodic forgiveness and HFS- dispositional forgiveness)., Author(s): Justyna Mróz [sup.1] , Kinga Kaleta [sup.1] , Ewa Soltys [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411821.f, 0000 0001 2292 9126, Department Psychology, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, , Krakowska 11, [...]

AbstractAlthough people with limb amputation are exposed to different offenses related to their physical disability, there is no research exploring ways they cope with such stressors. One of prosocial methods of dealing with interpersonal transgressions is forgiveness. The aim of the study was to investigate relationships between dispositional forgiveness, contextual factors, and decisional and emotional forgiveness of a particular offense in people living with limb loss. One hundred and two persons (58 females and 44 males) with limb amputation aged 18 to 75 (M = 41.69, SD = 14.39) took part in a study. Participants completed the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Decision to Forgive Scale, the Emotional Forgiveness Scale and five items regarding transgressions related to limb amputation. Results revealed that disposition to forgive and contextual factors like apology and relationship quality, but not the severity of transgression, were related to acts of forgiveness following particular transgressions. However, different variables explained distinct aspects of episodic forgiveness. Decisional forgiveness was related to disposition to forgive and apology being offered by the wrongdoer. Reduction of negative emotions was explained by dispositional overcoming unforgiveness, whereas presence of positive emotions was associated only with contextual factors (apology and quality of the relationship). The findings demonstrated the complexity of experiencing forgiveness in the population of amputees. Introducing the practical implications of the study in rehabilitation and counseling for people who lost their limbs is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although marital forgiveness has been found to increase marital satisfaction, no research to date has examined the actual mechanism. This could derive from the ABCM model of marital satisfaction (Hall, 2021), in which disposition to forgive is understood as one of the marriage maintenance strategies contributing to spousal happiness. In two cross-sectional studies, we examined the association between marital forgiveness and satisfaction. We also tested a model in which dispositional forgiveness mediates the link between forgiveness of a particular marital incident and satisfaction with spousal relationship, moderated by transgression severity and apology. The Marital Offence-Specific Forgiveness Scale, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale and measures of marital satisfaction were used. Positive main effects between forgiveness and multidimensional marital satisfaction emerged. Moderated mediation revealed the mediation effect of dispositional forgiveness, which did not depend on the level of the moderators (severity and apology). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although forgiveness has been found to reduce anxiety, no research to date has examined the actual mechanism. This could be derived from Murray Bowen's theory and his concept of differentiation of self (DoS). In the present cross-sectional study, we tested a model in which self-differentiation mediates the link between dispositional forgiveness and trait anxiety. The sample was composed of 216 individuals. Polish adaptations of the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, the Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were used. Results indicated that the three aspects of DoS (emotional reactivity, I-position, emotional cut-off) partially mediated the negative association between total forgiveness and anxiety. Emotional reactivity and emotional cut-off mediated the association between reduced unforgiveness and anxiety while positive forgiveness–anxiety link was mediated by I-position and emotional cut-off. The findings demonstrate that differentiation of self might be a mechanism via which forgiveness reduces anxiety after one has been hurt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the gerotranscendence process, marital satisfaction becomes especially important in old age. At the same time, researchers emphasise that the effect of seniors' personality on their marital satisfaction depends on many mediators. The analysis of literature suggests that one such variable might be forgiveness. Thus, the aim of the present research was to investigate whether forgiveness mediates the relationship between personality traits and marital satisfaction in late adulthood. The study involved 315 participants aged 60–75. Three psychological methods were used: (a) the Marital Satisfaction Questionnaire for Older Persons; (b) the NEO-Five Factor Inventory; and (c) the Marital Offence-Specific Forgiveness Scale. The analyses that have been undertaken revealed a number of significant associations. Neuroticism was positively related to resentment-avoidance and negatively to benevolence and marital satisfaction, whereas extraversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness were negatively correlated with resentment and positively with benevolence and satisfaction. The results also showed that both dimensions of dyadic forgiveness mediated the relationships between personality traits and marital satisfaction in ageing persons. They suggest that forgiveness of a spouse, when enhanced, could work as a buffer against the negative impact of neuroticism on marital happiness, as well as allowing the transfer of positive aspects of extraverted, agreeable and conscientious tendencies into marriage. Practical implications of the study for counselling older adults are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relationships between spirituality and forgiveness have been of considerable interest to researchers. However, results of their studies remain ambiguous. In the present study, we explored associations between spiritual intelligence and forgiveness both as a state and as a trait. Respondents (605) aged 18–79 completed the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory. The results revealed that all aspects of spiritual intelligence showed positive correlations with most dimensions of trait forgiveness, whereas some showed a negative association with revenge and positive correlation with benevolence motivation. Moreover, different aspects of dispositional forgiveness mediated the link between two spiritual intelligence dimensions (personal meaning production and transcendental awareness) and episodic forgiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze family mechanisms in the development of adolescents’ social functioning. It focused on the relation between father and mother. It was assumed that those subjects who assess their parents’ marital quality as low are more hostile in interpersonal situations, while individuals who perceive high marital satisfaction in their parents display a more pro-social behaviour.The Marital Satisfaction Scale by M. Braun-Gałkowska (1985) with a modification by A. Gałkowska (1999) and the Interpersonal Style Scale by J.M. Stanik (1994a; 1994b) were used in the study. 344 adolescents were examined. The results of the correlation indicated that there is a connection between the perceived parents’ marital quality and the social functioning of young people in the following styles: cooperative-overconventional, docile-dependent and self-effacing–masochistic, as well as realism and pessimism in interactions (a weak correlation, but a significant one).Moreover, the division into groups of respondents as regards their assessment of their parents’marriage (as low, average and highly successful) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) allowed to capture the specificity of the interpersonal functioning of each. Those respondents who perceived their parents as the most satisfied with their relationship turned out to be the most prosocial and independent, while those who evaluated their parents’ relationship the lowest turned out to be the least friendly towards others, and the most pessimistic. These results support the hypothesis, but only in some styles the differences were statistically significant (in cooperative-overconventional and docile-dependent styles, and pessimism scale). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]