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This document aims to give a detailed picture of the processes and tools used to validate the dataset found in product INSITU_GLO_BGC_REP_OBSERVATIONS_013_046. This is the In-Situ Thematic Assembly Centre Re-Processed Bio-Geo-Chemical product (hereinafter BGC REP) that integrates observation aggregated from the Regional EuroGOOS consortium (Arctic-ROOS, BOOS, NOOS, IBI-ROOS, MONGOOS) and Black Sea GOOS as well as from SeaDataNet2 National Data Centers (NODCs) and EMODnet chemistry 2018 and JCOMM global systems (Argo, GOSUD, OceanSITES, GTSPP, DBCP) and the Global telecommunication system (GTS) used by the Met Offices. The BGC REP dataset integrates updated quality flags from the Near-Real Time (hereinafter NRT) product (INSITU_GLO_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_013_030) history directory files downloaded from the Global Distribution Unit at IFREMER on 2021 July 7th. Quality flags have been reanalysed in delayed mode using updated real-time and delayed mode quality assessment procedures as described in this document. The data set is a subset of the Global Ocean In-Situ Near-Real-Time Observations (INSITU_GLO_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_013_030), where the biogeochemical (chlorophyll, oxygen and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate)) parameters have been quality controlled and new quality control flags have been applied. The other parameters present in the files (and their quality control flags) are identical to the data of the original files in the data set mentioned above. Files which do not contain suitable chlorophyll, oxygen or nutrients data have not been included.

This Product User Manual describes reprocessed biogeochemical dataset called INSITU_GLO_BGC_REP_OBSERVATIONS_013_046 distributed by the CMEMS In Situ Thematic Assembly Centre: how it is built, what is the content, what data services are available to access them, and how to use the files. The INS-TAC is a distributed system built on the existing activities and services developed previously within the EU supported projects (MyOcean, Mersea, MFSTEP, FerryBox, SEPRISE ...) and EuroGOOS Regional alliances (ROOSes). It aims at providing a research and operational framework to develop and deliver in situ observations and derived products based on such observations, to address progressively global but also regional needs either for monitoring, modelling or downstream service development.

Previous versions of this document and up to version 2.5 were generated during MyOcean, MyOcean2 and MyOceanFO EU-projects. Starting in CMEMS, several updates have been performed but not officially released. Version 3.1 is the first official release within CMEMS with focus on chlorophyll-a fluorescence. The present Version 6 is the method used for the production of CMEMS INSITU_GLO_BGC_REP_OBSERVATIONS_013_046 release for the V4 of CMEMS in 2018. This document presents quality assessment tools that can be applied as soon as data are delivered to the CMEMS production units, as well as reprocessing tools. The latter requires a certain knowledge about the type and structure of the data in order to build the control quality test. In addition, a set of tools have been developed for the evaluation of the tests themselves and are likely to be applied on monthly and history repositories only. These evaluation tools are not expected to be implemented at production unit (PU) level, but applied by experts and scientists. The resulting analysis should confirm or provide an upgrade of the quality control tests implemented at PU level.

Raportissa kuvataan nykyiset SYKEn ylläpitämät ja koordinoimat meren kuormitus- ja tilaseurannat ja esitetään tavoitteita seurantojen kehittämiselle ja seurantatiedon käytön tehostamiselle vuoteen 2026 mennessä. Työ perustuu vuonna 2016 tehtyyn meriseurantojen toteutusta ja niiden kehittämistarvetta koskeneeseen kyselyyn, joka lähetettiin n. 30 seurantojen ja kehittämishankkeiden vastuuhenkilölle SYKEssä. Vastausten perusteella koottiin tiekartan alustava luonnos, jota on vuosina 2018-2019 päivitetty ja tarkistettu yhteistyössä seurantojen ja kehittämishankkeiden vastuuhenkilöiden kanssa. Nyt raportoitava versio antaa ajantasaisen kuvan SYKEn ylläpitämistä ja koordinoimista meren tilaseurannoista ja niiden kehittämisestä heinäkuussa 2020 alkaneen merenhoidon toisen seurantakauden kynnyksellä. Työ jakautuu aihealueisiin, joita ovat manuaaliseen näytteenottoon perustuva seuranta, automaatio, kaukokartoitus, kansalaishavainnointi, seurannan tietojärjestelmät, mallinnus ja sen tietotarpeet, seurantojen optimointi ja aineistojen yhteiskäyttö sekä merenhoidon ja HELCOM -työn tietotarpeet. Lisäksi tarkastellaan seuranta-aineistojen käyttöä. Seurantojen kehittämiselle esitetään välittömät tavoitteet (vastikään valmistunut tai valmistumassa oleva kehittämistyö) sekä tavoitteet vuoden 2020 aikana ja vuoteen 2026 mennessä.

This document conains recommendations for Copernicus Marine in situ Production Centers and Data Providers. Data provided to CMEMS (Copernicus Marine) must be provided in a way ensuring that their use in quality control but also for the community is obvious. While this is most often understood for physical parameters, it is not always the case for biogeochemical (BGC) data.

The Jerico Project is the first step of a pan-European coastal Infrastructure, open to all providers and users. Work package 10 is dedicated towards improvement of existing and emerging technologies on coastal observatories The WP description identified three issues which if addressed would result in a quality improvement of a European Observatory of coastal ecosystems. This report focuses on the documentation and testing of emerging sensor technologies looking at the improvements and development of emerging new technologies and sensors, along with the use and development of platforms allowing for the optimal deployment of novel sensors. These include emerging profiling technology, gliders and ships of opportunity. One of the key objectives is to examine the extent to which emerging technologies can be utilised and/or adapted to the benefit of coastal operational oceanography and to document and test technology will underpin future operational oceanographic systems in Europe's coastal seas. This report includes a description of Potential new sensors developed in relation to Tasks 10.3/10.4 - (Emerging Technology) and links the development of these potential new sensors for deployment on ships of opportunity (Volunteer Opportunity Ships - VOS) - including fishing vessels. This report includes a description of potential new sensors and emerging technologies and links the development of these potential new sensors for deployment on ships of opportunity (Volunteer Opportunity Ships - VOS) - including ferry boats and fishing vessels. For many years Voluntary Opportunity Ships such as commercial shipping vessels or ferry boats are used to acquire physical data of the surface of the ocean. In order to use other kinds of VOS, we are producing new generation of sensors such as RECOPESCA for fishing boats and CANOE for sailing boats. The Villefranche workshop1 presented this new generation of sensors and the future opportunities. The discussions and information from the workshop served to make appropriate modifications to the use of existing systems to meet identified objectives to expand and upgrade ships of opportunity initiatives using available state of the art instrumentation. The report on the new sensors and other emerging technologies is structured and presented as follows: ? Description of technology (sensor) ? Appropriate platform for the sensor (Ferrybox, Glider, Fixed platform, other) ? Future steps o Integration into operational system o Timescale of integration o Cost implications o Other operational considerations.

The present version includes a more detailed description of challenges and difficulties related to real -time data quality control (RTQC) from biogeochemical (BGC) sensors as opposed to data from physical sensors has been added to this document (Section 2). The main goal of adding this information is to help the reader to understand the possibilities and limitations regarding RTQC of BGC data. For instance, there is a need to clearly distinct between bad Chlorophylla (Chl a) data caused by sensor failure and uncertain data caused by inherent natural variations in the Chl a fluorescence:Chl a concentration ratio. An extra paragraph addressing this issue has also been included in Section 1. Further progress of the current document will include a refined and extended set of real-time quality tests that can realistically be established to work on BGC data from various in situ platforms. Additions are under development and will be provided in Section 4. The following tests are under consideration for revision: Gradient/ spike test; Range test (global + regional) ; Inter-sensor comparison ; Vertical range test; Biofouling detection test ; Parameter relationship test; Oxygen vs Chl a fluorescence ; T/S vs fluorescence ; Day/night; ;sun height The revised tests should be applied on a selected dataset in order to assess their validity. These revisions provide also a better roadmap for delayed mode quality control procedures. . Published Refereed Current Standard Operating Procedure Guide

Long term sustained marine observing systems are required to help understand and predict changes in the world's seas and oceans. The cost of setting up and operating such systems can be significant. This report examines the costs associated with setting up and running fixed platforms, Ferrybox systems, gliders and calibration laboratories, compiled using questionnaire replies returned from JERICO partners. The costs for gliders (section 4.3) are taken directly from Tintoré et al., 2013 (Annexe 2) which were complied through a joint exercise with GROOM. There was a large variability in costs between laboratories reflecting the different types of platforms and parameters being measured. Initial investment costs are greater for glider fleets (EUR222,545 in 2011) and Ferrybox systems (EUR110,298) than for fixed platforms (EUR86,526). Ongoing total annual running costs for a glider fleet (EUR184,014 excluding investment in 2011) and fixed platforms (EUR139,358) exceed those of Ferrybox systems (EUR90,529). This analysis of costs has shown that a large proportion of the total annual running costs (27%) of fixed platforms is associated with boat charter. Collaborative working such as under the Eurofleets project (http://www.eurofleets.eu/np4/63) may give the opportunity to reduce these costs and maximise efficiency.

Automated systems for observing physical, chemical and biological conditions in the sea are being implemented worldwide as part of the Global Ocean Observing System. This report describes their use in the Baltic and the Skagerrak-Kattegat areas. An evaluation of the use of FerryBox systems in the waters around Sweden shows that the quality of data from near surface waters is high, and that the frequent sampling makes possible observations of short term phenomena such as algal blooms. These events are often overlooked by infrequent sampling using research vessels, which leads to erroneous estimates of phytoplankton biomass, ecosystem carrying capacity etc. Data come from the Helsinki Lübeck route, operated by the Finnish Institute for Marine Research and from routes in the Skagerrak- Kattegat operated by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research. FerryBox data were compared with data from traditional sampling, principally from RV Argos operated by SMHI, but also from the HELCOM databank at ICES.Observations using automated systems such as satellites, stationary platforms (buoys and piles) and FerryBox systems may contribute substantially to improving the quality of results from models describing the physical and biogeochemical conditions in Scandinavian waters. Boundary conditions for models can be obtained using measurements in the eastern North Sea and in the Skagerrak, while data assimilation from a network of buoys, FerryBoxsystems and research vessels improves the quality of model results. Today, between four and six automated oceanographic observation systems are in operation in Swedish waters, which can be compared to more than 700 for meteorological purposes. A dramatic increase in the number of observations is necessary for effective data assimilation. To make the observations useful for biogeochemical models, parameters such as inorganic nutrients, phytoplankton biomass and oxygen must be added to the basic parameters salinity and temperature.A detailed proposal for a new infrastructure for marine monitoring and operational oceanography in Sweden is put forward. FerryBox systems should be operated in collaboration with institutes in Finland, Estonia, Poland, Germany, Denmark and Norway. Coastal buoys contribute to the monitoring needs of the EU Water Framework Directive while offshore buoys are for long term climate and ecological research and for fulfilment of the EU Marine Strategy Directive . Products combining satellite data with in-situ observations should be developed. These automated systems augment monitoring using research vessels but do not replace it. SMHI, the Swedish Institute for the Marine Environment, the Swedish Water Authorities, the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Swedish Navy, Coast guard, Maritime Administration and Board of Fisheries are proposed to govern and operate the system, with SMHI as the lead partner. The function -National data host for operational oceanographic data- is proposed, to be established at the National Oceanographic Data Centre at SMHI.A number of indicators for describing the status of the pelagic environment around Sweden are proposed. Some already exist while some are new. New ones include indicators for acidification, changes in plankton community structure and physical climate indicators. Basin wide indicators are based on measurements using a combination of sampling platforms. Other indicators are more specific, e.g. for transport between basins and inflow of water to the deep basins of the Baltic Proper.This report was commissioned by the Swedish National Environment Protection Agency

In the last two decades a noticeable increase in the occurrence of the marine and coastal “Harmful Algal Blooms”, so called HABs, has been recorded. HAB may develop rapidly with a significant increase in the local population of microscopic and macroscopic algae that can cause harm to the environment and human activities in a multitude of ways. Some toxic phytoplankton species are consumed by filter-feeding organisms, leading to different types of illness in human consumers eating the e.g. shellfish. During the last fifteen years, economic losses to fisheries and aquaculture industry have been reported in various European marine waters. HABILE has significantly improved the scientific foundation for the monitoring and prediction of HABs hampering human activities in three major European coastal/marine ecosystems. During the project the four regional ecosystem models are in operation for respectively the North Sea/Skagerrak, The Baltic Sea and Galican Rias has been implemented, expanded and assessed with dedicated HAB modules at gender specific level. Monitoring and early warning methodologies for identification of possible HAB events have been developed and evaluated. Scenario ecosystem simulations had been done and impact assessments performed. The link to nutrient loads and balances for the HAB occurrences are drawn however the triggering factors also include the biological and physical initial and development conditions. The approach of an integrated monitoring, including in situ and satellite EO data sources, data assimilation tools and numerical model predictions are a requisite for efficient monitoring and forecasting of HAB events. The socio- economic impact of HAB has been studied and a methodology for its impact assessment suggested., NERSC Technical report no. 359. Funded by the European Union under Contract no. EVK3-CT2001-00063

This document conains recommendations for Copernicus Marine in situ Production Centers and Data Providers. Data provided to CMEMS (Copernicus Marine) must be provided in a way ensuring that their use in quality control but also for the community is obvious. While this is most often understood for physical parameters, it is not always the case for biogeochemical (BGC) data.

This Product User Manual describes reprocessed biogeochemical dataset called INSITU_GLO_BGC_REP_OBSERVATIONS_013_046 distributed by the CMEMS In Situ Thematic Assembly Centre: how it is built, what is the content, what data services are available to access them, and how to use the files. The INS-TAC is a distributed system built on the existing activities and services developed previously within the EU supported projects (MyOcean, Mersea, MFSTEP, FerryBox, SEPRISE ...) and EuroGOOS Regional alliances (ROOSes). It aims at providing a research and operational framework to develop and deliver in situ observations and derived products based on such observations, to address progressively global but also regional needs either for monitoring, modelling or downstream service development.

This document aims to give a detailed picture of the processes and tools used to validate the dataset found in product INSITU_GLO_BGC_REP_OBSERVATIONS_013_046. This is the In-Situ Thematic Assembly Centre Re-Processed Bio-Geo-Chemical product (hereinafter BGC REP) that integrates observation aggregated from the Regional EuroGOOS consortium (Arctic-ROOS, BOOS, NOOS, IBI-ROOS, MONGOOS) and Black Sea GOOS as well as from SeaDataNet2 National Data Centers (NODCs) and EMODnet chemistry 2018 and JCOMM global systems (Argo, GOSUD, OceanSITES, GTSPP, DBCP) and the Global telecommunication system (GTS) used by the Met Offices. The BGC REP dataset integrates updated quality flags from the Near-Real Time (hereinafter NRT) product (INSITU_GLO_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_013_030) history directory files downloaded from the Global Distribution Unit at IFREMER on 2021 July 7th. Quality flags have been reanalysed in delayed mode using updated real-time and delayed mode quality assessment procedures as described in this document. The data set is a subset of the Global Ocean In-Situ Near-Real-Time Observations (INSITU_GLO_NRT_OBSERVATIONS_013_030), where the biogeochemical (chlorophyll, oxygen and nutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate)) parameters have been quality controlled and new quality control flags have been applied. The other parameters present in the files (and their quality control flags) are identical to the data of the original files in the data set mentioned above. Files which do not contain suitable chlorophyll, oxygen or nutrients data have not been included.