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The aim of the study was to focus on whether visual processing differs between distinct levels of reading competence in young adults, from a regular orthography. We compared the 10% highest scoring...

The aim of this study was to investigate the relative roles of the norm activation model (NAM), transport priorities and situational constraints (car ownership, distances, gender and age) while considering spatial heterogeneity on university trips among students in the winter season. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among university students (n = 441) at the two largest university campuses in Trondheim (Dragvoll and Gloshaugen), Norway. Linear mixed model analyses showed that Dragvoll campus, allocated in a rural area of the city, was associated with more use of car and public transportation (bus or tram), and less active transportation (walking or bicycling) than Gloshaugen campus which is located in an urban area. While adjusting for spatial heterogeneity, the findings showed that situational constraints were somewhat more important for mode use than psychological variables. Car ownership was associated with more car use and less use of public transportation. Longer walking time from students' residence to university was related to more use of public transportation and less active transportation. Strong priorities of physical activity were related to less public transportation mode use and more use of active transportation. Increased awareness of the negative consequences of car use was associated with more use of active transportation and less car use. Those who strongly prioritized convenience when choosing transportation modes tended to use a car. To further promote sustainable transportation mode use on university trips among Norwegian students it may valid to focus on situational constraints. However, psychological variables such as the awareness of consequences component in the NAM and psychological priorities could also be relevant for students’ mode use in this season.

The aim of this study was to investigate transport priorities as a predictor over and above transport attitudes and situational factors, for the use of active and public transport (PT) to and from university among Norwegian university students in wintertime. A cross-sectional self-completion survey was carried out with 441 university students (229 females, 206 males), at two university campuses in Trondheim (Dragvoll and Gloshaugen), Norway. Transport priorities added to the explained variance above and beyond situational factors and transport attitudes. The transport priority of Exercise was associated with increased active transport use and the priority of flexibility was associated with decreased active transport use. In line with previous research, a more positive environmental attitude was related to increased active transport use as well. Among psychological factors, the transport attitude of comfort in PT, related to lower levels of PT use, possibly indicating dissatisfaction with using this mode. Overall, psychological factors (transport priorities, transport attitudes) contributed less explained variance of sustainable transport use, than situational factors (e.g. campus location, travel distance). Reminding students of the health and environmental benefits of active transport might be a promising way to promote this transport mode. Improving PT comfort might also promote continued usage of this mode in later life. However, increased sustainable transport mode use during winter appear to also depend on reducing situational constraints (e.g. clear snow on available walking and bicycling paths, improve infrastructure).