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The 1-indenyl (C9H7•) radical, a prototype aromatic and resonantly stabilized free radical carrying a six- and a five-membered ring, has emerged as a fundamental molecular building block of nonplanar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and carbonaceous nanostructures in deep space and combustion systems. However, the underlying formation mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we reveal an unconventional low-temperature gas-phase formation of 1-indenyl via barrierless ring annulation involving reactions of atomic carbon [C(3P)] with styrene (C6H5C2H3) and propargyl (C3H3•) with phenyl (C6H5•). Macroscopic environments like molecular clouds act as natural low-temperature laboratories, where rapid molecular mass growth to 1-indenyl and subsequently complex PAHs involving vinyl side-chained aromatics and aryl radicals can occur. These reactions may account for the formation of PAHs and their derivatives in the interstellar medium and carbonaceous chondrites and could close the gap of timescales of their production and destruction in our carbonaceous universe.

Kuiper Belt objects exhibit a wider color range than any other solar system population. The origin of this color diversity is unknown, but likely the result of the prolonged irradiation of organic materials by galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). Here, we combine ultrahigh-vacuum irradiation experiments with comprehensive spectroscopic analyses to examine the color evolution during GCR processing methane and acetylene under Kuiper Belt conditions. This study replicates the colors of a population of Kuiper Belt objects such as Makemake, Orcus, and Salacia. Aromatic structural units carrying up to three rings as in phenanthrene (C14H10), phenalene (C9H10), and acenaphthylene (C12H8), of which some carry structural motives of DNA and RNA connected via unsaturated linkers, were found to play a key role in producing the reddish colors. These studies demonstrate the level of molecular complexity synthesized of GCR processing hydrocarbon and hint at the role played by irradiated ice in the early production of biological precursor molecules.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous in the interstellar medium and in meteorites such as Murchison and Allende and signify the missing link between resonantly stabilized free radicals and carbonaceous nanoparticles (soot particles, interstellar grains). However, the predicted lifetime of interstellar PAHs of some 108 years imply that PAHs should not exist in extraterrestrial environments suggesting that key mechanisms of their formation are elusive. Exploiting a microchemical reactor and coupling these data with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and kinetic modeling, we reveal through an isomer selective product detection that the reaction of the resonantly stabilized benzyl and the propargyl radicals synthesizes the simplest representative of PAHs - the 10π Hückel aromatic naphthalene (C10H8) molecule - via the novel Propargyl Addition-BenzAnnulation (PABA) mechanism. The gas-phase preparation of naphthalene affords a versatile concept of the reaction of combustion and astronomically abundant propargyl radicals with aromatic radicals carrying the radical center at the methylene moiety as a previously passed over source of aromatics in high temperature environments thus bringing us closer to an understanding of the aromatic universe we live in.

The molecular origins of homochirality on Earth is not understood well, particularly how enantiomerically enriched molecules of astrobiological significance like sugars and amino acids might have been synthesized on icy grains in space preceding their delivery to Earth. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) identified in carbonaceous chondrites could have been processed in molecular clouds by circularly polarized light prior to the depletion of enantiomerically enriched helicenes onto carbonaceous grains resulting in chiral islands. However, the fundamental low temperature reaction mechanisms leading to racemic helicenes are still unknown. Here, by exploiting synchrotron based molecular beam photoionization mass spectrometry combined with electronic structure calculations, we provide compelling testimony on barrierless, low temperature pathways leading to racemates of [5] and [6]helicene. Astrochemical modeling advocates that gas-phase reactions in molecular clouds lead to racemates of helicenes suggesting a pathway for future astronomical observation and providing a fundamental understanding for the origin of homochirality on early Earth.

An investigation of the fundamental processes leading to the incorporation of 18O isotopes in carbon dioxide and in iron oxides is critical to understanding the atmospheric evolution and geochemistry of Mars. Whereas signatures of 18O have been observed by the Phoenix Lander and the sample analysis at Mars for carbon dioxide, the underlying isotopic exchange pathways with minerals of the crust of Mars are still elusive. Here, we reveal that reactions of gaseous 18O-carbon dioxide over goethite (FeO(OH)) and hematite (Fe2O3) lead to an 18O transfer from the atmosphere that enriches the 18O content of the iron oxides in the absence of water and light. This proof-of-concept study shows that isotopic enrichment processes on Mars not only are limited to the atmosphere but also proceed via chemical interaction with dry iron oxides. These processes are decisive to comprehending the 18O cycle between the atmosphere and the surface on the planetary scale.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are prevalent in deep space and on Earth as products in combustion processes bearing direct relevance to energy efficiency and environmental remediation. Reactions between hydrocarbon radicals in particular have been invoked as critical molecular mass growth processes toward cyclization leading to these PAHs. However, the mechanism of the formation of PAHs through radical - radical reactions are largely elusive. Here, we report on a combined computational and experimental study of the benzyl (C7H7) radical self-reaction to phenanthrene and anthracene (C14H10) through unconventional, isomer-selective excited state dynamics. Whereas phenanthrene formation is initiated via a barrierless recombination of two benzyl radicals on the singlet ground state surface, formation of anthracene commences through an exotic transition state on the excited state triplet surface through cycloaddition. Our findings challenge conventional wisdom that PAH formation via radical-radical reactions solely operates on electronic ground state surfaces and open up a previously overlooked avenue for a more "rapid" synthesis of aromatic, multi-ringed structures via excited state dynamics in the gas phase.

Ethynylsilylene (HCCSiH; X1A') has been prepared in the gas phase through the elementary reaction of singlet dicarbon (C2) with silane (SiH4) under single-collision conditions. Electronic structure calculations reveal a barrierless reaction pathway involving 1,1-insertion of dicarbon into one of the silicon-hydrogen bonds followed by hydrogen migration to form the 3-sila-methylacetylene (HCCSiH3) intermediate. The intermediate undergoes unimolecular decomposition through molecular hydrogen loss to ethynylsilylene (HCCSiH; Cs; X1A'). The dicarbon-silane system defines a benchmark to explore the consequence of a single collision between the simplest "only carbon" molecule (dicarbon) with the prototype of a closed-shell silicon hydride (silane) yielding a nonclassical silacarbene, whose molecular geometry and electronic structure are quite distinct from the isovalent triplet propargylene (HCCCH; C2; 3B) carbon-counterpart. These organosilicon transients cannot be prepared through traditional organic, synthetic methods, thus opening up a versatile path to access the previously largely elusive class of silacarbenes.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been invoked in fundamental molecular mass growth processes in our galaxy. We provide compelling evidence of the formation of the very first ringed aromatic and building block of PAHs-benzene-via the self-recombination of two resonantly stabilized propargyl (C3H3) radicals in dilute environments using isomer-selective synchrotron-based mass spectrometry coupled to theoretical calculations. Along with benzene, three other structural isomers (1,5-hexadiyne, fulvene, and 2-ethynyl-1,3-butadiene) and o-benzyne are detected, and their branching ratios are quantified experimentally and verified with the aid of computational fluid dynamics and kinetic simulations. These results uncover molecular growth pathways not only in interstellar, circumstellar, and solar systems environments but also in combustion systems, which help us gain a better understanding of the hydrocarbon chemistry of our universe.

Fullerenes (C60, C70) detected in planetary nebulae and carbonaceous chondrites have been implicated to play a key role in the astrochemical evolution of the interstellar medium. However, the formation mechanism of even their simplest molecular building block-the corannulene molecule (C20H10)-has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate via a combined molecular beams and ab initio investigation that corannulene can be synthesized in the gas phase through the reactions of 7-fluoranthenyl (C16H9˙) and benzo[ghi]fluoranthen-5-yl (C18H9˙) radicals with acetylene (C2H2) mimicking conditions in carbon-rich circumstellar envelopes. This reaction sequence reveals a reaction class in which a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) radical undergoes ring expansion while simultaneously forming an out-of-plane carbon backbone central to 3D nanostructures such as buckybowls and buckyballs. These fundamental reaction mechanisms are critical in facilitating an intimate understanding of the origin and evolution of the molecular universe and, in particular, of carbon in our galaxy.

The tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 3H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalene (C13H10), 1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene (C13H10) and 1H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalene (C13H10) along with their indene-based bicyclic isomers (E)-5-(but-1-en-3-yn-1-yl)-1H-indene, (E)-6-(but-1-en-3-yn-1-yl)-1H-indene, 5-(but-3-ene-1-yn-1-yl)-1H-in-dene, and 6-(but-3-ene-1-yn-1-yl)-1H-indene were formed via a "directed synthesis" in a high-temperature chemical micro reactor at the temperature of 1300 ± 10 K through the reactions of the 5- and 6-indenyl radicals (C9H7˙) with vinylacetylene (C4H4). The isomer distributions were probed utilizing tunable vacuum ultraviolet light by recording the photoionization efficiency curves at mass-to-charge of m/z = 166 (C13H10) and 167 (13CC12H10) of the products in a supersonic molecular beam. The underlying reaction mechanisms involve the initial formation of van-der-Waals complexes followed by addition of the 5- and 6-indenyl radicals to vinylacetylene via submerged barriers, followed by isomerization (hydrogen shifts, ring closures), and termination via atomic hydrogen elimination accompanied by aromatization. All the barriers involved in the formation of 3H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalene, 1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalene and 1H-cyclopenta[a]naphthalene are submerged with respect to the reactants indicating that the mechanisms are in fact barrierless, potentially forming PAHs via the hydrogen abstraction - vinylacetylene addition (HAVA) pathway in the cold molecular clouds such as Taurus Molecular Cloud-1 (TMC-1) at temperatures as low as 10 K.

For the last few decades, the Hydrogen-Abstraction/aCetylene-Addition (HACA) mechanism has been fundamental in aiding our understanding of the source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in combustion processes and in circumstellar envelopes of carbon rich stars. However, the reaction mechanisms driving high temperature molecular mass growth beyond triphenylene (C18H12) along with the link between PAHs and graphene-type nanostructures as identified in carbonaceous meteorites such as in Murchison and Allende has remained elusive. By exploring the reaction of the 1-naphthyl radical (C10H7˙) with methylacetylene (CH3CCH) and allene (H2CCCH2) under conditions prevalent in carbon-rich circumstellar environments and combustion systems, we provide compelling evidence on a facile formation of 1H-phenalene (C13H10) - the central molecular building block of graphene-type nanostructures. Beyond PAHs, molecular mass growth processes from 1H-phenalene via ring-annulation through C3 molecular building blocks may ultimately lead to two-dimensional structures such as graphene nano flakes and after condensation of multiple layers to graphitized carbon. These fundamental reaction mechanisms are of crucial significance to facilitate an understanding of the origin and chemical evolution of carbon in our Galaxy.

A unified low-temperature reaction mechanism on the formation of acenes, phenacenes, and helicenes-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are distinct via the linear, zigzag, and ortho-condensed arrangements of fused benzene rings-is revealed. This mechanism is mediated through a barrierless, vinylacetylene mediated gas-phase chemistry utilizing tetracene, [4]phenacene, and [4]helicene as benchmarks contesting established ideas that molecular mass growth processes to PAHs transpire at elevated temperatures. This mechanism opens up an isomer-selective route to aromatic structures involving submerged reaction barriers, resonantly stabilized free-radical intermediates, and systematic ring annulation potentially yielding molecular wires along with racemic mixtures of helicenes in deep space. Connecting helicene templates to the Origins of Life ultimately changes our hypothesis on interstellar carbon chemistry.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent the link between resonance-stabilized free radicals and carbonaceous nanoparticles generated in incomplete combustion processes and in circumstellar envelopes of carbon rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. Although these PAHs resemble building blocks of complex carbonaceous nanostructures, their fundamental formation mechanisms have remained elusive. By exploring these reaction mechanisms of the phenyl radical with biphenyl/naphthalene theoretically and experimentally, we provide compelling evidence on a novel phenyl-addition/dehydrocyclization (PAC) pathway leading to prototype PAHs: triphenylene and fluoranthene. PAC operates efficiently at high temperatures leading through rapid molecular mass growth processes to complex aromatic structures, which are difficult to synthesize by traditional pathways such as hydrogen-abstraction/acetylene-addition. The elucidation of the fundamental reactions leading to PAHs is necessary to facilitate an understanding of the origin and evolution of the molecular universe and of carbon in our galaxy.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent key molecular building blocks leading to carbonaceous nanoparticles identified in combustion systems and extraterrestrial environments. However, the understanding of their formation and growth in these high temperature environments has remained elusive. We present a mechanism through laboratory experiments and computations revealing how the prototype PAH-naphthalene-can be efficiently formed via a rapid 1-indenyl radical-methyl radical reaction. This versatile route converts five- to six-membered rings and provides a detailed view of high temperature mass growth processes that can eventually lead to graphene-type PAHs and two-dimensional nanostructures providing a radical new view about the transformations of carbon in our universe.

The three-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 3H-benz[e]indene (C13H10) and 1H-benz[f]indene (C13H10) along with their naphthalene-based isomers 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)naphthalene (C13H10), 2-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)naphthalene (C13H10), and 2-(propa-1,2-dien-1-yl)naphthalene (C13H10) were formed through a "directed synthesis"via a high temperature chemical micro reactor under combustion-like conditions (1300 ± 35 K) through the reactions of the 2-naphthyl isomer (C10H7˙) with allene (C3H4) and methylacetylene (C3H4). The isomer distributions were probed utilizing tunable vacuum ultraviolet radiation from the Advanced Light Source (ALS) by recording the photoionization efficiency curves at mass-to-charge of m/z = 166 (C13H10) and 167 (13CC12H10) of the products in a supersonic molecular beam. Complemented by electronic structure calculations, our study reveals critical mass growth processes via annulation of a five-membered ring from the reaction between aryl radicals and distinct C3H4 isomers at elevated temperatures as present in combustion processes and in circumstellar envelopes of carbon stars. The underlying reaction mechanisms proceed through the initial addition of the 2-naphthyl radical with its radical center to the π-electron density of the allene and methylacetylene reactants via entrance barriers between 8 and 14 kJ mol-1, followed by isomerization (hydrogen shifts, ring closure), and termination via atomic hydrogen losses accompanied by aromatization. The reaction mechanisms reflect the formation of indene - the prototype PAH carrying a single five- and a single six-membered ring - synthesized through the reaction of the phenyl radical (C6H5˙) with allene and methylacetylene. This leads us to predict that aryl radicals - upon reaction with allene/methylacetylene - may undergo molecular mass growth processes via ring annulation and de facto addition of a five-membered ring to form molecular building blocks essential to transit planar PAHs out of the plane.

The three-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) 3H-benz[e]indene (C13H10) and 1H-benz[f]indene (C13H10) along with their naphthalene-based isomers 2-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)naphthalene (C13H10), 2-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)naphthalene (C13H10), and 2-(propa-1,2-dien-1-yl)naphthalene (C13H10) were formed through a "directed synthesis"via a high temperature chemical micro reactor under combustion-like conditions (1300 ± 35 K) through the reactions of the 2-naphthyl isomer (C10H7˙) with allene (C3H4) and methylacetylene (C3H4). The isomer distributions were probed utilizing tunable vacuum ultraviolet radiation from the Advanced Light Source (ALS) by recording the photoionization efficiency curves at mass-to-charge of m/z = 166 (C13H10) and 167 (13CC12H10) of the products in a supersonic molecular beam. Complemented by electronic structure calculations, our study reveals critical mass growth processes via annulation of a five-membered ring from the reaction between aryl radicals and distinct C3H4 isomers at elevated temperatures as present in combustion processes and in circumstellar envelopes of carbon stars. The underlying reaction mechanisms proceed through the initial addition of the 2-naphthyl radical with its radical center to the π-electron density of the allene and methylacetylene reactants via entrance barriers between 8 and 14 kJ mol-1, followed by isomerization (hydrogen shifts, ring closure), and termination via atomic hydrogen losses accompanied by aromatization. The reaction mechanisms reflect the formation of indene - the prototype PAH carrying a single five- and a single six-membered ring - synthesized through the reaction of the phenyl radical (C6H5˙) with allene and methylacetylene. This leads us to predict that aryl radicals - upon reaction with allene/methylacetylene - may undergo molecular mass growth processes via ring annulation and de facto addition of a five-membered ring to form molecular building blocks essential to transit planar PAHs out of the plane.

Complex organosilicon molecules are ubiquitous in the circumstellar envelope of the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star IRC+10216, but their formation mechanisms have remained largely elusive until now. These processes are of fundamental importance in initiating a chain of chemical reactions leading eventually to the formation of organosilicon molecules-among them key precursors to silicon carbide grains-in the circumstellar shell contributing critically to the galactic carbon and silicon budgets with up to 80% of the ejected materials infused into the interstellar medium. Here we demonstrate via a combined experimental, computational, and modeling study that distinct chemistries in the inner and outer envelope of a carbon star can lead to the synthesis of circumstellar silicon tricarbide (c-SiC3) as observed in the circumstellar envelope of IRC+10216. Bimolecular reactions of electronically excited silicon atoms (Si(1D)) with allene (H2CCCH2) and methylacetylene (CH3CCH) initiate the formation of SiC3H2 molecules in the inner envelope. Driven by the stellar wind to the outer envelope, subsequent photodissociation of the SiC3H2 parent operates the synthesis of the c-SiC3 daughter species via dehydrogenation. The facile route to silicon tricarbide via a single neutral-neutral reaction to a hydrogenated parent molecule followed by photochemical processing of this transient to a bare silicon-carbon molecule presents evidence for a shift in currently accepted views of the circumstellar organosilicon chemistry, and provides an explanation for the previously elusive origin of circumstellar organosilicon molecules that can be synthesized in carbon-rich, circumstellar environments.

The reactions of the indenyl radicals with acetylene (C2 H2 ) and vinylacetylene (C4 H4 ) is studied in a hot chemical reactor coupled to synchrotron based vacuum ultraviolet ionization mass spectrometry. These experimental results are combined with theory to reveal that the resonantly stabilized and thermodynamically most stable 1-indenyl radical (C9 H7. ) is always formed in the pyrolysis of 1-, 2-, 6-, and 7-bromoindenes at 1500 K. The 1-indenyl radical reacts with acetylene yielding 1-ethynylindene plus atomic hydrogen, rather than adding a second acetylene molecule and leading to ring closure and formation of fluorene as observed in other reaction mechanisms such as the hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition or hydrogen abstraction vinylacetylene addition pathways. While this reaction mechanism is analogous to the bimolecular reaction between the phenyl radical (C6 H5. ) and acetylene forming phenylacetylene (C6 H5 CCH), the 1-indenyl+acetylene→1-ethynylindene+hydrogen reaction is highly endoergic (114 kJ mol-1 ) and slow, contrary to the exoergic (-38 kJ mol-1 ) and faster phenyl+acetylene→phenylacetylene+hydrogen reaction. In a similar manner, no ring closure leading to fluorene formation was observed in the reaction of 1-indenyl radical with vinylacetylene. These experimental results are explained through rate constant calculations based on theoretically derived potential energy surfaces.

The reactions of the indenyl radicals with acetylene (C2 H2 ) and vinylacetylene (C4 H4 ) is studied in a hot chemical reactor coupled to synchrotron based vacuum ultraviolet ionization mass spectrometry. These experimental results are combined with theory to reveal that the resonantly stabilized and thermodynamically most stable 1-indenyl radical (C9 H7 . ) is always formed in the pyrolysis of 1-, 2-, 6-, and 7-bromoindenes at 1500 K. The 1-indenyl radical reacts with acetylene yielding 1-ethynylindene plus atomic hydrogen, rather than adding a second acetylene molecule and leading to ring closure and formation of fluorene as observed in other reaction mechanisms such as the hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition or hydrogen abstraction vinylacetylene addition pathways. While this reaction mechanism is analogous to the bimolecular reaction between the phenyl radical (C6 H5 . ) and acetylene forming phenylacetylene (C6 H5 CCH), the 1-indenyl+acetylene→1-ethynylindene+hydrogen reaction is highly endoergic (114 kJ mol-1 ) and slow, contrary to the exoergic (-38 kJ mol-1 ) and faster phenyl+acetylene→phenylacetylene+hydrogen reaction. In a similar manner, no ring closure leading to fluorene formation was observed in the reaction of 1-indenyl radical with vinylacetylene. These experimental results are explained through rate constant calculations based on theoretically derived potential energy surfaces.

A synthetic route to racemic helicenes via a vinylacetylene mediated gas phase chemistry involving elementary reactions with aryl radicals is presented. In contrast to traditional synthetic routes involving solution chemistry and ionic reaction intermediates, the gas phase synthesis involves a targeted ring annulation involving free radical intermediates. Exploiting the simplest helicene as a benchmark, we show that the gas phase reaction of the 4-phenanthrenyl radical ([C14H9]•) with vinylacetylene (C4H4) yields [4]-helicene (C18H12) along with atomic hydrogen via a low-barrier mechanism through a resonance-stabilized free radical intermediate (C18H13). This pathway may represent a versatile mechanism to build up even more complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as [5]- and [6]-helicene via stepwise ring annulation through bimolecular gas phase reactions in circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich stars, whereas secondary reactions involving hydrogen atom assisted isomerization of thermodynamically less stable isomers of [4]-helicene might be important in combustion flames as well.

For the last decades, the hydrogen-abstraction-acetylene-addition (HACA) mechanism has been widely invoked to rationalize the high-temperature synthesis of PAHs as detected in carbonaceous meteorites (CM) and proposed to exist in the interstellar medium (ISM). By unravelling the chemistry of the 9-phenanthrenyl radical ([C14 H9 ]. ) with vinylacetylene (C4 H4 ), we present the first compelling evidence of a barrier-less pathway leading to a prototype tetracyclic PAH - triphenylene (C18 H12 ) - via an unconventional hydrogen abstraction-vinylacetylene addition (HAVA) mechanism operational at temperatures as low as 10 K. The barrier-less, exoergic nature of the reaction reveals HAVA as a versatile reaction mechanism that may drive molecular mass growth processes to PAHs and even two-dimensional, graphene-type nanostructures in cold environments in deep space thus leading to a better understanding of the carbon chemistry in our universe through the untangling of elementary reactions on the most fundamental level.

The detection of benzene in Titan’s atmosphere led to the emergence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as potential nucleation agents triggering the growth of Titan’s orange-brownish haze layers. However, the fundamental mechanisms leading to the formation of PAHs in Titan’s low-temperature atmosphere have remained elusive. We provide persuasive evidence through laboratory experiments and computations that prototype PAHs like anthracene and phenanthrene (C14H10) are synthesized via barrierless reactions involving naphthyl radicals (C10H7•) with vinylacetylene (CH2=CH–C≡CH) in low-temperature environments. These elementary reactions are rapid, have no entrance barriers, and synthesize anthracene and phenanthrene via van der Waals complexes and submerged barriers. This facile route to anthracene and phenanthrene—potential building blocks to complex PAHs and aerosols in Titan—signifies a critical shift in the perception that PAHs can only be formed under high-temperature conditions, providing a detailed understanding of the chemistry of Titan’s atmosphere by untangling elementary reactions on the most fundamental level.

The merging of the electronic structure calculations and crossed beam experiments expose the reaction dynamics in the tin (Sn, 3Pj) − molecular oxygen (O2, X3Σ −g) system yielding tin monoxide (SnO, X1Σ+) along with ground state atomic oxygen O(3P). The reaction can be initiated on the triplet and singlet surfaces via addition of tin to the oxygen atom leading to linear, bent, and/or triangular reaction intermediates. On both the triplet and singlet surfaces, formation of the tin dioxide structure is required prior to unimolecular decomposition to SnO(X1Σ+) and O(3P). Intersystem crossing (ISC) plays a critical role in the reaction mechanism and extensively interosculates singlet and triplet surfaces. The studied reaction follows a mechanism parallel to that for the gas phase reaction of germanium and silicon with molecular oxygen, however, the presence of the tin atom enhances and expands ISC via the "heavy atom effect". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ketoaldehydes are key intermediates in biochemical processes including carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. Despite their crucial role in the interstellar synthesis of essential biomolecules necessary for the Origins of Life, their formation mechanisms have largely remained elusive. Here, we report the first bottom-up formation of methylglyoxal (CH3C(O)CHO)—the simplest ketoaldehyde—through the barrierless recombination of the formyl (HĊO) radical with the acetyl (CH3ĊO) radical in low-temperature interstellar ice analogs upon exposure to energetic irradiation as proxies of galactic cosmic rays. Utilizing vacuum ultraviolet photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry and isotopic substitution studies, methylglyoxal and its enol tautomer 2-hydroxypropenone (CH3C(OH)CO) were identified in the gas phase during the temperature-programmed desorption of irradiated carbon monoxide–acetaldehyde (CO–CH3CHO) ices, suggesting their potential as promising candidates for future astronomical searches. Once synthesized in cold molecular clouds, methylglyoxal can serve as a key precursor to sugars, sugar acids, and amino acids. Furthermore, this work provides the first experimental evidence for tautomerization of a ketoaldehyde in interstellar ice analogs, advancing our fundamental knowledge of how ketoaldehydes and their enol tautomers can be synthesized in deep space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the bimolecular gas-phase reaction of the phenyl radical (C6H5) with silane (SiH4) under single collision conditions to investigate the chemical dynamics of forming phenylsilane (C6H5SiH3) via a bimolecular radical substitution mechanism at a tetracoordinated silicon atom. Verified by electronic structure and quasiclassical trajectory calculations, the replacement of a single carbon atom in methane by silicon lowers the barrier to substitution, thus defying conventional wisdom that tetracoordinated hydrides undergo preferentially hydrogen abstraction. This reaction mechanism provides fundamental insights into the hitherto unexplored gas-phase chemical dynamics of radical substitution reactions of mononuclear main group hydrides under single collision conditions and highlights the distinct reactivity of silicon compared to its isovalent carbon. This mechanism might be also involved in the synthesis of cyanosilane (SiH3CN) and methylsilane (CH3SiH3) probed in the circumstellar envelope of the carbon star IRC+10216.

The formation of the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), naphthalene (C10H8), was explored in a high-temperature chemical reactor under combustion-like conditions in the phenyl (C6H5)-vinylacetylene (C4H4) system. The products were probed utilizing tunable vacuum ultraviolet light by scanning the photoionization efficiency (PIE) curve at a mass-to-charge m/ z = 128 (C10H8+) of molecules entrained in a molecular beam. The data fitting with PIE reference curves of naphthalene, 4-phenylvinylacetylene (C6H5CCC2H3), and trans-1-phenylvinylacetylene (C6H5CHCHCCH) indicates that the isomers were generated with branching ratios of 43.5±9.0 : 6.5±1.0 : 50.0±10.0%. Kinetics simulations agree nicely with the experimental findings with naphthalene synthesized via the hydrogen abstraction-vinylacetylene addition (HAVA) pathway and through hydrogen-assisted isomerization of phenylvinylacetylenes. The HAVA route to naphthalene at elevated temperatures represents an alternative pathway to the hydrogen abstraction-acetylene addition (HACA) forming naphthalene in flames and circumstellar envelopes, whereas in cold molecular clouds, HAVA synthesizes naphthalene via a barrierless bimolecular route.

For the past decades, the hydrogen-abstraction/acetylene-addition (HACA) mechanism has been instrumental in attempting to untangle the origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as identified in carbonaceous meteorites such as Allende and Murchison. However, the fundamental reaction mechanisms leading to the synthesis of PAHs beyond phenanthrene (C14H10) are still unknown. By exploring the reaction of the 4-phenanthrenyl radical (C14H9• ) with acetylene (C2H2) under conditions prevalent in carbon-rich circumstellar environments, we show evidence of a facile, isomer-selective formation of pyrene (C16H10). Along with the hydrogen-abstraction/vinylacetylene-addition (HAVA) mechanism, molecular mass growth processes from pyrene may lead through systematic ring expansions not only to more complex PAHs, but ultimately to 2D graphene-type structures. These fundamental reaction mechanisms are crucial to facilitate an understanding of the origin and evolution of the molecular universe and, in particular, of carbon in our Galaxy.

Pyrolysis products of ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) at 483 K were monitored on line and in situ via single photon photoionization reflectron time-of-flight spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS) in the photon energy range of 9.00–17.50 eV. The photoionization efficiency curves (PIE) of the subliming product molecules were collected and allowed for detection of three class of products containing chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen including atoms and free radicals. These results suggest a new insight into possible low-temperature decomposition pathways of NH4ClO4.