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Patients with psoriatic arthritis commonly have abnormalities of their entheses, which are the connections between tendons and bone. There are shortcomings with the use of conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences for the evaluation of entheses and tendons, whereas ultrashort echo time (UTE) sequences are superior for the detection of high signals, and can also be used for non-invasive quantitative assessments of these structures. The combination of UTE-MRI with an adiabatic-T 1ρ preparation (UTE-Adiab-T 1ρ ) allows for reliable assessment of entheses and tendons with decreased susceptibility to detrimental magic angle effects. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between quantitative UTE-MRI measures and the biomechanical properties of Achilles tendons and entheses. In total, 28 tendon-enthesis sections were harvested from 11 fresh-frozen human cadaveric foot-ankle specimens (52 ± years old). Tendon-enthesis sections were scanned using the UTE-Adiab-T 1ρ and UTE-T 1 sequences on a clinical 3 T scanner. MRI-based measures and indentation tests were performed on the enthesis, transitional, and tensile tendon zones of the specimens. Hayes' elastic modulus showed significant inverse correlations (Spearman's) with UTE-Adiab-T1ρ in all zones (R= - 0.46, - 0.54, and - 0.61 in enthesis, transition, and tensile tendon zones, respectively). Oliver-Pharr's elastic modulus showed significant inverse correlations with UTE-Adiab-T1ρ in transition (R= - 0.52) and tensile tendon zone (R=- 0.60). UTE-T 1 did not show significant correlations with the elastic modulus. UTE-MRI and elastic modulus were significantly lower in the tensile tendon compared with the enthesis regions This study highlights the potential of the UTE-Adiab-T 1ρ technique for the non-invasive evaluation of tendons and enthuses., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Mechanical and microstructural evaluations of cortical bone using ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (UTE-MRI) have been performed increasingly in recent years. UTE-MRI acquires considerable signal from cortical bone and enables quantitative bone evaluations. Fitting bone apparent transverse magnetization (T2*) decay using a bicomponent model has been regularly performed to estimate bound water (BW) and pore water (PW) in the quantification of bone matrix and porosity, respectively. Human cortical bone possesses a considerable amount of fat, which appears as MRI T2* signal oscillation and can subsequently lead to BW overestimation when using a bicomponent model. Tricomponent T2* fitting model has been developed to improve BW and PW estimations by accounting for fat contribution in the MRI signal. This study aimed to investigate the correlations of microstructural and mechanical properties of human cortical bone with water pool fractions obtained from a tricomponent T2* model. 135 cortical bone strips (~4 × 2 × 40 mm 3 ) from tibial and femoral midshafts of 37 donors (61 ± 24 years old) were scanned using ten sets of dual-echo 3D-UTE-Cones sequences (TE = 0.032-24.0 ms) on a 3 T MRI scanner for T2* fitting analyses. Average bone porosity and pore size were measured using microcomputed tomography (μCT) at 9 μm voxel size. Bone mechanical properties were measured using 4-point bending tests. Using a tricomponent model, bound water fraction (Frac BW ) showed significant strong (R = 0.70, P < 0.01) and moderate (R = 0.58-0.62, P < 0.01) correlations with porosity and mechanical properties, respectively. Correlations of bone microstructural and mechanical properties with water pool fractions were higher for tricomponent model results compared with the bicomponent model. The tricomponent T2* fitting model is suggested as a useful technique for cortical bone evaluation where the MRI contribution of bone fat is accounted for., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Knee degeneration involves all the major tissues in the joint. However, conventional MRI sequences can only detect signals from long T2 tissues such as the superficial cartilage, with little signal from the deep cartilage, menisci, ligaments, tendons and bone. It is highly desirable to develop new sequences that can detect signal from all major tissues in the knee. We aimed to develop a comprehensive quantitative three-dimensional ultrashort echo time (3D UTE) cones imaging protocol for a truly "whole joint" evaluation of knee degeneration. The protocol included 3D UTE cones actual flip angle imaging (3D UTE-Cones-AFI) for T 1 mapping, multiecho UTE-Cones with fat suppression for T 2 * mapping, UTE-Cones with adiabatic T 1ρ (AdiabT 1ρ ) preparation for AdiabT 1ρ mapping, and UTE-Cones magnetization transfer (UTE-Cones-MT) for MT ratio (MTR) and modeling of macromolecular proton fraction (f). An elastix registration technique was used to compensate for motion during scans. Quantitative data analyses were performed on the registered data. Three knee specimens and 15 volunteers were evaluated at 3 T. The elastix motion correction algorithm worked well in correcting motion artifacts associated with relatively long scan times. Much improved curve fitting was achieved for all UTE-Cones biomarkers with greatly reduced root mean square errors. The averaged T 1 , T 2 *, AdiabT 1ρ , MTR and f for knee joint tissues of 15 healthy volunteers were reported. The 3D UTE-Cones quantitative imaging techniques (ie, T 1 , T 2 *, AdiabT 1ρ , MTR and MT modeling) together with elastix motion correction provide robust volumetric measurement of relaxation times, MTR and f of both short and long T 2 tissues in the knee joint., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Cortical bone shows as a signal void when using conventional clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrashort echo time MRI (UTE-MRI) can acquire high signal from cortical bone, thus enabling quantitative assessments. Magnetization transfer (MT) imaging combined with UTE-MRI can indirectly assess protons in the organic matrix of bone. This study aimed to examine UTE-MT MRI techniques to estimate the mechanical properties of cortical bone. A total of 156 rectangular human cortical bone strips were harvested from the tibial and femoral midshafts of 43 donors (62 ± 22 years old, 62 specimens from females, 94 specimens from males). Bone specimens were scanned using UTE-MT sequences on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner and on a micro-computed tomography (μCT) scanner. A series of MT pulse saturation powers (400°, 600°, 800°) and frequency offsets (2, 5, 10, 20, 50 kHz) was used to measure the macromolecular fraction (MMF) utilizing a two-pool MT model. Failure mechanical properties of the bone specimens were measured using 4-point bending tests. MMF from MRI results showed significant strong correlations with cortical bone porosity (R = -0.72, P  < 0.01) and bone mineral density (BMD) (R = +0.71, P  < 0.01). MMF demonstrated significant moderate correlations with Young modulus, yield stress, and ultimate stress ( R  = 0.60-0.61, P < 0.01). These results suggest that the two-pool UTE-MT model focusing on the organic matrix of bone can potentially serve as a novel tool to detect the variations of bone mechanical properties and intracortical porosity.