38 results on '"Kai Litzius"'
Search Results
2. Author Correction: Faster chiral versus collinear magnetic order recovery after optical excitation revealed by femtosecond XUV scattering
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Nico Kerber, Dmitriy Ksenzov, Frank Freimuth, Flavio Capotondi, Emanuele Pedersoli, Ignacio Lopez-Quintas, Boris Seng, Joel Cramer, Kai Litzius, Daniel Lacour, Hartmut Zabel, Yuriy Mokrousov, Mathias Kläui, and Christian Gutt
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Science - Abstract
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21915-9
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- 2021
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3. Coherent correlation imaging for resolving fluctuating states of matter
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Christopher Klose, Felix Büttner, Wen Hu, Claudio Mazzoli, Kai Litzius, Riccardo Battistelli, Sergey Zayko, Ivan Lemesh, Jason M. Bartell, Mantao Huang, Christian M. Günther, Michael Schneider, Andi Barbour, Stuart B. Wilkins, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Stefan Eisebitt, and Bastian Pfau
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Multidisciplinary ,500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik ,magnetic properties and materials ,imaging techniques - Abstract
Fluctuations and stochastic transitions are ubiquitous in nanometre-scale systems, especially in the presence of disorder. However, their direct observation has so far been impeded by a seemingly fundamental, signal-limited compromise between spatial and temporal resolution. Here we develop coherent correlation imaging (CCI) to overcome this dilemma. Our method begins by classifying recorded camera frames in Fourier space. Contrast and spatial resolution emerge by averaging selectively over same-state frames. Temporal resolution down to the acquisition time of a single frame arises independently from an exceptionally low misclassification rate, which we achieve by combining a correlation-based similarity metric1,2 with a modified, iterative hierarchical clustering algorithm3,4. We apply CCI to study previously inaccessible magnetic fluctuations in a highly degenerate magnetic stripe domain state with nanometre-scale resolution. We uncover an intricate network of transitions between more than 30 discrete states. Our spatiotemporal data enable us to reconstruct the pinning energy landscape and to thereby explain the dynamics observed on a microscopic level. CCI massively expands the potential of emerging high-coherence X-ray sources and paves the way for addressing large fundamental questions such as the contribution of pinning5–8 and topology9–12 in phase transitions and the role of spin and charge order fluctuations in high-temperature superconductivity13,14.
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- 2023
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4. Author Correction: Coherent correlation imaging for resolving fluctuating states of matter
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Christopher Klose, Felix Büttner, Wen Hu, Claudio Mazzoli, Kai Litzius, Riccardo Battistelli, Sergey Zayko, Ivan Lemesh, Jason M. Bartell, Mantao Huang, Christian M. Günther, Michael Schneider, Andi Barbour, Stuart B. Wilkins, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Stefan Eisebitt, and Bastian Pfau
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Multidisciplinary - Published
- 2023
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5. Seeding and Emergence of Composite Skyrmions in a van der Waals Magnet
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Lukas Powalla, Max T. Birch, Kai Litzius, Sebastian Wintz, Fehmi S. Yasin, Luke A. Turnbull, Frank Schulz, Daniel A. Mayoh, Geetha Balakrishnan, Markus Weigand, Xiuzhen Yu, Klaus Kern, Gisela Schütz, and Marko Burghard
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real-space observation ,room-temperature ,Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,x-ray microscopy ,fe3gete2 ,General Materials Science ,skyrmioniums ,Large scale facilities for research with photons neutrons and ions ,dynamics ,micromagnetic simulation ,composite skyrmions - Abstract
Topological charge plays a significant role in a range of physical systems. In particular, observations of real space topological objects in magnetic materials have been largely limited to skyrmions states with a unitary topological charge. Recently, more exotic states with varying topology, such as antiskyrmions, merons, or bimerons and 3D states such as skyrmion strings, chiral bobbers, and hopfions, have been experimentally reported. Along these lines, the realization of states with higher order topology has the potential to open new avenues of research in topological magnetism and its spintronic applications. Here, real space imaging of such spin textures, including skyrmion, skyrmionium, skyrmion bag, and skyrmion sack states, observed in exfoliated flakes of the van der Waals magnet Fe3 amp; 8722;xGeTe2 FGT is reported. These composite skyrmions may emerge from seeded, loop like states condensed into the stripe domain structure, demonstrating the possibility to realize spin textures with arbitrary integer topological charge within exfoliated flakes of 2D magnets. The general nature of the formation mechanism motivates the search for composite skyrmion states in both well known and new magnetic materials, which may yet reveal an even richer spectrum of higher order topological objects
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- 2023
6. Role of substrate clamping on anisotropy and domain structure in the canted antiferromagnet α−Fe2O3
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Angela Wittmann, Olena Gomonay, Kai Litzius, Allison Kaczmarek, Alexander E. Kossak, Daniel Wolf, Axel Lubk, Tyler N. Johnson, Elizaveta A. Tremsina, Alexandra Churikova, Felix Büttner, Sebastian Wintz, Mohamad-Assaad Mawass, Markus Weigand, Florian Kronast, Larry Scipioni, Adam Shepard, Ty Newhouse-Illige, James A. Greer, Gisela Schütz, Norman O. Birge, and Geoffrey S. D. Beach
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- 2022
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7. Toggle-like current-induced Bloch point dynamics of 3D skyrmion strings in a room-temperature nanowire
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Max Birch, David Cortés-Ortuño, Kai Litzius, Sebastian Wintz, Frank Schulz, Markus Weigand, Aleš Štefančič, Daniel Mayoh, Geetha Balakrishnan, Peter Hatton, and Gisela Schütz
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Research into practical applications of magnetic skyrmions, nanoscale solitons with interesting topological and transport properties [1,2], has traditionally focused on two dimensional (2D) thin-film systems[3,4]. However, the recent observation of novel three dimensional (3D) skyrmion-like structures, such as hopfions [5], skyrmion strings (SkS) [6-9], skyrmion bundles [11] and skyrmion braids [12], motivates the investigation of new designs, aiming to exploit the third spatial dimension for more compact and higher performance spintronic devices in 3D or curvilinear geometries [13-15]. A crucial requirement of such device schemes is the control of the 3D magnetic structures via charge or spin currents, which has yet to be experimentally observed. In this work, we utilise real-space imaging to investigate the dynamics of a 3D SkS within a nanowire of Co8Zn9Mn3 at room temperature. Utilising single, nanoscale current pulses, we demonstrate current-induced nucleation of a single SkS, and a toggle-like positional switching of an individual Bloch point at the end of a SkS. The observations highlight the possibility to locally manipulate 3D topological spin textures, opening up a range of design concepts for future 3D spintronic devices.
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- 2022
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8. Skyrmion States in Disk Geometry
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Hans Fangohr, Markus Weißenhofer, Mathias Kläui, Andrea De Lucia, Thomas Winkler, and Kai Litzius
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Physics ,Annihilation ,Field (physics) ,530 Physics ,Heisenberg model ,Skyrmion ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Geometry ,02 engineering and technology ,530 Physik ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Magnetic field ,Magnetization ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Order of magnitude ,Topological quantum number - Abstract
In this work, we explore the stability of magnetic skyrmions confined in a disk geometry by analyzing how to switch a skyrmionic state in a circular disk into a uniformly magnetized state when applying an external magnetic field. The technologically highly relevant energy barrier between the skyrmion state and the uniformly magnetized state is a key parameter needed for lifetime calculations. In an infinite sample, this relates to the out-of-plane rupture field against the skyrmion-core direction, while in confined geometries the topological charge can also be changed by interactions with the sample edges. We find that annihilating a skyrmion with an applied field in the direction of the core magnetization---we call this expulsion---the energy barrier to the uniform state is generally around one order of magnitude lower than the annihilation via the rupture of the core in the disk center, which is observed when the applied field is acting in the direction opposite to the core magnetization. For the latter case a Bloch point (BP) needs to be nucleated to change the topological charge to zero. We find that the former case can be realistically calculated using micromagnetic simulations but that the annihilation via rupture, involving a Bloch point, needs to be calculated with the Heisenberg model because the high magnetization gradients present during the annihilation process cannot be accurately described within the micromagnetic framework.
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- 2021
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9. Thermal skyrmion diffusion used in a reshuffler device
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Daniel Heinze, Karin Everschor-Sitte, Levente Rózsa, Ulrich Nowak, Mathias Kläui, Sascha Kromin, Samridh Jaiswal, Florian Jakobs, Gerhard Jakob, Daniele Pinna, Peter Virnau, Jakub Zázvorka, Andreas Donges, Niklas Keil, and Kai Litzius
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Work (thermodynamics) ,530 Physics ,Biomedical Engineering ,Bioengineering ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,Thermal diffusivity ,01 natural sciences ,Thermal ,ddc:530 ,General Materials Science ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Diffusion (business) ,Physics ,Condensed matter physics ,Texture (cosmology) ,Skyrmion ,Energy landscape ,Physik (inkl. Astronomie) ,530 Physik ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,0104 chemical sciences ,0210 nano-technology ,Unconventional computing - Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions in thin films can be efficiently displaced with high speed by using spin-transfer torques1,2 and spin–orbit torques3–5 at low current densities. Although this favourable combination of properties has raised expectations for using skyrmions in devices6,7, only a few publications have studied the thermal effects on the skyrmion dynamics8–10. However, thermally induced skyrmion dynamics can be used for applications11 such as unconventional computing approaches12, as they have been predicted to be useful for probabilistic computing devices13. In our work, we uncover thermal diffusive skyrmion dynamics by a combined experimental and numerical study. We probed the dynamics of magnetic skyrmions in a specially tailored low-pinning multilayer material. The observed thermally excited skyrmion motion dominates the dynamics. Analysing the diffusion as a function of temperature, we found an exponential dependence, which we confirmed by means of numerical simulations. The diffusion of skyrmions was further used in a signal reshuffling device as part of a skyrmion-based probabilistic computing architecture. Owing to its inherent two-dimensional texture, the observation of a diffusive motion of skyrmions in thin-film systems may also yield insights in soft-matter-like characteristics (for example, studies of fluctuation theorems, thermally induced roughening and so on), which thus makes it highly desirable to realize and study thermal effects in experimentally accessible skyrmion systems. Thermal diffusion of skyrmions in a non-flat energy landscape shows exponential temperature dependence and can be used for a reshuffler device with potential application in probabilistic computing.
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- 2019
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10. Anisotropic skyrmion diffusion controlled by magnetic-field-induced symmetry breaking
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Markus Weißenhofer, Nico Kerber, Mathias Kläui, Klaus Raab, Ulrich Nowak, Jakub Zázvorka, and Kai Litzius
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Physics ,Field (physics) ,Condensed matter physics ,Magnetism ,Anisotropic diffusion ,530 Physics ,Skyrmion ,General Physics and Astronomy ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,530 Physik ,01 natural sciences ,Symmetry (physics) ,Magnetic field ,0103 physical sciences ,ddc:530 ,Symmetry breaking ,Diffusion (business) ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
The diffusion of particles has wide repercussions, ranging from particle-based soft-matter systems to solid-state systems with particular electronic properties. Recently, in the field of magnetism, the diffusion of magnetic skyrmions, topologically stabilized quasiparticles, has been demonstrated. Here, we show that, by applying a magnetic in-plane field, and therefore, breaking the symmetry of the system, skyrmion diffusion becomes anisotropic, with faster diffusion parallel to the field axis and slower diffusion perpendicular to it. We furthermore show that the absolute value of the applied magnetic in-plane field controls the absolute values of the diffusion coefficients, so that one can thereby tune both the orientation of the diffusion and its strength. Based on the stochastic Thiele equation, we can explain the observed anisotropic diffusion as a result of the elliptical deformation of the skyrmions by the application of the in-plane field.
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- 2021
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11. Materials for skyrmionics
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Mathias Kläui and Kai Litzius
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Range (mathematics) ,Materials science ,business.industry ,Hybrid system ,Computer data storage ,Thin film ,business ,Engineering physics - Abstract
In recent years, skyrmions have been found in a plethora of different materials encompassing a broad range of bulk compounds as well as a large number of thin film multilayers. Much work has been put forward to study the properties of skyrmions in these systems, especially with respect to employing them in data storage devices, for which their individual strengths and weaknesses have been carefully mapped out. This chapter provides an overview of some of the most common skyrmionics materials that have been used by the community and the properties of the resulting skyrmions. Materials hosting skyrmions are detailed starting with bulk systems as well as thin film systems and more exotic materials, such as hybrid systems.
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- 2021
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12. Contributors
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Gabriele Bonanno, Felix Büttner, Mario Carpentieri, Xing Chen, Oksana Chubykalo-Fesenko, Giuseppina D’Aguì, Konstantin Denisov, Motohiko Ezawa, Peter Fischer, Hans J. Hug, Wang Kang, Mathias Kläui, William Legrand, Na Lei, Andrey O. Leonov, Sai Li, Kai Litzius, Xiaoxi Liu, Jacques Miltat, Catherine Pappas, Stanislas Rohart, Sujoy Roy, Igor Rozhansky, Luis Sánchez-Tejerina, Laichuan Shen, André Thiaville, Riccardo Tomasello, Oleg A. Tretiakov, Seonghoon Woo, Jing Xia, Xichao Zhang, Xueying Zhang, Weisheng Zhao, Yan Zhou, Daoqian Zhu, and Roberto Zivieri
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- 2021
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13. Application concepts for ultrafast laser-induced skyrmion creation and annihilation
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Felix Büttner, Siying Huang, Dieter Engel, Riccardo Battistelli, Alexandr V. Sadovnikov, Daniel Metternich, Mantao Huang, Josefin Fuchs, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Michael Schneider, Angela Wittmann, Ivan Lemesh, Alexandra Churikova, Piet Hessing, Stefan Eisebitt, Christian M. Günther, Lisa-Marie Kern, Kai Litzius, Bastian Pfau, Lucas Caretta, Kathinka Gerlinger, Christian Strüber, Christopher Klose, Kai Bagschik, and Clemens von Korff Schmising
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Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Field (physics) ,magnetic devices ,Physics::Optics ,02 engineering and technology ,Quantum Materials ,01 natural sciences ,Fluence ,law.invention ,information technology ,law ,0103 physical sciences ,X-rays ,ddc:530 ,010302 applied physics ,Physics ,FOS: Nanotechnology ,Condensed matter physics ,nanotechnology ,Skyrmion ,Far-infrared laser ,500 Naturwissenschaften und Mathematik::530 Physik::530 Physik ,topological phases ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Laser ,530 Physik ,phase transitions ,Ferromagnetism ,antisymmetric exchange ,Femtosecond ,magnetic materials ,holography ,ultrafast lasers ,0210 nano-technology ,Ultrashort pulse - Abstract
Applied physics letters 118(19), 192403 (2021). doi:10.1063/5.0046033, Magnetic skyrmions can be created and annihilated in ferromagnetic multilayers using single femtosecond infrared laser pulses above a material-dependent fluence threshold. From the perspective of applications, optical control of skyrmions offers a route to a faster and, potentially, more energy-efficient new class of information-technology devices. Here, we investigate laser-induced skyrmion generation in two different materials, mapping out the dependence of the process on the applied field and the laser fluence. We observe that sample properties like strength of the Dzyaloshinskii���Moriya interaction and pinning do not considerably influence the initial step of optical creation. In contrast, the number of skyrmions created can be directly and robustly controlled via the applied field and the laser fluence. Based on our findings, we propose concepts for applications, such as all-optical writing and deletion, an ultrafast skyrmion reshuffling device for probabilistic computing, and a combined optical and spin���orbit torque-controlled racetrack., Published by American Inst. of Physics, Melville, NY
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- 2021
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14. The role of temperature and drive current in skyrmion dynamics
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Pedram Bassirian, Gisela Schütz, Markus Weigand, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Robert M. Reeve, Kyujoon Lee, Niklas Keil, Ivan Lemesh, Jonathan Leliaert, Kai Litzius, Davi R. Rodrigues, Jeroen Mulkers, Karin Everschor-Sitte, Sascha Kromin, Jakub Zázvorka, Daniel Heinze, Nico Kerber, Bartel Van Waeyenberge, and Mathias Kläui
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Physics ,Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases ,Condensed matter physics ,Spintronics ,Skyrmion ,High Energy Physics::Phenomenology ,Physik (inkl. Astronomie) ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Amplitude ,Ferromagnetism ,Thermal ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Electric current ,Joule heating ,Instrumentation ,Nonlinear Sciences::Pattern Formation and Solitons ,Spin-½ - Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are topologically stabilized nanoscale spin structures that could be of use in the development of future spintronic devices. When a skyrmion is driven by an electric current it propagates at an angle relative to the flow of current-known as the skyrmion Hall angle (SkHA)-that is a function of the drive current. This drive dependence, as well as thermal effects due to Joule heating, could be used to tailor skyrmion trajectories, but are not well understood. Here we report a study of skyrmion dynamics as a function of temperature and drive amplitude. We find that the skyrmion velocity depends strongly on temperature, while the SkHA does not and instead evolves differently in the low- and high-drive regimes. In particular, the maximum skyrmion velocity in ferromagnetic devices is limited by a mechanism based on skyrmion surface tension and deformation (where the skyrmion transitions into a stripe). Our mechanism provides a complete description of the SkHA in ferromagnetic multilayers across the full range of drive strengths, illustrating that skyrmion trajectories can be engineered for device applications. An analysis of skyrmion dynamics at different temperatures and electric drive currents is used to develop a complete description of the skyrmion Hall angle in ferromagnetic multilayers from the creep to the flow regime and illustrates that skyrmion trajectories can be engineered for device applications.
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- 2020
15. Thermal nucleation and high-resolution imaging of submicrometer magnetic bubbles in thin thulium iron garnet films with perpendicular anisotropy
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Nina Novakovic, Can Onur Avci, Simone Finizio, Florian Kronast, Jackson Bauer, Ethan Rosenberg, Mantao Huang, Johannes Förster, Gisela Schütz, Daniel Suzuki, Markus Weigand, Jason Bartell, Carlos A. F. Vaz, Felix Groß, Felix Büttner, Lucas Caretta, M.-A. Mawass, Joachim Gräfe, Jörg Raabe, Caroline A. Ross, Nick Träger, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, and Kai Litzius
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Materials science ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Spintronics ,Condensed matter physics ,Image (category theory) ,Nucleation ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Imaging phantom ,0103 physical sciences ,Femtosecond ,General Materials Science ,Garnet ,bubble ,PMA ,PEEM ,fs Laser ,ddc:530 ,Sensitivity (control systems) ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Excitation ,Phase diagram - Abstract
Nanometer-thin rare-earth iron garnet films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are among the most promising materials for fast and low-energy spintronics applications. Here, the authors demonstrate ultrafast control of intrinsically stabilized submicrometer bubble domains in these materials. By employing powerful x-ray imaging techniques both in transmission and with surface sensitivity, and by combining this with nanosecond electrical pulses and femtosecond laser excitation, they deterministically create, and image, these bubble states $i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}n$ $s\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}i\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}t\phantom{\rule{0}{0ex}}u$. The topology, the chirality, and the switching phase diagram of these twisted spin structures are all resolved by direct imaging.
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- 2020
16. Publisher’s Note: 'Skyrmionics—Computing and memory technologies based on topological excitations in magnets' [J. Appl. Phys. 130, 070908 (2021)]
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Timothy Q. Hartnett, Mohammad Nazmus Sakib, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Andrew D. Kent, Kai Litzius, Jun-Wen Xu, Chung T. Ma, Golam Morshed, Wei Zhou, Hamed Vakili, Avik W. Ghosh, S. Joseph Poon, Mircea R. Stan, Yassine Quessab, Prasanna V. Balachandran, and Samiran Ganguly
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Physics ,Theoretical physics ,Magnet ,General Physics and Astronomy - Published
- 2021
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17. Skyrmionics—Computing and memory technologies based on topological excitations in magnets
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Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Prasanna V. Balachandran, Andrew D. Kent, Golam Morshed, S. Joseph Poon, Jun-Wen Xu, Samiran Ganguly, Kai Litzius, Yassine Quessab, Avik W. Ghosh, Chung T. Ma, Timothy Q. Hartnett, Wei Zhou, Mohammad Nazmus Sakib, Hamed Vakili, and Mircea R. Stan
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Digital electronics ,Physics ,Stochastic computing ,Spins ,business.industry ,Skyrmion ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Context (language use) ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,Topology ,Magnet ,Overhead (computing) ,business ,Topology (chemistry) - Abstract
Solitonic magnetic excitations such as domain walls and, specifically, skyrmionics enable the possibility of compact, high density, ultrafast, all-electronic, low-energy devices, which is the basis for the emerging area of skyrmionics. The topological winding of skyrmion spins affects their overall lifetime, energetics, and dynamical behavior. In this Perspective, we discuss skyrmionics in the context of the present-day solid-state memory landscape and show how their size, stability, and mobility can be controlled by material engineering, as well as how they can be nucleated and detected. Ferrimagnets near their compensation points are promising candidates for this application, leading to a detailed exploration of amorphous CoGd as well as the study of emergent materials such as Mn4N and inverse Heusler alloys. Along with material properties, geometrical parameters such as film thickness, defect density, and notches can be used to tune skyrmion properties, such as their size and stability. Topology, however, can be a double-edged sword, especially for isolated metastable skyrmions, as it brings stability at the cost of additional damping and deflective Magnus forces compared to domain walls. Skyrmion deformation in response to forces also makes them intrinsically slower than domain walls. We explore potential analog applications of skyrmions, including temporal memory at low density—one skyrmion per racetrack—that capitalizes on their near ballistic current–velocity relation to map temporal data to spatial data and decorrelators for stochastic computing at a higher density that capitalizes on their interactions. We summarize the main challenges of achieving a skyrmionics technology, including maintaining positional stability with very high accuracy and electrical readout, especially for small ferrimagnetic skyrmions, deterministic nucleation, and annihilation and overall integration with digital circuits with the associated circuit overhead.
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- 2021
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18. Magnetic Properties and Growth‐Induced Anisotropy in Yttrium Thulium Iron Garnet Thin Films
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Ethan Rosenberg, Justin M. Shaw, Grant A. Riley, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Caroline A. Ross, Hans T. Nembach, and Kai Litzius
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Thulium ,Materials science ,chemistry ,Induced anisotropy ,Spintronics ,business.industry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Optoelectronics ,Yttrium ,Thin film ,business ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Pulsed laser deposition - Published
- 2021
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19. Warum klopfen Rohre manchmal, wenn man den Wasserhahn zudreht?
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Kai Litzius
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General Chemistry - Published
- 2020
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20. Author Correction: Faster chiral versus collinear magnetic order recovery after optical excitation revealed by femtosecond XUV scattering
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Christian Gutt, Mathias Kläui, Joel Cramer, Boris Seng, Nico Kerber, Kai Litzius, Frank Freimuth, Daniel Lacour, Ignacio Lopez-Quintas, Yuriy Mokrousov, Flavio Capotondi, Dmitriy Ksenzov, Emanuele Pedersoli, and Hartmut Zabel
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Physics ,Multidisciplinary ,Scattering ,Magnetic order ,Extreme ultraviolet ,Science ,Femtosecond ,General Physics and Astronomy ,General Chemistry ,Atomic physics ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,Excitation - Abstract
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21915-9
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- 2021
21. Scaling of intrinsic domain wall magneto-resistance with confinement in electromigrated nanocontacts
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Thomas Winkler, Jun Miao, Nicholas Sedlmayr, Jairo Sinova, Sebastian Eggert, Daniel Schönke, Hamidreza Kazemi, Robert M. Reeve, Mathias Kläui, Kai Litzius, Imke Schneider, Mohamad-Assaad Mawass, Bertrand Dupé, and André Loescher
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Permalloy ,Materials science ,Magnetoresistance ,Field (physics) ,Condensed matter physics ,Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Electromigration ,Domain wall (magnetism) ,Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall) ,0103 physical sciences ,Single domain ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Anisotropy ,Scaling - Abstract
In this work we study the evolution of intrinsic domain wall magnetoresistance (DWMR) with domain wall confinement. Clean permalloy notched half-ring nanocontacts are fabricated using a special ultra-high vacuum electromigration procedure to tailor the size of the wire in-situ and through the resulting domain wall confinement we tailor the domain wall width from a few tens of nm down to a few nm. Through measurements of the dependence of the resistance with respect to the applied field direction we extract the contribution of a single domain wall to the MR of the device, as a function of the domain wall width in the confining potential at the notch. In this size range, an intrinsic positive MR is found, which dominates over anisotropic MR, as confirmed by comparison to micromagnetic simulations. Moreover, the MR is found to scale monotonically with the size of the domain wall, $\delta_{DW}$, as 1/$\delta_{DW}^b$, with $b=2.31\pm 0.39 $. The experimental result is supported by quantum-mechanical transport simulations based on ab-initio density functional theory calculations.
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- 2018
22. Current-Induced Skyrmion Generation through Morphological Thermal Transitions in Chiral Ferromagnetic Heterostructures
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Jörg Raabe, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Ivan Lemesh, Simone Finizio, Gisela Schütz, Daniel Heinze, Jakub Zázvorka, Felix Büttner, Pedram Bassirian, Mi-Young Im, Bertrand Dupé, Mathias Kläui, Hermann Stoll, Markus Weigand, Nico Kerber, Maxwell Mann, Marie Böttcher, Kai Litzius, and Lucas Caretta
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Materials science ,Magnetic domain ,skyrmions ,multilayers ,perpendicular magnetic anisotropy ,Dzyaloshinkii-Moriya interaction ,02 engineering and technology ,magnetic domains ,01 natural sciences ,Engineering ,0103 physical sciences ,ddc:530 ,General Materials Science ,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology ,010306 general physics ,Spin-½ ,Magnetization dynamics ,Condensed matter physics ,Texture (cosmology) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Skyrmion ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,Magnetic field ,Ferromagnetism ,Mechanics of Materials ,Physical Sciences ,Chemical Sciences ,0210 nano-technology ,Joule heating - Abstract
© 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Magnetic skyrmions promise breakthroughs in future memory and computing devices due to their inherent stability and small size. Their creation and current driven motion have been recently observed at room temperature, but the key mechanisms of their formation are not yet well-understood. Here it is shown that in heavy metal/ferromagnet heterostructures, pulsed currents can drive morphological transitions between labyrinth-like, stripe-like, and skyrmionic states. Using high-resolution X-ray microscopy, the spin texture evolution with temperature and magnetic field is imaged and it is demonstrated that with transient Joule heating, topological charges can be injected into the system, driving it across the stripe-skyrmion boundary. The observations are explained through atomistic spin dynamic and micromagnetic simulations that reveal a crossover to a global skyrmionic ground state above a threshold magnetic field, which is found to decrease with increasing temperature. It is demonstrated how by tuning the phase stability, one can reliably generate skyrmions by short current pulses and stabilize them at zero field, providing new means to create and manipulate spin textures in engineered chiral ferromagnets.
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- 2018
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23. Wenn Wasser tanzt: Das Phänomen der hüpfenden Wassertropfen
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Kai Litzius
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Materials science ,General Chemistry - Published
- 2019
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24. Multiscale simulations of topological transformations in magnetic-skyrmion spin structures
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Mathias Kläui, Benjamin Krüger, Oleg A. Tretiakov, Andrea De Lucia, and Kai Litzius
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Physics ,Skyrmion ,02 engineering and technology ,Magnetic skyrmion ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Stability (probability) ,Computational mesh ,Pulse (physics) ,Current pulse ,Development (topology) ,0103 physical sciences ,Statistical physics ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Spin-½ - Abstract
Magnetic Skyrmions belong to the most interesting spin structures for the development of future information technology as they have been predicted to be topologically protected. To quantify their stability, we use an innovative multiscale approach to simulating spin dynamics based on the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation. The multiscale approach overcomes the micromagnetic limitations that have hindered realistic studies using conventional techniques. We first demonstrate how the stability of a Skyrmion is influenced by the refinement of the computational mesh and reveal that conventionally employed traditional micromagnetic simulations are inadequate for this task. Furthermore, we determine the stability quantitatively using our multiscale approach. As a key operation for devices, the process of annihilating a Skyrmion by exciting it with a spin polarized current pulse is analyzed, showing that Skyrmions can be reliably deleted by designing the pulse shape.
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- 2017
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25. Investigation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and room temperature skyrmions in W/CoFeB/MgO thin films and microwires
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Markus Weigand, Ivan Lemesh, Felix Büttner, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Berthold Ocker, Jörg Raabe, Samridh Jaiswal, Kyujoon Lee, Gerhard Jakob, Mathias Klaeui, Jürgen Langer, Kai Litzius, and Simone Finizio
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Coupling ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Materials science ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Spins ,Condensed matter physics ,530 Physics ,Skyrmion ,Point reflection ,Exchange interaction ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,530 Physik ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Domain wall (magnetism) ,Ferromagnetism ,0103 physical sciences ,ddc:530 ,Thin film ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Recent studies have shown that material structures, which lack structural inversion symmetry and have high spin-orbit coupling can exhibit chiral magnetic textures and skyrmions which could be a key component for next generation storage devices. The Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction (DMI) that stabilizes skyrmions is an anti-symmetric exchange interaction favoring non-collinear orientation of neighboring spins. It has been shown that material systems with high DMI can lead to very efficient domain wall and skyrmion motion by spin-orbit torques. To engineer such devices, it is important to quantify the DMI for a given material system. Here we extract the DMI at the Heavy Metal (HM) /Ferromagnet (FM) interface using two complementary measurement schemes namely asymmetric domain wall motion and the magnetic stripe annihilation. By using the two different measurement schemes, we find for W(5 nm)/Co20Fe60B20(0.6 nm)/MgO(2 nm) the DMI to be 0.68 +/- 0.05 mJ/m2 and 0.73 +/- 0.5 mJ/m2, respectively. Furthermore, we show that this DMI stabilizes skyrmions at room temperature and that there is a strong dependence of the DMI on the relative composition of the CoFeB alloy. Finally we optimize the layers and the interfaces using different growth conditions and demonstrate that a higher deposition rate leads to a more uniform film with reduced pinning and skyrmions that can be manipulated by Spin-Orbit Torques.
- Published
- 2017
26. A magnetic skyrmion as a non-linear resistive element - a potential building block for reservoir computing
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Mathias Kläui, Karin Everschor-Sitte, Diana Prychynenko, Kai Litzius, Matthias Sitte, Benjamin Krüger, Jairo Sinova, and George I. Bourianoff
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Magnetoresistance ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Magnetic skyrmion ,Topology ,01 natural sciences ,Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Block (data storage) ,Physics ,Resistive touchscreen ,Strongly Correlated Electrons (cond-mat.str-el) ,Skyrmion ,Reservoir computing ,Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn) ,Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks ,Physik (inkl. Astronomie) ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter ,Neuromorphic engineering ,0210 nano-technology ,Realization (systems) ,Other Condensed Matter (cond-mat.other) - Abstract
Inspired by the human brain, there is a strong effort to find alternative models of information processing capable of imitating the high energy efficiency of neuromorphic information processing. One possible realization of cognitive computing are reservoir computing networks. These networks are built out of non-linear resistive elements which are recursively connected. We propose that a skyrmion network embedded in frustrated magnetic films may provide a suitable physical implementation for reservoir computing applications. The significant key ingredient of such a network is a two-terminal device with non-linear voltage characteristics originating from single-layer magnetoresistive effects, like the anisotropic magnetoresistance or the recently discovered non-collinear magnetoresistance. The most basic element for a reservoir computing network built from "skyrmion fabrics" is a single skyrmion embedded in a ferromagnetic ribbon. In order to pave the way towards reservoir computing systems based on skyrmion fabrics, here we simulate and analyze i) the current flow through a single magnetic skyrmion due to the anisotropic magneto-resistive effect and ii) the combined physics of local pinning and the anisotropic magneto-resistive effect., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures; author's name corrected
- Published
- 2017
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27. Piezo-electrical control of gyration dynamics of magnetic vortices
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Michael Foerster, Tetsuya Hajiri, M. Filianina, Mathias Kläui, Lorenzo Baldrati, Lucia Aballe, and Kai Litzius
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010302 applied physics ,Physics ,Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous) ,Condensed matter physics ,Magnetostriction ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Gyration ,Vortex state ,Vortex ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,Magnetic anisotropy ,Condensed Matter::Superconductivity ,Electric field ,0103 physical sciences ,Orbit (dynamics) ,0210 nano-technology ,Anisotropy - Abstract
In this work, we first statically image the electrically controlled magnetostatic configuration of magnetic vortex states and then we dynamically image the time-resolved vortex core gyration tuned by electric fields. We demonstrate the manipulation of the vortex core gyration orbit by engineering the magnetic anisotropies. We achieve this by electric fields in a synthetic heterostructure consisting of a piezoelement coupled with magnetostrictive microstructures, where the magnetic anisotropy can be controlled by strain. We directly show the strong impact of the tailored anisotropy on the static shape of the vortex state and the dynamic vortex core orbit. The results demonstrate the possibility of using electric field induced strain as a low-power approach to tune the dynamical response of magnetic vortices.
- Published
- 2019
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28. Wie findet ein Blitz sein Ziel?
- Author
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Kai Litzius
- Subjects
General Chemistry - Published
- 2019
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29. Wie funktioniert eigentlich ein Touchscreen?
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Kai Litzius
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010405 organic chemistry ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences - Abstract
Touchscreens haben eine enorme Bedeutung fur moderne Medien (Abbildung 1). Der pragnanteste Vorteil dieser Technologie ist wohl die Kombination eines intuitiven Ein- und Ausgabegerates in einem kompakten Design, das dem Nutzer erlaubt, durch Wischen, Ziehen und Tippen direkt mit dem System zu interagieren und umgekehrt. Aber wie funktioniert ein solches System, welche Bautypen sind verfugbar und wieso funktionieren einige Touchscreen-Bauarten mit Fingern, nicht aber mit normalen Stiften? Diese Fragen werden wir hier naher behandeln.
- Published
- 2017
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30. Wieso explodieren Alkalimetalle in Wasser wirklich?
- Author
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Kai Litzius
- Subjects
Materials science ,010405 organic chemistry ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences - Published
- 2018
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31. Magnetic Skyrmions: Current-Induced Skyrmion Generation through Morphological Thermal Transitions in Chiral Ferromagnetic Heterostructures (Adv. Mater. 49/2018)
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Bertrand Dupé, Simone Finizio, Mi-Young Im, Markus Weigand, Jörg Raabe, Maxwell Mann, Kai Litzius, Marie Böttcher, Nico Kerber, Hermann Stoll, Lucas Caretta, Daniel Heinze, Gisela Schütz, Jakub Zázvorka, Felix Büttner, Ivan Lemesh, Mathias Kläui, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, and Pedram Bassirian
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Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,Magnetic domain ,Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy ,Mechanical Engineering ,Skyrmion ,Heterojunction ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Ferromagnetism ,Mechanics of Materials ,Thermal ,General Materials Science ,Current (fluid) ,0210 nano-technology - Published
- 2018
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32. Wie brennt eine Kerze in Schwerelosigkeit?
- Author
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Kai Litzius
- Subjects
010405 organic chemistry ,General Chemistry ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences - Published
- 2018
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33. Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets
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Seonghoon Woo, Kai Litzius, Benjamin Krüger, Mi-Young Im, Lucas Caretta, Kornel Richter, Maxwell Mann, Andrea Krone, Robert M. Reeve, Markus Weigand, Parnika Agrawal, Ivan Lemesh, Mohamad-Assaad Mawass, Peter Fischer, Mathias Kläui, and Geoffrey S. D. Beach
- Subjects
Condensed Matter::Quantum Gases ,Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,Spintronics ,Mechanical Engineering ,Skyrmion ,Heterojunction ,02 engineering and technology ,General Chemistry ,Magnetic skyrmion ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,Ferromagnetism ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,Current (fluid) ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Spin-½ - Abstract
© 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. Magnetic skyrmions are topologically protected spin textures that exhibit fascinating physical behaviours and large potential in highly energy-efficient spintronic device applications. The main obstacles so far are that skyrmions have been observed in only a few exotic materials and at low temperatures, and fast current-driven motion of individual skyrmions has not yet been achieved. Here, we report the observation of stable magnetic skyrmions at room temperature in ultrathin transition metal ferromagnets with magnetic transmission soft X-ray microscopy. We demonstrate the ability to generate stable skyrmion lattices and drive trains of individual skyrmions by short current pulses along a magnetic racetrack at speeds exceeding 100 m s-1 as required for applications. Our findings provide experimental evidence of recent predictions and open the door to room-temperature skyrmion spintronics in robust thin-film heterostructures.
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- 2015
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34. Wie normales Glas (fast) unzerstörbar wird
- Author
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Kai Litzius
- Subjects
General Chemistry - Published
- 2017
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35. Magnetic configurations in nanostructured Co2MnGa thin film elements
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A de Lucia, Alexander Kronenberg, Mehran Vafaee, Lucia Aballe, Simone Finizio, Martin Jourdan, Kai Litzius, Michael Foerster, Mathias Kläui, Benjamin Krüger, and T. O. Menteş
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Physics ,Condensed matter physics ,Magnetometer ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Spin structure ,engineering.material ,Heusler compound ,law.invention ,Condensed Matter::Materials Science ,Magnetic anisotropy ,Nuclear magnetic resonance ,law ,Microscopy ,engineering ,Thin film ,Anisotropy constant ,Anisotropy - Abstract
The magnetic configuration of nanostructured elements fabricated from thin films of the Heusler compound Co2MnGa was determined by high-resolution x-ray magnetic microscopy, and the magnetic properties of continuous Co2MnGa thin films were determined by magnetometry measurements. A four-fold magnetic anisotropy with an anisotropy constant of kJ m−3 was deduced, and x-ray microscopy measurements have shown that the nanostructured Co2MnGa elements exhibit reproducible magnetic states dominated by shape anisotropy, with a minor contribution from the magneto-crystalline anisotropy, showing that the spin structure can be tailored by judiciously choosing the geometry.
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- 2015
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36. Skyrmion Hall effect revealed by direct time-resolved X-ray microscopy
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Pedram Bassirian, Ivan Lemesh, Felix Büttner, Markus Weigand, Koji Sato, Benjamin Krüger, Lucas Caretta, K. Richter, Iuliia Bykova, Oleg A. Tretiakov, Geoffrey S. D. Beach, Kai Litzius, Gisela Schütz, Mathias Kläui, Johannes Förster, Robert M. Reeve, and Hermann Stoll
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Physics ,Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Spintronics ,Condensed matter physics ,Skyrmion ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Magnetic skyrmion ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect ,01 natural sciences ,Charged particle ,Complex dynamics ,Hall effect ,Quantum mechanics ,0103 physical sciences ,ddc:530 ,Electric current ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Topological quantum number - Abstract
Magnetic skyrmions are highly promising candidates for future spintronic applications such as skyrmion racetrack memories and logic devices. They exhibit exotic and complex dynamics governed by topology and are less influenced by defects, such as edge roughness, than conventionally used domain walls. In particular, their finite topological charge leads to a predicted "skyrmion Hall effect", in which current-driven skyrmions acquire a transverse velocity component analogous to charged particles in the conventional Hall effect. Here, we present nanoscale pump-probe imaging that for the first time reveals the real-time dynamics of skyrmions driven by current-induced spin orbit torque (SOT). We find that skyrmions move at a well-defined angle {\Theta}_{SH} that can exceed 30{\deg} with respect to the current flow, but in contrast to theoretical expectations, {\Theta}_{SH} increases linearly with velocity up to at least 100 m/s. We explain our observation based on internal mode excitations in combination with a field-like SOT, showing that one must go beyond the usual rigid skyrmion description to unravel the dynamics., Comment: pdf document arxiv_v1.1. 24 pages (incl. 9 figures and supplementary information)
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37. Single Skyrmion Generation via a Vertical Nanocontact in a 2D Magnet-Based Heterostructure
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Lukas Powalla, Max T. Birch, Kai Litzius, Sebastian Wintz, Frank Schulz, Markus Weigand, Tanja Scholz, Bettina V. Lotsch, Klaus Kern, Gisela Schütz, and Marko Burghard
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room-temperature ,magnetic skyrmions ,2d magnets ,Mechanical Engineering ,2D magnets ,heterostructures ,2D spintronics ,time resolved X ray microscopy ,Bioengineering ,General Chemistry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,ferromagnetism ,time-resolved x-ray microscopy ,crystal ,boron-nitride ,2d spintronics ,General Materials Science - Abstract
Skyrmions have been well studied in chiral magnets and magnetic thin films due to their potential application in practical devices. Recently, monochiral skyrmions have been observed in two dimensional van der Waals magnets. Their atomically flat surfaces and capability to be stacked into heterostructures offer new prospects for skyrmion applications. However, the controlled local nucleation of skyrmions within these materials has yet to be realized. Here, we utilize real space X ray microscopy to investigate a heterostructure composed of the 2D ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2 FGT , an insulating hexagonal boron nitride layer, and a graphite top electrode. Upon a stepwise increase of the voltage applied between the graphite and FGT, a vertically conducting pathway can be formed. This nanocontact allows the tunable creation of individual skyrmions via single nanosecond pulses of low current density. Furthermore, time resolved magnetic imaging highlights the stability of the nanocontact, while our micromagnetic simulations reproduce the observed skyrmion nucleation process
38. Skyrmion Lattice Phases in Thin Film Multilayer
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Klaus Raab, Florian Dittrich, Yuqing Ge, Jakub Zázvorka, Nico Kerber, Thomas Winkler, Peter Virnau, Kai Litzius, Martin Veis, and Mathias Kläui
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science ,Phase transition ,Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,Skyrmion ,Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ,FOS: Physical sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,010402 general chemistry ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,0104 chemical sciences ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Magnetic field ,Biomaterials ,Molecular dynamics ,Colloid ,Lattice (order) ,Phase (matter) ,Electrochemistry ,0210 nano-technology ,Hexatic phase - Abstract
Phases of matter are ubiquitous with everyday examples including solids and liquids. In reduced dimensions, particular phases, such as the two-dimensional (2D) hexatic phase and corresponding phase transitions occur. A particularly exciting example of 2D ordered systems are skyrmion lattices, where in contrast to previously studied 2D colloid systems, the skyrmion size and density can be tuned by temperature and magnetic field. This allows us to drive the system from a liquid phase to a hexatic phase as deduced from the analysis of the hexagonal order. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations of soft disks, we determine the skyrmion interaction potentials and we find that the simulations are able to reproduce the full two-dimensional phase behavior. This shows that not only the static behavior of skyrmions is qualitatively well described in terms of a simple two-dimensional model system but skyrmion lattices are versatile and tunable two-dimensional model systems that allow for studying phases and phase transitions in reduced dimensions., Comment: Corrected Acknowledgements
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