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Background and Objectives Flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy (F-NPLS) is a routine procedure performed in office settings. We compared two different intranasal scope navigation techniques used during F-NPLS, evaluating patient comfort and practitioner satisfaction. Methods This is a prospective, randomized, parallel-group controlled study. Patients undergoing F-NPLS to evaluate the upper airway were enrolled and randomized into two study groups. Patients in group A underwent intranasal scope negotiation following a trajectory below the middle turbinate; for group B, a trajectory along the inferior turbinate was used. The primary outcome evaluated was the successful, unhindered negotiation of the scope on the first attempt. Secondary outcomes included patient-perceived pain, incidents of mucosal trauma and bleeding, and the frequency and necessity of repeat scopy. Results In total, 111 patients were randomized into group A (n=53) and group B (n=58). Baseline characteristics, such as age and sex, were similar in both groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups with respect to the primary outcome (group A: 52.8% vs. group B: 55.2%, p=0.8). The frequency of F-NPLS without episodes of mucosal trauma was significantly higher in group B (group A: 56.9% vs. group B: 35.9%, p=0.004). Mucosal ecchymosis was a common finding in group A (group A: 41.5% vs. group B: 13.8%, p=0.03), while nasal bleeding was more frequently observed in group B, although the difference was not statistically significant (group A: 29.3% vs. group B: 22.6%, p=0.42). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that the success rate of unhindered F-NPLS was comparable between the two trajectories. However, patients experienced moderate to severe pain during repeat scopy compared to the initial F-NPLS attempt.

The emergence of ChatGPT as one of the most advanced chatbots and its ability to generate diverse data has given room for numerous discussions worldwide regarding its utility, particularly in advancing medical education and research. This study seeks to assess the performance of ChatGPT in medical biochemistry to evaluate its potential as an effective self-learning tool for medical students. This evaluation was carried out using the university examination question papers of both parts 1 and 2 of medical biochemistry which comprised theory and multiple choice questions (MCQs) accounting for a total of 100 in each part. The questions were used to interact with ChatGPT, and three raters independently reviewed and scored the answers to prevent bias in scoring. We conducted the inter-item correlation matrix and the interclass correlation between raters 1, 2, and 3. For MCQs, symmetric measures in the form of kappa value (a measure of agreement) were performed between raters 1, 2, and 3. ChatGPT generated relevant and appropriate answers to all questions along with explanations for MCQs. ChatGPT has "passed" the medical biochemistry university examination with an average score of 117 out of 200 (58%) in both papers. In Paper 1, ChatGPT has secured 60 ± 2.29 and 57 ± 4.36 in Paper 2. The kappa value for all the cross-analysis of Rater 1, Rater 2, and Rater 3 scores in MCQ was 1.000. The evaluation of ChatGPT as a self-learning tool in medical biochemistry has yielded important insights. While it is encouraging that ChatGPT has demonstrated proficiency in this area, the overall score of 58% indicates that there is work to be done. To unlock its full potential as a self-learning tool, ChatGPT must focus on generating not only accurate but also comprehensive and contextually relevant content.

Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB) lymphadenitis is the most common form of extra-pulmonary TB, and the treatment duration is six months. This non-inferiority based randomized clinical trial in South India evaluated the efficacy and safety of a four-month ofloxacin containing regimen in tuberculosis lymphadenitis (TBL) patients. Methods New, adult, HIV-negative, microbiologically and or histopathologically confirmed superficial lymph node TB patients were randomized to either four-month oflaxacin containing test regimen [ofloxacin (O), isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R), pyrazinamide (Z) -2RHZO daily/ 2RHO thrice-weekly] or a six-month thrice-weekly control regimen (2HRZ, ethambutol/4RH). The treatment was directly observed. Clinical progress was monitored monthly during and up to 12 months post-treatment, and thereafter every three months up to 24 months. The primary outcome was determined by response at the end of treatment and TB recurrence during the 24 months post-treatment. Results Of the 302 patients randomized, 298 (98.7%) were eligible for modified intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis and 294 (97%) for per-protocol (PP) analysis. The TB recurrence-free favourable response in the PP analysis was 94.0% (95% CI: 90.1–97.8) and 94.5% (95% CI: 90.8–98.2) in the test and control regimen respectively, while in the ITT analysis, it was 92.7% and 93.2%. The TB recurrence-free favourable response in the test regimen was non-inferior to the control regimen 0.5% (95% CI: -4.8-5.9) in the PP analysis based on the 6% non-inferiority margin. Treatment was modified for drug toxicity in two patients in the test regimen, while one patient had a paradoxical reaction. Conclusion The 4-month ofloxacin containing regimen was found to be non-inferior and as safe as the 6-month thrice-weekly control regimen.

Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS), also known as encephalo-trigeminal angiomatosis, is a sporadic, congenital neurocutaneous disorder. It is characterized by capillary malformation affecting the brain, meninges, eyes, and skin. The ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular distributions of the trigeminal nerve are involved. Eye involvement with vascular malformation produces glaucoma and can lead to vision loss. Here, we present a rare case of SWS with port-wine stain, painful vision loss in left eye, and open-angle glaucoma in the other eye of the same patient. The painful blind eye was treated with cyclocryotherapy with successful control of intraocular pressure.

A Gas chromatography-electron capture detector-based analytical technique for the detection of deltamethrin residues in chicken meat samples was standardized and validated in the present study. Deltamethrin was extracted from the chicken meat matrix as per QuEChERS protocol. The method standardized was sensitive, reliable, accurate, and precise and allows the detection of deltamethrin residues in chicken meat > 0.08 µg/g. The standardized method was applied for the detection of deltamethrin residues in 33 chicken meat samples collected from Tamil Nadu, India. Two samples of chicken meat were positive for deltamethrin residues and the percent of samples positive for deltamethrin was 0.06%. However, the levels were less than MRL values of deletamethrin as indicated by FSSAI, India. Monitoring studies with a higher number of samples are required to assess the actual status of pesticide residues in animal food products. Hence, regular monitoring programs and creating awareness among livestock farmers training are also required to control pesticide residues in animal food products.

Introduction: The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected a large number of people worldwide within a short period of time. The mortality rate was high, and there was no specific medicine available to cure it. Therefore, the situation demanded the rapid development of a vaccine. When the vaccines were introduced, there was limited knowledge about their efficacy, side-effects, and duration of protection. Hence, a detailed study was conducted in these areas. Aim: To study the immunological responses following Covishield vaccination and determine the duration of protection offered by the vaccine. Materials and Methods: The present study is a prospective observational study conducted at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India from March 2021 to May 2023, involving the staff members of the hospital and college who were above 18-year-old. Individuals with immunodeficiency, those on immunosuppressive medication, or anyone with proof of COVID-19 were excluded. The total sample size was 56. Blood samples were collected before administering the vaccine, at 0, 3, and 12 months, and tested for Complete Blood Count (CBC), COVID-19-specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Cluster of Differentiation (CD) 45, CD3, CD4, CD8, etc. The findings were statistically analysed using Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0 and STATA software version 10. Results: A total of 154 volunteers initially provided the first blood samples. However, only 129 of them provided blood samples 2nd time and received two doses of the vaccine. Out of these, only 56 participants completed the fourth time blood test. The results consistently demonstrated a rise in IgG levels over time, with consistently higher levels observed in females. Participants above 45 years exhibited higher IgG levels. Individuals with co-morbidities also showed an increase in IgG levels. The research revealed that individuals who were initially IgG negative experienced a greater fold increase in IgG levels after the first dose of vaccination. The incidence and duration of side-effects post-vaccination reduced with each successive vaccine dose. Conclusion: All the volunteers developed adequate IgG antibodies. Two doses of Covishield effectively resulted in lasting immunity in 94.64% of cases, and three doses achieved 100% immunity. Females and participants above 45 years consistently exhibited higher antibody levels. Individuals with co-morbidities also developed antibodies, albeit at slightly lower levels. The side-effects were mild and short-lived. No long-term after effects were detected even after two years and two months following vaccination.

The present study delves into the dynamics of a specific form of queueing system described as an M/G/1 retrial queue. Here, the queue comprises two distinct categories of clients: transit clients and recurrent clients. Transit clients are those who appear at the queue following a Poisson process, reflecting a random arrival pattern commonly seen in queueing scenarios. On the other hand, recurrent clients are predefined entities who immediately rejoin the queue once they've been served, demonstrating repetitive behavior in their interactions with the system. Once the server completes servicing a client, it initiates a vacation period. Moreover, in this approach, an optional extended vacation is also taken into account, i.e., the server may opt to indulge in an extended vacation following the initial essential Bernoulli vacation. Also, the consumers are allowed to balk. Further, the ergodicity requirement for the system's stability and then analytical findings for the stationary distribution are obtained. Additionally, various performance metrics for the system are also established. Furthermore, a comprehensive cost function is formulated and further optimized by incorporating a particle swarm optimization (PSO) approach. The convergence analysis is conducted as well, which is supported by illustrative figures. As a result, this work provides a beneficial understanding of enhancing the efficiency of such intricate queueing systems.

Background: Nimbolide, a bioactive compound derived from the neem tree, has garnered attention as a potential breakthrough in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. Recent updates in research highlight its multifaceted pharmacological properties, demonstrating anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects. With a rich history in traditional medicine, nimbolide efficacy in addressing the molecular complexities of conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer positions it as a promising candidate for further exploration. As studies progress, the recent update underscores the growing optimism surrounding nimbolide as a valuable tool in the ongoing pursuit of innovative therapeutic strategies for chronic diseases. Methods: The comprehensive search of the literature was done until September 2020 on the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Web of Knowledge databases. Results: Most studies have shown the Nimbolide is one of the most potent limonoids derived from the flowers and leaves of neem (Azadirachta indica), which is widely used to treat a variety of human diseases. In chronic diseases, nimbolide reported to modulate the key signaling pathways, such as Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Wingless-related integration site-β (Wnt-β)/catenin, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, and signaling molecules, such as transforming growth factor (TGF-β), Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), inflammatory cytokines, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) proteins. Nimbolide has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer properties, which make it an intriguing compound for research. Nimbolide demonstrated therapeutic potential for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular, inflammation and cancer. Conclusion: The current review mainly focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the therapecutic effects of nimbolide in chronic diseases.

Introduction: Three years into the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, questions linger regarding long-term vaccine efficacy, potential side effects, and the risk of future viral waves. Despite vaccinations, no existing vaccine offers complete protection, contributing to ongoing fears and vaccine hesitancy. Asymptomatic carriers and unattained herd immunity add layers of complexity. This study seeks to examine the status of immunity in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals amidst the shifting landscape of different Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Aim: To determine the percentage of unvaccinated individuals who have developed COVID-19 specific antibodies and to compare the factors influencing immunity in both unvaccinated and vaccinated individuals. Materials and Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, from March 2021 to May 2023. Participants, aged 18-82 of both sexes, were divided into two groups. Group-1 comprised our college and hospital staff who were vaccinated, and Group-2 consisted of members from the local community in the Chromepet, Chennai area who remained unvaccinated. Blood samples were collected from both groups to assess immunity status. Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 22.0). The tests used included the Chi-square test, p-value, mean, and standard deviation. Results: Blood group “B” was more commonly observed in Group-2. The prevalence of co-morbidities was higher in Group-2. Immunological markers CD4 and CD8 were below normal in some individuals in Group-2. By April 2022, 53 (95%) out of 56 persons in Group-1 and by December 2022, 24 (96%) out of 25 persons in Group-2 tested positive for COVID-specific IgG antibodies. By May 2023, 100% of the volunteers in both groups were found to be positive. Conclusion: This study suggests that natural immunity may be effective in protecting against COVID-19. Whether vaccinated or not, by the end of the two-year study, all individuals in the study group had developed COVID antibodies.

Introduction: Even if antibody titers wane over time, T-cells demonstrate longevity and remain unaffected by viral variants. This study was done with the rationale of examining the virus-destroying cells post-vaccination, specifically focusing on their ability to produce the vital antiviral cytokine Interferon gamma (IFNγ) upon potential reinfection and investigates the impact of the Covishield vaccine on T-cell response, which is a largely unexplored domain due to the novelty of the disease. Aim: To study T-cell response by doing IFN γ release assay by employing Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Spot (ELISpot) method. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from March 2021 to May 2023 at Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. The study included participants from all categories who were staff members of the College and Hospital. It is part of an extensive study done by the authors on immunological changes following Covishield vaccination. As part of this study, T-cell response was also separately studied by collecting an additional 2 mL of blood from 90 individuals one year after initiating the vaccination, specifically after administering the Covishield vaccine at 0 and 3 months. For T-cell response analysis, 2 mL of blood was collected and processed to separate Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC). The Interferon Gamma Release assay (IGRA) was performed using ELISpot method, utilising a 96-well plate. The spots appearing in the sample wells {Spot Forming Cells (SFC) = T-cells} were quantified using an automated ELISpot reader. Sample wells demonstrating more than 12 spots were considered positive. The results were analysed using various statistical tests, including Chi-square test, One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Kruskal-Wallis Test, Karl Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: The number of spots in the wells containing blood samples from volunteers ranged from a minimum of 2 to a maximum of 631. Importantly, all participants had detectable spots in their sample wells. Out of 90 participants, 84 (93.4%) had more than 12 SFC, while 6 (6.6%) had less than 12 SFCs. High Immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels were positively correlated with good T-cell responses (SFC). Participants under 60 years of age and females exhibited superior responses. Individuals with co-morbidities had lower levels of T-cell response compared to the healthy/normal participants. Conclusion: The volunteers in this study exhibited robust humoral and cellular immunity, with females showing a significantly better response. The T-cell response remained strong even nine months after the second dose of the vaccine

This method is able to synthesize fine-detailed images by the use of a global attention that gives more attention to the words in the textual descriptions. Also we have the deep attention multimodal similarity model (DAMSM) that calculates the matching loss in the generator. Though this work produced images of high quality, there was some loss while training the system and it takes enough time for training. Although there has been little study on applying character-level Dense Net algorithms for text classification tasks; the Dense Net structures we suggested in this paper have shown outstanding performance in image classification tasks. Extensive testing has revealed that they perform better when it comes to their ability to withstand interruption and that they can influence exerted many organizations implementing information usage and language information on the specifications of user privacy protection, framework implies, and regulatory requirements.

One of the most popular technological frameworks of the year is without a certain Internet of Things (IoT). It permeates numerous industries and has a profound impact on people's lives in all spheres. The “Internet of everything” age is by the IoT technology's rapid development, but it also alters the function of terminal equipment at the network's edge. The name “Internet of Things” has evolved as a result enabling things to be intelligent and competent in talking with verified devices (IoT). Between smart devices, social IoT (IoT) devices interact and adopt social networking concepts. It takes a secure connection between the smart gadgets to enable sociability. To determine whether the suggested strategy is practical it is applied to a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based language similarity analysis model in the context. The model created using the encounter training method is more accurate than the original CNN.

A brain tumor develops as a result of uncontrolled and rapid cell proliferation. If not treated in its early stages, it might result in death. Despite several significant efforts and positive outcomes, accurate segmentation and classification remain challenging jobs. The variations in tumor size, shape, and location provide a substantial challenge for brain tumor diagnosis. Therefore, identifying brain tumors manually is challenging, time-consuming, and prone to mistakes. Consequently, there is now a need for high-accuracy automated computer-assisted diagnostics. This paper proposes a novel brain tumor detection method based on a machine learning classifier. Initially, the brain tumor images are collected from the “Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)” database. In the preprocessing stage, anisotropic filtering and “Adaptive Histogram Equalization (AHE)” are performed to remove the noise and enhance the image contrast respectively. Then the images are segmented using “Enhanced Fruitfly Optimization-based Otsu segmentation (EFO-OTSU)”. The feature extraction is done using “Principal Component Analysis (PCA)” and “Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)”. We propose Boosted “Multi-Gradient Support Vector Machine (BMG-SVM)”to use the retrieved characteristics to divide the picture into the tumor and non-tumor sections. Further to enhance the classification performance, we employ the “Black Monkey Optimization (BMO)” algorithm. A few currently used approaches are contrasted with the simulation results of the suggested technique. The final findings show that the suggested technique outperforms the other methods in terms of effectiveness.

Abstract A technique for efficiently multiplying two signed numbers using limited area and high speed is presented in this paper. This work uses both the Booth and Vedic multiplication sutra methodologies to enhance the speed and reduction in the area by using two VLSI architectures of radix encoding techniques—Radix-4 and Radix-8—with the Vedic multiplier. The functionality of the proposed methods is tested using an Artix-7 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA-XC7A100T-CSG324) in Xilinx Vivado 2019.1 and ASIC 45 nm technology. Two methods of Booth encoding using Vedic multiplier (Urdhva-Tiryakbhyam sutra) were used to develop, and examine the benefits of rapid computational multiplier. The results of the proposed multiplier for Booth-Vedic-Radix-4 encoding (BVR-4) decrease area by 89% and improve Area-Delay Product (ADP) by 72% for a 16-bit multiplier when subjected to other existing multipliers. The Booth-Vedic-Radix-8 (BVR-8) method shows that there will be an 89% reduction in area and an improvement in ADP by 72% for the 16-bit multiplier. The performance is evaluated regarding area occupancy (i.e., LUTs number) and propagation delay (output time). In terms of resource utilization, the proposed BVR-4 and BVR-8 multipliers outperform all the current designs with a marginal effect on speed and area for narrower bit-width ranges.

As the world grapples with the escalating threat of global warming, exploring sustainable agricultural practices has become imperative. Carbon sequestration is one such efficient method to mitigate carbon emissions and reduce global warming. Among the numerous sequestration options, terrestrial methods, notably via horticultural crops, have enormous potential. Horticultural crops, which encompass a diverse array of fruits, vegetables, plantations, and ornamental plants, offer a unique chance to sequester a considerable amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In particular, perennial horticultural systems provide numerous benefits over annual crops, such as increased productivity, reduced water and input requirements, and higher economic returns via carbon credits. However, the transition from annual to perennial crops presents logistical and financial challenges. The carbon sequestration capacity of plantations and horticulture crops is larger, at 16.4 Gt C, compared to the agroforestry system, which is at 6.3 Gt C. In order to fully use this capacity, it is essential to employ effective carbon management systems. These methods include growing higher biomass, recycling agricultural waste, employing animal manure, switching to perennial crops, adopting crop rotation, and encouraging agroforestry systems. Although there are advantages, substantial initial investments and continuous management are required to ensure effectiveness, and these demands might hinder widespread acceptance. This review emphasizes the critical role of horticulture systems in improving soil carbon levels, soil organic matter dynamics, different forms of carbon, and their overall potential for carbon sequestration. By unlocking the potential of horticultural crops to sequester carbon, we can help minimize atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, lessen the impact of climate change, and ensure nutritional security and economic benefits.

Drought stress severely affects the physiology and metabolism of plants. Fortunately, using plant growth-promoting bacteria can provide an environmentally friendly solution. Hence, the present experiment was conducted on the sorghum plant for drought amelioration by utilizing Bacillus sp. and Pseudacidovorax intermedius bacterization to the sorghum seeds under greenhouse conditions. Drought stress was induced by the withholding of water after 52 days of emergence (flowering stage). However, the inoculation of Bacillus sp. and Pseudacidovorax intermedius could significantly improve the drought tolerance capacity through the production of different antioxidant enzymes and metabolites in sorghum plants under drought and recovery conditions. The results declared that the inoculation of Bacillus sp. significantly reduced the membrane leakage by 37 % by minimizing the production of malondialdehyde (49 & 47 %) and hydrogen peroxide (32 & 36 %) content. In addition to protecting membrane leakage, bacterial inoculation positively modulates the antioxidant enzymes namely catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and phenol content in the plant system. Metabolomic results revealed that inoculation of Bacillus sp. and consortia of Bacillus sp. and Pseudacidovorax intermedius up regulate the carboxylic acid, organic, and amino acids biomolecules expression inside the inoculated plants. The study concluded that inoculation of Bacillus sp. is an assured technology for mitigating the drought effect through the expression of antioxidant compounds, and expression of leaf metabolites in sorghum during drought conditions. Further, the research needs to comprehend the underlying molecular mechanism of bacterial-induced drought-tolerant in sorghum plants. It will also create a road map to develop a bestselling bioinoculant for climate-smart agriculture.

Social networking platforms give people an opportunity to get in contact with each other irrespective of boundaries. Through these platforms, any individual can easily follow the ideas of other individuals like friends, relatives, politicians, actors, etc, and get in contact with them. In this paper, we examine rumor propagation with two types of infected people: highly influential people and ordinary people. Some ordinary people, blindly follow the messages shared by highly influential people. By using this concept we analyze the rumor-spreading model in networks (homogeneous and heterogeneous). We applied control strategies in homogeneous networks and observed that government policies to control rumor propagation can reduce its spread. Immunization in heterogeneous networks by giving proper information and education to people about facts can also reduce the spread and help people make the right decision when they come across a rumor.

Green synthesis is a new, straightforward, environmentally friendly method of creating nanoparticles that is currently receiving interest from the scientific community worldwide. The main objective of this work was to synthesize bio mediated Titanium dioxide and evaluate its antioxidant property. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by using selective medicinal plant extracts. Moreover, bio mediated Titanium dioxide nanoparticles was further characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, UV–Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis and Antioxidant Activity for analyzing the structural, optical, morphological and antioxidant etc. properties. The X-ray Diffraction pattern reveals the brookite phase of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was used to determine the chemical composition of the plant extract. UV–Visible spectrometer shows absorption peak of the synthesized samples in the range of 200–800 nm. Shape of the nanoparticles are revealed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis indicate the presence of Titanium, Carbon and Oxygen in the prepared samples. All the bio mediated Titanium dioxide nanoparticles exhibited size and dose dependent antioxidant activities. 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assay was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the synthesized bio mediated nanoparaticles.

Background: Oxidized LDL (OxLDL), the key player in atherogenesis modulates endothelial dysfunction, initiates monocyte recruitment, accentuates foam cell formation, and flares up inflammatory and apoptotic events. Even though homeopathic preparation of Allium sativum has been proved to be an anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-atherogenic agent, its mechanism of action on abrogating OxLDL mediated foam cell formation is yet to be explored. Objective: This study was designed to bring out the role of homeopathic preparation of Allium sativum in curbing OxLDL mediated cellular inflammation in IC-21 cells exposed with OxLDL. Materials and methods: OxLDL was used to induce oxidative damage in the IC-21 macrophage cells. Assessment of inflammatory cytokines, localization of NFκB, detection of apoptosis and the in silico analysis were performed in this study. Results: The current study portrays the efficacy of homeopathy medicine as an anti-inflammatory agent, in reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines and its mRNA expression, suppressing the activity of NFκB and preventing apoptosis in OxLDL treated IC-21 cells. Conclusion: To conclude, homeopathic preparation of Allium sativum 6C and 30C potencies are capable of controlling the transcriptional activity of NFκB and apoptosis in IC-21 cells exposed to OxLDL. These results implicate that Allium sativum homeopathic drug can be used as anti-inflammatory agent in reducing atherogenic events as it is capable of preventing OxLDL-mediated injury to macrophages.

The aim of the study is to develop an environmentally friendly development of isolating silver nanoparticles using Argyreia nervosa plant leaves and examine their potential pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. Various analytical techniques were employed to examine the isolated silver nanoparticles, encompassing UV spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, zeta potential measurement, and particle size determination. Furthermore, Argyreia nervosa-mediated silver nanoparticles exhibited strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity, and good anti-diabetic activity. Argyreia nervosa-mediated nanoparticles showed a significant antibacterial activity against selected pathogens. The findings indicate that Argyreia nervosa demonstrates encouraging pharmacological properties. However, additional in vivo research focusing on molecular-level investigations is necessary to substantiate these findings and explore the potential of Argyreia nervosa-mediated silver nanoparticles as a viable drug for antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-diabetic purposes.

Certain Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains such as Bt subsp. kurstaki and Bt subsp. aizawai have been widely used for pest management in agricultural practices. However, each strain only shows high specificity for pest control against a narrow range of lepidopteran species, and numerous lepidopteran pests have developed resistance to commercialized Bt strains. Therefore, there is a need for the development of novel Bt bioinsecticides which allow for potent and broad-spectrum insecticidal activity against lepidopteran species, including Spodoptera spp. (Noctuidae) and Plutella xylostealla (Plutellidae). In order to develop a novel bioinsecticide using Bt subsp. kurstaki IMBL-B9 (Btk IMBL-B9) that exhibits excellent insecticidal activity against three different lepidopteran species, we have developed a viable microencapsulation-based spray drying Btk IMBL-B9 formulation. The spore-crystal complex of Btk IMBL-B9 was microencapsulated using coating materials such as gum arabic, maltodextrin, and corn starch via spray drying. The encapsulated formulation of Btk IMBL-B9 presented an increased survival rate and storage stability at 54 ± 2°C for up to 6 weeks. The formulation showed similar insecticidal activity as the commercial bioinsecticide XenTari® against P. xylostella. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, the Btk IMBL-B9 formulation was more effective against Lepidoptera spp. S. frugiperda and P. xylostella, than XenTari®. These results suggest that the microencapsulation-based spray drying formulation of Btk IMBL-B9 can be used effectively for the control of a wide range of moths.

Objective: To explore the combinatorial effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and calorie restriction on activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor involved in the antioxidant defense system of aged rats. Methods: Aged male Wistar rats were calorie-restricted and treated with EGCG orally for 45 days. The initial body weight of aged rats was recorded, and the final body weight was measured at the end of the experimental period. Serum lipid and lipoprotein status, oxidative stress markers such as free radicals and malondialdehyde levels, and reduced glutathione were assessed. In addition, RT-PCR and Western blotting analyses were performed. Results: Calorie restriction potentiated the effect of EGCG on enhancing antioxidant status, improving the levels of serum lipid and lipoproteins, upregulating Nrf2 and Bcl2, and downregulating Keap1, cullin3, Bax and cytochrome c in aged rats. Conclusions: Calorie restriction can promote EGCG-mediated Nrf2 activation in aged rats. This preliminary finding paves the way for a combinatory approach to replenishing the antioxidant status during aging, thereby reducing the risk for age-associated degenerative diseases.

The prevalence of obesity in contemporary society has brought attention to how serious it is all around the world. Obesity, a proinflammatory condition defined by hypertrophied adipocytes and immune cells that reside in adipose tissue, is characterized by elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The pro-inflammatory mediators trigger a number of inflammatory pathways and affect the phosphorylation of a number of insulin-signaling pathways in peripheral tissues. In this work, we pointed the outcome of the leaves of Carica papaya (C. papaya) on the inflammatory molecules by in vivo and in silico analysis in order to prove its mechanisms of action. Adipocytokines, antioxidant enzymes, gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules (mTOR, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IKKβ) by q-RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, as well as histopathological analysis, in adipose tissues were carried out. C. papaya reinstated the levels of adipocytokines, antioxidant enzymes and mRNA levels of mTOR, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IKKβ in the adipose tissues of type 2 diabetic rats. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies revealed that caffeic acid, transferulic acid and quercetin had the top hit rates against IKKβ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and mTOR. This study concludes that C. papaya put back the altered effects in fatty tissue of type 2 diabetic rats by restoring the adipocytokines and the gene expression.