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The Algae hydroid Thyroscyphus ramosus of the Indian subcontinent is the most easily recognizable fleshy colonial hydroid playing a vital role in benthic communities. Though this fauna is abundant, it has remained unexplored for the past nine decades in India. This study provides a detailed report of the morphology, ecology and geographical locations of T. ramosus. Morphological traits such as maximum height, gonophore, and theca twist directions were studied in detail. The molecular biological data confirms the identity of T. ramosus and its abundance in Palk Bay, India. Important molecular markers such as 18S, 16S rRNA sequences of T. ramosus were analyzed and compared with similar species in NCBI. Using 18S sequence data, it is proven that T. ramosus is a distinct and valid species, however, interestingly the 16S rRNA forms clades with other species of the same genera (T. fruticosus and T. bedoti) rather than the same species. Moreover the mtCOI forms a different clade with other genera. Furthermore, these data may enhance the advancement of identification in non-monophyletic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (JQ989348) was isolated from deep sea water sample and used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs were confirmed by analyzing surface plasmon resonance using UV-visible spectrophotometer at 420 nm. Further scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed the range of particle size between 13 and 76 nm and XRD pattern authorizes the anisotropic crystalline nature of AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared spectrum endorsed the presence of high amount of proteins and other secondary metabolites in synthesized AgNPs influence the reduction process and stabilization of nanoparticles. The inhibitory activity of AgNPs was tested against human pathogens showed high activity against Eschericia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Aeromonas sp., and Cornebacterium sp. demonstrating its antimicrobial value against pathogenic diseases. Additionally, biologically synthesized AgNPs have notable anti-biofilm activity against primary biofilm forming bacteria P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The MTT assay method was evaluated using human cervical cancer cells exposed the AgNPs have excellent cytotoxic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimation of the nutritional profile of edible fishes is essential, and thus, we have evaluated nutritional composition and amino and fatty acids profiling of recently commercialized marine pufferfishes from the coast of Mandapam in the Gulf of Mannar. Proximate analyses including assessment of ash, moisture, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the muscles of five edible marine pufferfishes were carried out. Major fatty acids profile of five fish species disclosed the presence of saturated fatty acids (SFA, 6.22-16.78%), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs, 3.01-10.59%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, 8.4-20.01%). The overall percentage of omega fatty acids ranged between ω3 and ω6 (5.63-14.01% and 2.77-6.1%), and the ratio of ω3/ω6 was 3.08-2.03% and ω6/ω3 was 0.32-0.49%. Moreover, n-3 PUFA was more than n-6 PUFA. In contrast, major amino acids in five fish species were glycine (4.77%), lysine (3.57%), methionine (2.91%), arginine (2.04%), and threonine (1.81%). The results obtained from this study can act as baseline data for evaluating the nutritional profiles of various fishes in the future. This is the first report of fatty and amino acids analysis on recently commercialized marine pufferfishes in the Gulf of Mannar region, and this finding may lead to new insights for further research., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Metformin is widely used as a frontline medicine of type-II diabetes. Frequent overdose side-effects and their consequent adversative need to be reduced. The novel source of marine hydrozoa, Thyroscyphus ramosus derived chitosan combined metformin drug was administrated to evaluate the antidiabetic potential on a high-fat diet (HFD) with streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The primary analysis of In vitro antioxidant activity was tested for various solvent dissolved chitosan. Based on their IC 50 dose values, CsnAA was chosen for further experiments. The chitosan was combined with metformin by sonication and confirmed through XRD, FTIR and SEM analysis. The enhanced activity was observed in 100 mg/kg metformin combined with CSN500mg/kg. The level of serum bilirubin, total protein, SGH, liver glycogen, Glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6- phosphatase values were significantly similar to metformin 300 mg/kg treated group. With this beneficiary, the novel chitosan was recommended to administrate with metformin to improve the drug efficacy and reduction of overdose lethal effects., Competing Interests: Declarations of Competing Interest None., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In the present study pufferfish, Arothron immaculatus muscle methanol extract (AIME) was used to evaluate the antidiabetic activity against the high-fat diet (HFD) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat models. Initially, the In vitro antioxidant activity of the different muscle extract was evaluated which showed that AIME has higher efficiency to scavenge the free radicals. The animal study results revealed that the AIME could decrease the blood glucose level after 14 days of oral treatment and recover the animal from the severe progression of the disease. The LC-ESI/MS analysis of AIME extract revealed the presence of compounds such as docosahexaenoic acid, adrenic acid, docosanol, codeine and metoprolol. Among these compounds, docosahexaenoic acid, adrenic acid and docosanol are reported for its antidiabetic studies. Hence, the muscle is recommended to consume by humans as natural food in order to overcome the development of diabetes. This is the first study on the muscle extract of marine pufferfish which is used as antidiabetic agent to treat the diabetes-induced in the animal model., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is very common metabolic disorder affecting people of all age groups. The change in life style and environmental factors are the considerable factors which are involved in the development of the disorder. The different parts of medicinal plants vary in their composition of bioactive compounds. There are reports on antidiabetic activity of C. auriculata L. flower and leaves. Traditionally bud of C. auriculata L. is used to treat diabetes rather than flower. This study aims to explore the antidiabetic efficiency of bud and flower and to identify the differential composition of phycompounds present in bud and flower parts of C. auriculata L. The compounds present in the bud and flower parts were identified using LC-ESI/MS analysis. Antidiabetic activity of C. auriculata L. bud and flower parts was studied in high fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. During which parameters such as feed intake, water intake, and body weight were monitored. After 21 days of the study, blood parameters like insulin, glucose, lipid profile, hepatic function test, renal function test and oxidative stress markers were analysed. Real time PCR was done to monitor the expression of IRS2 and GRIA2 genes. The LC-ESI/MS analysis showed the presence of various phenolics and flavonoid compounds specific to bud and flower parts. The antidiabetic activity results showed that the animal treated with C. auriculata L. bud ethanol extract (CABE500) could better reverse and control the progression of the disease compared to the flower ethanol extract. The gene expression studies revealed that regulation of IRS2 gene occurred in bud but not in flower extract treated animal livers and no differential expression of GRIA2 gene in all the experimental groups. C. auriculata L. bud extract can potentially better control the diabetes compared to the flower extract., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

In the present study, the heavy metal concentration in different organs (skin, tissue, liver, kidney, gill, intestine, and ovary) and muscle proximate composition were studied in marine edible puffer fishes Takifugu oblongus, Lagocephalus guentheri, Arothron hispidus, Chelonodon patoca and Arothron immaculatus collected from Mandapam fish landing centre, South east coast of India. Heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb & Zn) were analyzed in different organs for the above mentioned species. The heavy metals concentration ranges in fish organs of all the five species were Cu (0.42 -6.31 mg/kg), Cd (0.01-0.79 mg/kg), Pb (5.80-19.87 mg/kg), and Zn (6.75-65.08 mg/kg). Zn was detected higher in all the samples followed by Pb, Cu and Cd. The proximate composition was determined in edible muscle tissues of all the five species. The highest and lowest protein contents were observed in T. oblongus (20.6 ± 0.6%) and C. patoca (17.9 ± 0.3%). In the present study, heavy metal concentrations were found very high in all the internal organs when compared to muscle tissues. Further, this is the first report on distribution of heavy metals and proximate compositions of commercialized important edible puffer fishes from Mandapam coast of Gulf of Mannar, Southeast coast of India.