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Muhammet Ozer,1 Suleyman Yasin Goksu,2 Rick Y Lin,3 Ruveyda Ayasun,4 Doga Kahramangil,5 Sherise C Rogers,5,6 Jesus C Fabregas,5,6 Brian H Ramnaraign,5,6 Thomas J George,5,6 Michael Feely,7 Roniel Cabrera,8 Sergio Duarte,9 Ali Zarrinpar,9 Ilyas Sahin5,6 1Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 2Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; 3Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; 4Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; 5Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 6University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; 7Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 8Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; 9Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USACorrespondence: Ilyas Sahin, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA, Email i.sahin@ufl.eduBackground: Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) generally has a dismal prognosis. Bone metastases from HCC are infrequent, with a poorer prognosis. However, the survival influencing factors are not yet well understood.Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical features and tumor characteristics of HCC patients with bone metastasis.Methods: A cohort of 170,576 adult patients with HCC was studied using the National Cancer Database (NCDB) spanning from 2010 to 2019, and within this group, 5285 patients (3.1%) were diagnosed with bone metastasis. We performed the Kaplan–Meier method to calculate the median overall survival (OS). We included demographics (age at diagnosis, gender, race, insurance status), comorbidity score, and treatment characteristics.Results: Of a total of 5285 HCC patients with bone metastasis, 86.2% were male and 61.2% were non-Hispanic white. Most patients (55.1%) were below 65, and 89% had a total Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score of under 3. Among patients with known tumor grade, 24.8% had well-differentiated tumors, and 36.1% had poorly differentiated tumors. Chemotherapy was administrated to 39.5% of patients. In univariate analysis, patients with well-differentiated tumors had better OS compared to poorly differentiated tumors (5.4 months vs 3.0 months, p = 0.001). Patients who received single or multiagent chemotherapy were significantly associated with improved OS compared to patients who did not receive chemotherapy (7.0 and 8.5 months vs 1.94 months, respectively). We also found mortality difference between age, comorbidity scores, facility types and race groups.Conclusion: In this cohort analysis of NCDB data, we found better OS in treatment receipt, lower tumor grade, younger age, non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic race, treatment at academic facility and lower comorbidity score in HCC patients with bone metastasis. The study results may have a consequential impact on the treatment decisions for HCC patients with bone metastasis.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC, bone metastasis

In 2021, the FDA approved the combination of pembrolizumab with platinum and fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for advanced esophageal and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) cancers, regardless of the PD-L1 score. Pembrolizumab alone may benefit MSI-H gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas, but most patients with pMMR/MSS types require it in combination with standard chemotherapy. The NCCN recognizes the predictive value of PD-L1 CPS and recommends pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy for PD-L1 CPS ≥10. Undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus, a rare esophageal cancer subtype with a poor prognosis, still lacks a well-defined optimal treatment. We report a case of an 87-year-old female with advanced, pMMR/MSS, HER2-negative, ARID1A-mutant, undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus with a PD-L1 CPS of 20, who has shown a durable ongoing response to pembrolizumab monotherapy for 2 years now. The case highlights a favorable response, possibly attributed to the high CPS score combined with the ARID1A mutation, as recent research suggests that ARID1A mutations may increase immunotherapy susceptibility.

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is a rare, aggressive malignancy comprising 0.5% of gastrointestinal cancers. It has poor survival outcomes due to its insidious onset, lack of standardized screening, and limited therapies. Advanced-stage diagnosis with liver, lymph node, and peritoneal metastasis is common, while bone metastasis is rare. The knowledge on bone metastasis in GBC is limited to case reports and small series, and its clinical significance is largely unexplored., Methods: The study extracted the demographic and clinical variables of patients with metastatic (M1) gallbladder adenocarcinoma from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 2011 and 2020. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the demographic characteristics. The multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to calculate the hazard ratio. The overall survival (OS) was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the log-rank test was utilized to compare the survival between the groups., Results: A total of 2724 patients were included in the study. A total of 69% of the patients were female, and the median age was 68 (range 24-90+). A total of 7.4% of the patients had bone metastasis on diagnosis. The multivariate Cox analysis identified bone metastasis as an independent mortality risk factor in metastatic GBC (HR 1.50, p < 0.001). The patients were divided into two age groups: a younger age group (18-74 years) and an older age group (75+ years). In the younger group, the median OS with and without bone metastasis was 3 and 5 months, respectively ( p < 0.0001). In the older age group, there was no significant difference in the OS between the patients with and without bone metastasis ( p = 0.35). In the younger group who were treated with chemotherapy, the patients with bone metastasis had a significantly worse OS (median OS 5 months vs. 8 months, p < 0.0001). In the untreated group, the patients with bone metastasis in the younger age group had a significantly worse OS (median OS 1 month vs. 2 months, p = 0.014). In the patients with bone metastasis, those who did not receive chemotherapy had a significantly worse OS than those who were treated with chemotherapy in both age groups (younger age group: median OS 1 month vs. 5 months, p < 0.0001 and older age group: median OS 1 month vs. 5 months, p = 0.041)., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the presence of bone metastasis in gallbladder adenocarcinoma is an independent prognostic factor associated with unfavorable survival outcomes in the younger age group (18-74 years). However, in the older age group (75+ years), the presence of bone metastasis did not impact the survival. Treatment with chemotherapy was associated with extended survival in all patients. Thus, early detection and aggressive management of bone metastasis, including the consideration of chemotherapy, may be crucial in improving the OS and quality of life for individuals with gallbladder adenocarcinoma.