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Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay,1 Tadele Araya Mezgebo,1 Gebregziabher Berihu Gebrekidan,2 Birhane Lemlem Desta,3 Hagos Gidey Mihretu,3 Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene1 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia; 2Department of Health Systems, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia; 3Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences Mekelle University, P. O. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia, Email atsebaha.gebrekidan@mu.edu.etBackground: Globally, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the second most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. The prominent predicament of this bacterium is its complications, non-susceptibility for many drugs, and aggravated transmission of other sexually transmitted infections. There is limited information about the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors of N. gonorrhoeae in Tigrai, Ethiopia. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors of N. gonorrhoeae among patients attending non-profitable private clinics in Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study among 229 patients was conducted from February to June 2018. The socio-demographic data and associated factors were gathered using structured questionnaire, and swabs were taken from urethra and cervix of males and females, respectively. Specimens were inoculated on standard bacteriological culture media and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 21. The level of significance at

Letebrhan Weldemhret,1 Ataklti Hailu Atsbaha,1 Hadish Bekuretsion,1 Abraham Desta,1 Lemlem Legesse,1 Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay,2 Dawit Hagos2 1Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Tigray, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle, University, Mekelle, Tigray, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Letebrhan Weldemhret, Email letishw23@gmail.comBackground: Sputum culture conversion status is a cardinal index of treatment response and patient outcome for MDR TB patients on longer anti-TB drugs. But, there is limited information on time to sputum culture conversion of MDR TB patients on a longer anti-TB treatment regimen. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate time to sputum culture conversion and its predictors among MDR TB patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia.Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted from January 2017 through September 2020 among MDR TB patients in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Demographic and clinical characteristics including bacteriological data were extracted from the TB registration book and electronic database in Tigray Health Research Institute. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. The time to initial sputum culture conversion was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Bivariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to identify predictors for culture conversions. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: A total of 294 eligible study participants with a median age of 30 years (IQR: 22.75– 40) were included. The participants were followed for a total of 1066.7 person months. Sputum culture conversion was achieved in 269 (91%) of the study participants. The median time of sputum culture conversion was 64 days (IQR: 49– 86). In our multivariate model, HIV-positive (aHR=1.529, 95% CI: 1.096– 2.132, P=0.012), patients new to anti-TB treatment (aHR=2.093, 95% CI: 1.100– 3.982, P=0.024) and baseline AFB smear

Mulu Gebretsadik Gebremedhin,1 Yemane Weldu,2 Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay,2 Gebrecherkos Teame,3 Kelemework Adane4 1Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia; 2Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia; 3Department of Biomedical Research and Technology Transfer, Tigray Health Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia; 4Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, P. O. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia, Email atsebaha.gebrekidan@mu.edu.etBackground: Little is known about bacteria that produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemase in patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in Tigrai, Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to describe the magnitude of ESBL- and carbapenemase -producing gram-negative bacteria among patients suspected of community- and hospital-acquired UTIs at a referral hospital in Tigrai, Ethiopia.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Ayder Comprehensive Specialized hospital from January 2020 to June 2020. A 10– 20 mL sample of morning mid-stream and catheter urine was collected from consenting participants. Urine samples were cultured on cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient medium and MacConkey agar, and bacteria were identified using standard microbiological protocols. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The combination disk and modified Hodge tests were used detect ESBL and carbapenemase production, respectively. The data was entered into EPI 3.1 software and analyzed using SPSS version 21.Results: Overall, 67 gram-negative bacteria were recovered from 64 participants. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate

Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay,1 Tsehaye Asmelash Dejene,1 Enquebaher Kassaye2 1Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia; 2Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Microbiology, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Tigrai, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Atsebaha Gebrekidan Kahsay, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Mekelle University, P. O. Box: 1871, Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia, Email atsebaha.gebrekidan@mu.edu.etBackground: In Ethiopia, salmonellosis is one of the most common zoonotic and foodborne illnesses. Ethiopia continues to be at risk for its fast-expanding medication resistance. For the development of preventative and control methods, summarized knowledge regarding salmonellosis is necessary. Determining a thorough evaluation of the prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in humans and animals from January 1, 2010, to December 30, 2022, in Ethiopia was our goal.Methods: To find Salmonella related articles that published in English, we used the Google Scholar and PubMed search engines. Three researchers conducted the eligible studies using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist, making sure to include the necessary keywords. If studies were duplicates, incomplete publications, or reported without an antimicrobial test were excluded. Excel 2013 was used to calculate frequencies and tabulate data.Results: There were a total of 43 investigations from food handlers, diarrhoeic patients, and animals. The prevalence rates ranged from 1% to 10% and 1% to 13% among food handlers and diarrhoea patients, respectively. The highest prevalence was among pigs (41.6%). S. Anatum in animals and S. Typhimurium in people were the predominant serotypes. Amoxicillin and ampicillin were claimed to be 100% resistant in human studies. The highest recorded resistances for ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin were 16.7% and 100%, respectively. Animal studies reveale