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Objective(s): Self-care is considered the most important issue for preserving and maintaining health. The present study aimed to investigate the components of the health belief model and peer pressure on self-care behaviors in adolescents. Method: This was a descriptive study. The samples were selected through multistage cluster sampling among adolescents from three regions of Tehran. Data was collected using a self-designed questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22. Results: A total of 384 individuals participated in the study [217 male (56.5%), and 167 female (43.5%)]. The mean age of the respondents was 26.03 years (SD = 5.03), and the mean self-care score was 0.46 (SD = 0.49). The results of the logistic regression analysis investigating the factors influencing youth self-care showed that with a one-point increase in perceived barriers, self-care decreased by 95% (OR=0.04, 95% Cl: 0.01-0.14, p

This study deals with written reflections from final-year undergraduate pre-service teachers on the implementation of project-based learning (PjBL) during the school practicum. The research focuses on highlighting undergraduate pre-service teachers’ meaning through reflexive thematic analysis as well as highlighting modes of expressing positions—according to a specific model categorizing these modes—on the implementation of child-centered instructional approaches such as Pj-BL. The research methodology included written reflections by 40 undergraduate student teachers in a 4-year university BA of preparing primary school teachers by applying the convenient sampling strategy. The participants were attending their final school teaching practice component of their studies. The study identifies prospective teachers’ positive points, concerns, and challenges when applying Pj-BL. The findings also indicate that prospective teachers need to further develop their reflective thinking skills to provide explanations and solutions and identify areas of personal improvement when they produce written reflective reports.

Introduction:ntroduction: This basic theory study is a qualitative study of the phenomenon of prostitution and the prevalence of illegitimate relationships and sexual promiscuity in society that has led to the phenomenon of "collapse" and examines the causal conditions, intervening conditions, contexts, strategies and strategy consequences. Used, pays. Methods:Initially, using a semi-structured interview technique, in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 women who were imprisoned in the central court of Tehran for illicit relationships, prostitution or setting up brothels, through purposeful sampling with maximum diversity. done. After the tenth interview, conceptual saturation was achieved. To be sure, the interview continued until the tenth person. The data are categorized using the Strauss-Corbin paradigm model and then plotted. Findings:The results showed that illegitimate relationships, sexual perversion, inclination towards bad friends, naivety and material hardships are among the causes of women committing prostitution. Divorce of parents, deep childhood injuries, poverty and inappropriate family environment are among the intervening factors of this social crime, which leads to strategies such as avoidance of school, benevolence, perversion for survival, trying to compensate and imitate the deviation.

The importance of the role of rural women in human resources is important, not only in domestic activities, but also in production activities outside the home. according to women are engaged in activities both at home and abroad, and their share in economic and social activities needs to be determined more accurately and extensively. In this article, Has been used Grounded theory method and Participatory Rural Appraisal, Rapid Rural Assessment, Semi-structured interviews, observation and walking in the field and group discussion techniques, and has used snowball techniques for Selection of statistical samples up to theoretical saturation stage (In the twenty fifth person) in the data, and after analyzing the collected data in the field Through coding (open, axial, and selective), by choosing a central category of "Empowering rural women" a theory has been extracted based on collected data from the field. Then, according to data analysis based on the principles of the dominant theory of theory, the theory of "Empowering rural women as a factor for local development" was obtained from the data. Then a suggestion was made to get out of this situation. This article reviews the factors affecting rural women empowerment in Eshgabad Neyshabur District, specifically the rural handicrafts of these women in relation to local development. The results show that the participation of villagers, especially rural women, in development programs is essential to achieving the goals of comprehensive development. Therefore, it is possible to provide a theory that includes all the elements of a complete research and provide strategic suggestions for "empowering rural women as a factor for local development." Research objectives: Investigating the problems and factors affecting the empowerment of rural women in Ashgabat village of Neishabour city. Investigation of artifacts of rural women's handicrafts in Ashgabat village in connection with local development Research questions: What factors affect the empowerment of rural women in Ashgabat village of Neishabour city? How are the products of women's rural handicrafts in Ashgabat rural district related to local development in this region?

This study focuses upon the effectiveness of project-based learning on primary school pupils with learning difficulties regarding their academic performance and attitudes towards self efficacy, task value, group work and teaching methods applied. The present study is a part of a larger one that included six Greek fourth-grade primary school mainstream classrooms with ninety-four pupils of mixed learning abilities. An eight-week project was implemented within the curriculum area of environmental studies with a topic of "sea animals". The methodology applied in this study was a combination of a pre-experimental design (the one group pre- post-test design) and the case study research design. In the present study data were used only for pupils with learning difficulties in those classes. The findings of the present study support that pupils with learning difficulties can gain benefits through project based learning in academic performance, motivation (self-efficacy and task value in terms of environmental studies) and group work (acceptance in the group and engagement in the learning process). The students also preferred experiential learning to traditional teaching. The implications of our findings for the design of project-based learning programmes in the environmental studies with pupils with learning difficulties are also discussed. (Contains 3 tables.)

The present study explores Greek primary school teachers' perceptions and views on pupil diversity in the classroom environment. A large-scale survey was carried out in order to examine teachers' perceptions about pupil diversity and to identify personal and/or educational characteristics that can influence or predict these perceptions. The outcomes of the study reveal that Greek primary school teachers view diversity as a challenge more than as a barrier in teaching and learning, they can recognise at a high level the key elements of differentiated instruction as part of managing pupil diversity in their class and hold a negative-to-neutral stance on traditional curriculum implementation practices. The most influential factors and predictors of these perceptions and views are also presented and discussed.

Suicide as a Passage Through Silent Issues: A Case Study of Suicide Attempt Survivors in Tehran Zeinab Kouchakian[1] , Alireza Kaldi[2] , Alireza Mohsenitabrizi[3] Received: 06/4/2018 Accepted: 22/12/2018 Abstract Suicide, as a conscious action in hurting oneself causing death, is among the social issues of human society that is increasing day by day. Suicide epidemiological studies inIran have shown that attempting suicide and committing an act of suicide is increasing. Using a qualitative approach, and based on the grounded theory of the social and cultural reasons behind suicide attempt, the current study aims to investigate the interaction between the person who commits suicide and his/her family, group and society as well as its relationship with suicide attempt. Through this, the present study seeks to find a more vivid image of the relationship between [1]. Ph.D. student of Cultural Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch of Tehran. Irankouchakian@yahoo.com [2]. Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author). arkaldi@yahoo.com [3]. Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Iran mohsenit@ut.ac.ir

Objectives: Establishing social relationships and creating and reinforcing social networks among the elderly people may create social capital. Thus, this research aimed to translate Onyx and Bullen social capital questionnaire into Persian version and evaluate its validity and reliability for elderly people. Methods & Materials: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 192 elderly people over 60 years old. To translate social capital instrument from English into Persian, we used the international quality of life assessment approach. Criterion validity of the instrument was using Geriatric Depression Scale (5 items), social health, and general health questionnaires. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. Results: According to our findings with regard to quality of the translation (clarity of translation, common language use, and conceptual equivalence, as well as general quality of translation), translators 3 and 4 found most items had clarity of translation (86.6%), usage of common perception (76.3%), conceptual consistency (76.3%), and overall quality of translation (78.9%). In other words, all were at a satisfactory level. The results showed that from experts’ points of view, the Persian version of the questionnaire was good with regard to translation quality and acceptable at other aspects. In other words, it was not unacceptable with regard to any aspect. Interclass correlations (ICC) of the dimensions were more than 0.7. The Cronbach coefficient α was calculated as 0.96 for the overall scale. Factor analysis of this study among Iranian elderly found 7 factors, which had discreet differences with Onyx configuration. Thus, the questions related to neighborhood relations were put in the same factor with social cooperation, and some items related to social efficiency were put in the factor of social cooperation and some in the factor of trust feeling. These 7 factors all together explained 48.71% of the variance (KMO=0.835). The distribution of the variance of scores for 7 factors was as follows: social cooperation, 58.11%; trust feeling, 48.8%; life worthwhile, 44.8%; work relations, 83,6%; accepting differences, 79.6%; family relationships, 58.6%; and local solidarity, 83.6%. Our findings also showed a negative and significant relationship between depression level and social capital (P=0.001). There was also a positive and significant association between social and general health level with social capital (P=0.001). Conclusion: The Persian version of the questionnaire for this population has acceptable levels of face validity based on clarity, simplicity, and understandability of the questions, answers, and explanations of the Persian version of the social capital questionnaire. This version of the questionnaire also had acceptable levels in terms of suitability of the translation of the questionnaire, its suitability for Iranian community, its understandability, and suitability for needs assessment, discriminate validity (the internal consistency of the Persian version of questionnaire), test-retest reliability (absolute, and relative), and internal consistency. Therefore, this instrument is suitable for evaluating the level of social capital among the Iranian elderly people.

This study focuses upon the effectiveness of structured co-operative group work on primary school students, aged between 8.5 and 9.5 years old, regarding their content knowledge, attitudes towards co-operative group work, experiential learning and open-ended curriculum as well as students' social and learning behaviour during co-operative group work. A cross-curricular educational programme was implemented within the curriculum area of environmental studies entitled "traffic education". The methodology applied in this study was the experimental and the case study research designs. The findings of the present study support the view that pupils can gain benefits through structured group work co-operation in obtaining content knowledge and group work skills, as well as in developing positive attitudes towards group work, experiential learning, open-ended curriculum and the co-operation with their peers with learning difficulties (LDs). Changes in the relationships with the peers were not affected after the implementation of the educational programme.

This study focuses upon the effectiveness of project-based learning on primary school pupils regarding their content knowledge and attitudes towards self-efficacy, task value, group work, teaching methods applied and peers from diverse ethnic backgrounds. A cross-curricular project was implemented within the curriculum area of environmental studies under the title of "sea animals". The methodology applied in this study was the quasi-experimental research design. The findings of the present study support the view that pupils can gain benefits through project-based learning in obtaining content knowledge and group work skills and that they became less favourable to traditional teaching versus experiential learning. Motivation (self-efficacy and task value in terms of environmental studies) and developing positive attitudes towards peers from a different ethnic background were changed in moderate levels after the project. (Contains 2 tables.)

This study focuses upon identifying and classifying prospective teachers' perceptions of self-competence in teaching after a four-year university course on primary education and the relationship between their personal well-being, views, emotions and stress about teaching and their teaching competencies during their undergraduate school teaching practice. Data collection was obtained by questionnaires from two cohorts of final-year student teachers in a Greek university department of primary education (n = 170). The findings revealed that prospective teachers rated their general teaching skills above moderate levels indicating that they felt just competent to start teaching, their personal well-being was not strongly affected by the teaching itself and did not indicate high levels of stress. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion about developing positive teaching experiences and effective teaching competencies for prospective teachers. (Contains 6 tables.)

This qualitative study examined mature student teachers in initial teacher preparation for primary schools in Greece. More specifically it sought to identify the profile of mature student teachers, their intentions to become primary school teachers, their academic needs, concerns and expectations as well as their coping strategies across private and public spheres in university departments preparing primary school teachers. Adapting an ethnographic research approach and a case study design, 15 mature student teachers were followed throughout the final year of their studies, investigating patterns of personal and academic identities developed in order to become primary school teachers. Mature student teachers consist of a limited number in the total higher education student population. However their skills and experiences can be regarded as significant in course completion and contributing to a high standard of education in both the university and primary schools. (Contains 1 note.)

Objectives: This study is aimed to investigate the independency status of the male elderly blind war survivors. Methods & Materials: The study was a cross sectional study on 312 male elderly blind war survivors over 40-year in Mashad city (Iran). The analysis compared among 3 age groups 40-49, 50-59 and over 60 years old. Barthel index and Lawton-Bordy were used to assess activities of daily living (ADL). Data analysis conducted in SPSS-16 using ANOVA, cross tables and Pearson tests. Results: Participants were 312 people with mean age of 47.3(6.71) who 99% were male, all married while 82% unemployed. None of the participants were independent in all daily activities (IADL). There was a significant association between level of education and independency in some activities of daily living. Independency in telephone use, drug management, financial management, transfers on leveled surfaces and stepping in, over 60-year old group were significantly less than the other age groups. Conclusion: As the male blind war survivors got older, their independencies in activities of daily living obviously decreased. The result of this study suggested that such changes may occur earlier among blind people. More researches in regards to different action plans for aforementioned elderly are required to postpone these changes in order to improve their qualities of life.

Objectives: The world is aging. Elderly population of the cities increased from 45% in 1975 to 57% in 1995. WHO reported that the percentage of elderly population in the years 2006 and 2050 has the following: Africa (6%, 9%), Asia (9%, 24%), Europe (21%, 34%), Latin America and the Caribbean (9%, 24 %), North America (17%, 27%), Pacific (14%, 25%) respectively. In 1995, the population over 60 years in Iran was 6.6% of the total population. In 1999, this figure reached 7.8% and will be 10.3% in 2021. One necessary need of elderly people having a healthy environment and for providing this need in the world, many studies have been done. WHO is named this year (2011) "urbanization and health" and during an international project titled "Age-friendly cities" has clear priorities. Methods & Materials: There were a few reports on seniors in Iran, so this research was conducted based on elderly and their caregivers. Qualitative research method was used. Based on "purposeful sampling" method elderly people over 60 years were selected in two Shahid Montazeri and Shahid Monem Pour health centers of Tabriz. They arranged in eight-person groups and characteristics of age-friendly cities by the operator discuss proposed and the obtained comments of focus group discussions and recorded and wrote down line by line. The information analyzed as a "content analysis" and results were extracted. Results: The participants comments of Shahid Montazeri focus group discussion were as follows: the most common complaints were about sewer rats and non-existence of moral Security in the park, the second, leading cause of poor neighborhoods and parking lights on, the third was: trees are in front of lights. They said, "Station location is inappropriate and the toilet seat in the park does not exist". Comments of seniors in Zafaranieh health centers were as follows: Most complain were about of sewer rats, stray dogs, the lack of shelter in bus station-a bad positions of bus station, the lack of chairs in the station, bus delays and crowded shopping center and in the second were: sewage problems ,bad bus route, bad bus and bad traffic culture. Conclusion: The results showed there are required to intervention and collaboration of city organization for providing elder people needs.

Objective: Among the traditional and modern drugs, appearance and spreading of ecstasy drugs is a new phenomenon that has affected different nations, among them Iranian youth. While, it seems that unawareness in society of these industrial drugs, has a great influence in spreading its use. This research was conducted to evaluate students' knowledge about the effects of ecstasy drugs. Materials & Methods: This study is a descriptive and cross-sectional research. 154 high school students, by simple random sampling, in district 9 of Tehran were selected and their awareness about research object were evaluated by researcher made questionnaire. The face validity of questionnaire was confirmed by specialists consideiation and its rehabilitee was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (r = 0.85). Data were analyzed by Correlation coefficient and Mann-Whitney U. Results: 14.7 percent of responses were incorrect, and 38 percent were don’t know. Students' awareness of accidents and bad effects of ecstasy drugs is in a low level. There was no significant difference between boys and girls' knowledge about the effects of ecstacy (P= 0.573). Also, there was no significant relation between student sexuality and their awareness about Ecstasy side effects (P=0.572). Conclusion: Students' knowledge about the Effects of ecstasy drugs is in a low level (47.3 percent).

Objectives: Falls by elderly people area frequent cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in institutionalized elders. to describe the features of falls among institutionalized elderly people. Methods & Materials: characteristics of falls in the preceding six months (March 2006 - September 2006) that occurred among elder lies (aged over 60years) with normal physical function and cognitive status, who lived at Kahrizak Institute, along term nursing home in Tehran, were surveyed and analyzed. Results: The mean age of the patients with falls was 76.9 yrs. These numbers of falls had occurred among 29 elders that 48.3% were women and 51.7% were men. 57.6% off alls were simple and elders could standup immediately independently. 42.4% of falls needed to help for standup, 2 elder person (2.6%) had sever consequence of fall and had fractures. (Skull fracture, head trauma & hip fracture) 30.3% of falls occurred in yard, 28.9% at room, 18.4%inhallway, 14.5% at WC, .3.9%at bathroom, and 3.9% at lunch saloon. Analysis of the time of falls showed: 45.3% of falls occurred at 7bl2 am, 13.2% at the lunch time (12bI4), 17% at 14b19, 11.3%at night (19b4 am), and 13.2% at 4b7 am. Conclusion: falls among elder lies occur mainly outside of room. And occur at the time of maximum activities, for example at morning; also falls have been happened more in subjects older, and occasionally result in sever injury such as head trauma, skull fracture, femur and pelvis fracture and cause more mortality and morbidity. Control of environmental risk factors could be protective factors against falls.

The aim of this study was to examine the employment status of the elderly over 60. A survey was carried out on the employment status of the elderly referring to the Social Security Organization in Tehran. A Questionnaire along with interview was used for data collection. The samples were chosen randomly and selected through the people referring to 30 social security offices in Tehran, 15 people from each office and totally 450. To analyse the data, descriptional statistics and Chisquare test were applied. Based on the results, 86% of the elderly are unofficially employed. Also, 95.7% of the questioned people are working after retirement and 7.2% have two jobs at the same time. 70.9% declared that their income is not sufficient for life expenses. 97.4% said that they are employed contract-based and temporary. 58.2% of them assumed that their main present problem is inability to cover the life expenses. Therefore, different needs of the elderly should be studied to improve their living status by providing them necessary support. This subject can be implemented under social policy Plan and through compiling a comprehensive welfare act for the elderly and providing proper services adapted to their needs.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2010.08.010 Byline: Erik Malzahn (1), Stilianos Ciprianidis (1), Krisztina Kaldi (2), Tobias Schafmeier (1), Michael Brunner (1) Keywords: SIGNALING; CELLBIO Abstract: Light responses and photoadaptation of Neurospora depend on the photosensory light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) domains of the circadian transcription factor White Collar Complex (WCC) and its negative regulator VIVID (VVD). We found that light triggers LOV-mediated dimerization of the WCC. The activated WCC induces expression of VVD, which then disrupts and inactivates the WCC homodimers by the competitive formation of WCC-VVD heterodimers, leading to photoadaptation. During the day, expression levels of VVD correlate with light intensity, allowing photoadaptation over several orders of magnitude. At night, previously synthesized VVD serves as a molecular memory of the brightness of the preceding day and suppresses responses to light cues of lower intensity. We show that VVD is essential to discriminate between day and night, even in naturally ambiguous photoperiods with moonlight. Author Affiliation: (1) University of Heidelberg Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany (2) Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, POB 259 H-1444 Budapest, Hungary Article History: Received 16 February 2010; Revised 16 June 2010; Accepted 7 August 2010 Article Note: (miscellaneous) Published: September 2, 2010