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Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of spirulina in the management of oral submucous fibrosis. Methodology: Databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane, EBSCO-host, Scopus, Science Direct, Clinical Trial Registry- India (CTRI) and Google scholar), review articles, bibliographies and related journal were searched from 1st January 2010 to 30th May 2020, using various combinations of MeSH terms and keywords. Results: A total of 5 clinical trials were analysed for the review, of which 4 were randomized controlled trials and 1 was non-randomized controlled trial. Mouth opening and burning sensation were analysed as primary outcome in all 5 studies. For both outcomes some studies reported statistically significant difference whereas others showed non-significant results on comparing with different interventions. Also, high risk of bias was observed among studies after performing quality analysis. Conclusion: Although the studies suggest efficacy of spirulina in management of OSF, but due to the high risk of bias there is a weak evidence regarding the effectiveness of spirulina in treating OSF. So, more uniform and standard trials on larger population should be carried out.

Byline: Ritesh. Kalaskar, Ashita. Kalaskar Sir, Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a congenital syndrome characterized by sparse hair, oligodontia and reduced sweating. [sup][1] It is caused by mutation in the [...]

Introduction: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic autoimmune condition requiring prompt treatment to alleviate the signs and symptoms. There is weak evidence emphasizing the efficacy of any one therapy. Steroids, of all the therapies, have proved to be effective and hence considered as the standard care for OLP. However, the complications associated with it further worsen the patient's condition. Alternative safe approaches such as herbal interventions (HIs) have been tried in OLP. Their efficacies could only be evaluated from properly designed research protocols such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The present systematic review aims to assess the efficacy of HIs compared to steroids in RCTs involving OLP. Materials and Methods: An extensive search for HIs in OLP was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, and gray literature. Eight studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Results: In all the studies, clinical severity was significantly reduced in within-group comparisons, whereas between-group comparisons showed nonsignificant results, except for total glucosides of paeony capsules. Conclusion: Efficacy of herbal therapy in OLP should be weighed against the high bias in the studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroblastoma is an extremely rare pediatric neoplasm whose prognosis becomes poor and poor as the age advances. It can be sporadic or nonfamilial in origin. It is primarily a tumor of abdominal origin from where it metastasis to lymph nodes, liver, intracranial and orbital sites, and central nervous system. There is no standard dental treatment protocol for the management of neuroblastoma due to its poor survival rate and rarity. However, dental treatment may follow the protocol of preventive and restorative. Surgicals should be performed under supervision as it may trigger metastasis. We report a rare case of neuroblastoma in a 3-year-old child presenting classical oral manifestations such as bilateral palatal swelling, rolled border ulcer on the posterior part of hard palate adjacent to primary molars, and bilateral proptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cleft lip and palate, the most common developmental deformity seen worldwide, may be either genetic or environmental in origin. Recent research clearly shows the inter-relationship between environmental risk factors and development of oral clefts. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of deft lip and palate in the Nagpur region of India and to evaluate environmental risk factors associated with the occurrence of this orofacial abnormality. Methods: The parents of infants born with or without cleft lip and palate were subjected to guestionnaires that elicited sociodemographic profiles and histories of maternal dietary, medical, and environmental risk factors as well family histories of cleft. A multifactorial comparison of environmental risk factors associated with this deformity was performed. Results: The prevalence of cleft lip and palate and cleft palate was found to be 0.66% and 027%, respectively, in the Nagpur region. The results demonstrated a positive association between cleft lip and palate and the environmental risk factors of nutritional deficiency, anemia, and self-administered medications. Conclusion: Several environmental risk factors appear to play an important role in the development of cleft lip and palate in a Central Indian population of low socioeconomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by short limbs, post-axial polydactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, edentulous mandibular incisor region, absence of mucobuccal fold, congenitally missing teeth, slight serrations of the alveolar ridge and multiple small alveolar notches. The clinical report not only describes the classical oral and dental manifestations of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome but also presents unusual findings such as single-rooted and funnel-shaped primary first molars, single conical roots of primary second molars and taurodontisum, which must be considered in the differential diagnostic criteria to avoid misdiagnosis of syndromes. The article also discusses the differential diagnosis and preventive and therapeutic oral health care for these patients. The management of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is multidisciplinary and, therefore, the oral health care provider should get updated with latest knowledge for timely referral to prevent the patient from further complications of heart defect and bony deformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unicystic ameloblastoma is a rare, benign, locally invasive odontogenic neoplasm of young age that show clinical, radiographic, or gross features of an odontogenic cyst, but histologically shows typical ameloblastomatous epithelium lining part of the cyst cavity, with or without luminal and/or mural tumor growth. The article presents atypical cases of a large, asymptomatic unicystic ameloblastoma of posterior maxilla and mandibular molar-ramus regions which were treated by surgical enucleation and application of Carnoy's solution for 3 min. The article also describes the importance and complexity of differential diagnosis of an odontogenic lesion sharing common clinical and radiographical features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supernumerary teeth are the most common developmental dental anomaly resulting from hyperactivity of dental lamina, dichotomy, environmental factor, or polygenetic process of atavism. Supernumerary teeth present classical oral complication such as impaction of adjacent teeth, crowding, diastema formation, rotation, displacement of teeth, and occlusal interference. A dentigerous cyst associated with anterior supernumerary teeth (mesiodens) is rare and accounts for 5% of all dentigerous cysts. The present case reports describe the successful management of the impacted permanent maxillary central incisor positioned high in the vestibule. A combination of surgical and orthodontic techniques was employed to improve treatment outcome with greater hard and soft tissue preservation and to prevent psychological problems. In the surgical phase, supernumerary teeth and dentigerous cyst were removed. Subsequently traction was employed by bonding bracket on the labial surface using closed and open eruption techniques. Successively, fixed orthodontic treatment was started to align permanent maxillary central incisors in an occlusal plane. Thus, combination of surgical and orthodontic method can be the treatment of choice over surgical extraction, implant placement, and surgical repositioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avulsion is serious injury that may encounter during endotracheal intubation and its management often presents a challenge. Replantation of the avulsed tooth can restore esthetic appearance and occlusal function shortly after the injury. The present article describes the management of air-dried maxillary permanent incisors that have been avulsed due to direct laryngoscopy during the induction of general anesthesia for tonsillectomy procedure. The replanted maxillary central incisors had maintained its function and esthetic for 1 year after replantation. Children in a mixed dentition phase are high-risk group children for traumatic dental injury during laryngoscopy; therefore, Anesthetic Departments should have local protocols to refer patients for dental treatment postoperatively in the event of trauma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulpal necrosis in young permanent teeth often results in teeth with open apex, thin root walls and poor crown root ratio. Out of the available treatment options maturogenesis has been the most conservative option that exploits full potential of pulp for dentin deposition. Maturogenesis involves disinfecting the root canal system followed by stimulation of blood clot from the periapical tissue, which provides a matrix into which the cell could grow and sealing the coronal excess. In the present case report, tri antibacterial paste (3 Mix) was used as an intracanal medicament that proved successful in stimulating vital pulp cells of the periapical region for maturogenesis. Five months radiograph follow-up showed thickening of lateral dentinal walls, which progress until 15 months resulting in apical closure, thickening of lateral dentinal walls and increase root length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) has been extensively used in orthodontic practice for over a century, and it is claimed to benefit upper airway morphology. However, its effect in actually alleviating mouth breathing has remained unexplored. This systematic review was planned with an objective to provide a comprehensive synthesis of the effects of RME on upper airway volume and most importantly, its role in alleviating mouth breathing., Methods: A literature search of electronic databases were done for the time period of 2000-2018. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs conducted on 8-15-year-old children who received bonded or banded RME and upper airway measured using three-dimensional (3D) imaging were included., Results: Twelve studies (two RCTs, nine nonrandomized clinical trials, and one non-RCT) were included in this systematic review, and nine studies were included for meta-analysis. Among the evaluated parameters, nasal cavity volume showed a significant increase which was maintained even after the retention phase, whereas nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal volume did not report a significant change., Conclusion: Based on this systematic review, it can be concluded that RME causes a significant increase in nasal cavity volume, but its effect on nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal volume is not statistically significant in majority of studies. This increase in volume may not be considered as an equivalent for enhancement of airway and function unless proven so. In order to establish its significance in the improvement of breathing, it is necessary to conduct more well-designed RCTs with samples actually comprising mouth breathers., How to Cite This Article: Balasubramanian S, Kalaskar R, Kalaskar A. Rapid Maxillary Expansion and Upper Airway Volume: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis on the Role of Rapid Maxillary Expansion in Mouth Breathing. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(5):617-630., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: Dr Ritesh Kalaskar is associated as the National Editorial Board member of this journal and this manuscript was subjected to this journal's standard review procedures, with this peer review handled independently of this editorial board member and his research group., (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Aim: This systematic review aimed to answer the following focused question: Is ozone therapy more effective in reducing microbial count as compared to conventional methods in deep dentinal carious lesion?, Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to perform a review on the effectiveness of ozone therapy in reduction of microbial count in deep dentinal carious lesion. Study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions: The inclusion criteria comprised studies that compared effect on microbial count in deep dentinal carious lesion after treatments with ozone and other disinfectants in primary or permanent teeth in randomized clinical trials., Materials and Methods: This review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRIMSA) guidelines. The searched databases included Medline (via PubMed), Cochrane, and Google scholar. Articles published until 29 February 2020 without year restriction but only in English language were included., Results: The search resulted in 359 published studies. After removal of duplicate studies and full-text analysis, seven studies were selected. Overall, the results demonstrated the promising effects of ozone therapy in reduction of microbial count as compared to other disinfectant., Conclusions: Within the limitations of this review, it can be asserted that the ozone therapy is effective in reduction of microbial count in deep dentinal carious lesion., Clinical Significance: Ozone therapy can be a useful tool to reduce the microorganisms in deep dentinal carious lesion., How to Cite This Article: Badhe H, Kalaskar R, Balasubramanian S, et al. Antimicrobial Effect of Ozone Therapy in Deep Dentinal Carious Lesion: A Systematic Review. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15(S-2):S252-S260., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2022; The Author(s).)

Background: Objectives: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of fiber-reinforced composite space maintainer (FRCSM) and band and loop space maintainer (BLSM) in a pediatric patient., Materials and Methods: Eligibility criteria: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted on 3-12-year-old children who received FRCSM and BLSM. Information sources: Literature search of electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar for the time period of 2000 to October 2020. Risk of bias: Cochrane collaboration's risk of bias tool was used to assess the risk of bias., Results: Included studies: The search resulted in 147 published studies. After the removal of duplicate studies and full-text analysis, eight studies were selected. Synthesis of results: Fiber-reinforced composite restoration (FRCSM) was judged to be good for short-term space maintenance with good esthetics, less time-consuming, and good patient and parental acceptance. Meta-analysis was done for failure rate at 6 months and 12 months. After 6 months, the FRCSM group showed less failure, with a risk ratio of 0.83 (95% CI = 0.47-1.49; Z value = 0.61). However, after 12 months, the FRCSM group showed more failure, with a risk ratio of 1.30 (95% CI = 0.04-4.23; Z value = 0.44). Description of the effect: FRCSM performed better than BLSM for a short-term, i.e., around 6 months but after 12 months of space maintainer placement BLSM performed better than the FRCSM., Discussion: Strengths and limitations of evidence: The strength of this systematic review is its complete adherence to the PRISMA statement 2009. This review attempted to evaluate the effectiveness of FRCSM when compared with BLSM which has not been evaluated before. Additionally, only RCTs were included in this review adding to its validity. This review also included a meta-analysis that compared the failure rate at the 6th and 12th month. The main shortcoming of this systematic review is the limited number of databases searched and the limited number of existing studies. Interpretation: Within the limitations of this review, it can be stated that the FRCSM is an effective space maintainer for short-term space maintenance. However, it is necessary to conduct more RCTs with larger sample size, preferably using a split-mouth design to improve the longevity of FRCSM. Additionally, it is also necessary to standardize the technique of fabrication of FRCSM since an existing study showed high heterogeneity in the technique of fabrication., Other: Funding: None. Registration: The protocol of this systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (ID-CRD42020165831)., How to Cite This Article: Kamki H, Kalaskar R, Balasubramanian S, et al. Clinical Effectiveness of fiber-reinforced Composite Space Maintainer and Band and Loop Space Maintainer in a Pediatric Patient: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14(S-1):S82-S93., Competing Interests: Source of support: Nil Conflict of interest: None, (Copyright © 2021; Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.)