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Recent advances in additive manufacturing (AM), commonly known as three-dimensional (3D)-printing, have allowed researchers to create complex shapes previously impossible using traditional fabrication methods. A research branch that originated from 3D-printing called four-dimensional (4D)-printing involves printing with smart materials that can respond to external stimuli. 4D-printing permits the creation of on-demand dynamically controllable shapes by integrating the dimension of time. Recent achievements in synthetic smart materials, novel printers, deformation mechanism, and mathematical modeling have greatly expanded the feasibility of 4D-printing. In this paper, progress in the 4D-printing field is reviewed with a focus on its practical applications. We discuss smart materials developed using 4D-printing with explanations of their morphing mechanisms. Additionally, case studies are presented on self-constructing structures, medical devices, and soft robotics. We conclude with challenges and future opportunities in the field of 4D-printing.

Soft robotics are known for their unique advantages over conventional rigid robotics, which include safer human–machine interaction, delicate handling of fragile items, and greater durability. Soft robotic actuators are essential components in soft robots as they produce the organic motions that rigid robotic actuators have difficulty in mimicking. Pneumatic actuators (PAs) are a type of soft robotic actuator that utilizes pneumatic pressure for actuation and are commonly used; however, the relationship between their design and actuation performance is not well understood. Herein, a cubic kernelized support vector regression (SVR) model based on finite element analysis is used to explore the design space of bending PAs with respect to their bending angles through the investigation of the dependencies between different design parameters. The model obtained from the SVR is then tested by experimentally comparing the bending angle of different 3D‐printed PAs from within the design space. The bending torque, an indicator of the actuation force of the PA, is also measured and compared for different design configurations. This study provides a computational and experimental framework and paves the way for future work on PAs, which has the potential to greatly propel the advancement of soft robotics.

Fish scales serve as a natural dermal armor with remarkable flexibility and puncture resistance. Through studying fish scales, researchers can replicate these properties and tune them by adjusting their design parameters to create biomimetic scales. Overlapping scales, as seen in elasmoid scales, can lead to complex interactions between each scale. These interactions are able to maintain the stiffness of the fish’s structure with improved flexibility. Hence, it is important to understand these interactions in order to design biomimetic fish scales. Modeling the flexibility of fish scales, when subject to shear loading across a substrate, requires accounting for nonlinear relations. Current studies focus on characterizing these kinematic linear and nonlinear regions but fall short in modeling the kinematic phase shift. Here, we propose an approach that will predict when the linear-to-nonlinear transition will occur, allowing for more control of the overall behavior of the fish scale structure. Using a geometric analysis of the interacting scales, we can model the flexibility at the transition point where the scales start to engage in a nonlinear manner. The validity of these geometric predictions is investigated through finite element analysis. This investigation will allow for efficient optimization of scale-like designs and can be applied to various applications.

One common challenge of using composite materials is detecting delamination failure in a non-destructive and cost-effective way. Past studies have proven the feasibility of using vibrational measurements to detect damage but have not explored the full capabilities and limitations of vibrational testing. Here, we use a finite element model of a composite plate to characterize the natural frequency, mode shape, and mode curvature tests for a variety of delamination scenarios. We find that the mode curvature test is resource-intensive to conduct but provides the best resolution in both identifying and localizing delamination. On the other hand, the natural frequency test is simple and inexpensive to conduct but can only reliably identify the presence of delamination. Additionally, a machine learning model is implemented to augment the natural frequency test, allowing both localization of damage and quantification of its severity with only the natural frequencies of modes 1–6. We are able to interpret our model and discover a phase transition for natural frequencies with different sized delaminations. This testing framework allows rapid non-destructive analysis for the iterative design of composites, accelerating the development of novel delamination-resistant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tarih ve tarih felsefesi kavramları ile ilgili geçmişten günümüze birçok tanımlama yapılmış, farklı görüşler ve anlayışlar ortaya konmuştur. Modern tarih bilimi anlayışının temelleri özellikle aydınlanma dönemiyle birlikte atılmaya başlanmıştır. Aydınlanma döneminden günümüze kadar geçen süreçte, tarihin bir amacının olduğu ve bu amaca doğru ilerleyen bir süreç olduğu görüşünü savunan tarihçiler, filozoflar ve düşünürler olmuştur. Francis Fukuyama da bu görüşü benimsemiş ve liberal demokrasi anlayışının dünya genelinde kabul gören en ideal yönetim anlayışı olduğunu, tarihin amacına ulaştığını iddia ederek tarihin sonu tezini ortaya koymuştur. Liberal demokrasi anlayışının sosyalizm, monarşi ve faşizm gibi yönetim şekilleri karşısında mutlak zaferini ilan etmiştir. Bu anlayışın evrenselleşmesinin önünde engel olarak gördüğü devletlerin, ulus inşası veya devlet inşası olarak adlandırdığı uygulamalarla kontrol altına alınması ve sistemin parçası haline getirilmesi gerektiğini savunmuştur. Bunun uygulayıcısı olarak da Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD)’ni görmüştür. Demokrasi, özgürlük ve insan hakları gibi söylemlerle toplumların etki altına alınmasını ve liberal ekonomik düzenin kurucusu ABD’nin dünyada tek hâkim güç olmasını hedeflemiştir. Literatür analizine dayalı nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak hazırlanan bu çalışmanın amacı, tarih ve tarih felsefesi üzerine yapılan tanımlardan yola çıkarak, özellikle ilerlemeci tarih anlayışında tarihin sonu kavramından kastedilenin ne olduğunu açıklamak, günümüzde bu görüşün önde gelen savunucularından olan Fukuyama’nın aslında neyi amaçladığının anlaşılmasına katkı sağlamaktır.

Abstract Due to the short harvest season and their sensitivity to storage, the preservation of fresh mulberry fruits is a very important process. Drying is a method used to preserve mulberry fruits in the long term. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for the optimization of hybrid drying conditions of two different sour black mulberries. The linear and interaction effects of independent parameters such as temperature (50, 60 and 70°C) and microwave power (100, 200 and 300 W) variables were determined on mulberries. Bioactive properties and energy aspects were monitored as influenced by drying conditions. According to the results increase in microwave power provided a significant decrement in the specific energy consumption (SEC) and the total anthocyanin content (TAC), while increase in the energy efficiency (ηen) and total phenolic content (TPC) for both genotypes. In all cases, statistical values showed that all drying curves of black mulberry were best described by the Logistic model. Multiple response optimization was carried out for studied parameters and it was concluded that maximum antiradical activity (ARA), TPC, TAC, ηen and minimum drying time (DT) and SEC values would be at 300 W-50 ºC (desirability=0.842) and 300 W-66.5 ºC (desirability=0.744), for Morus nigra 1 (MN1) and Morus nigra 2 (MN2), respectively. According to the finding, the greatest TPC, ARA, TAC, DT, SEC and ηen were determined as 20.10 mg GAE/g, 86.00%, 456 mg/kg, 330 min, 18.59 kWh/kg and 9.04% for MN1, and 18.08 mg GAE/g, 83.92%, 835.81 mg/kg, 330 min, 16.16 kWh/kg and 10.40 % for MN2, respectively.

Plain English Summary This study examined the relationship between early maladaptive schemas, temperament, eating attitude and the effect of gender variable on these concepts in adults. Early maladaptive schemas are basic mental constructs that occur as a result of negative experiences early in life. Temperament is a long-term, often life-long structural traits that change little throughout an individual’s life. Eating attitude is the tendency that creates an individual’s feelings, thoughts and behaviors related to eating and nutrition. Disruptions in eating attitudes can lead to eating disorders. Results revealed a relationship between Defectiveness, Emotional Inhibition, Enmeshment/Dependence, Failure, Abandonment, Vulnerability to Harm or Illness, Negativity/Pessimism schemas and eating attitude. Among schemas, Defectiveness was found to be the best predictor of deterioration in eating attitude. Among temperaments, Anxious temperament was found to be the best predictor of deterioration in eating attitude. Additionally, a relationship was found between early maladaptive schemas and temperament types. This relationship sheds light on the relationship between the development and treatment of eating disorders.

Introduction: The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship of working memory capacity with the use of cognitive emotion regulation strategies, cognitive flexibility level, and learning styles of university students. Methods: In the present study (N = 39), the participants completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Cognitive Flexibility Scale, Kolb Learning Styles Inventory, and Vermunt Learning Styles Inventory and three WM capacity (WMC) tasks that are Rotation Span Task, Operation Span Task, and Symmetry Span Task. Their WMCs were assessed, and the relationship of it was compared with cognitive emotion regulation, cognitive flexibility, and learning styles. Results: The results indicated that there is a significant difference and negative correlation (r= −0.341) between Operation Span Task and refocus on planning. Findings of the research indicated correlations between emotion regulation strategies and between cognitive flexibility and two emotion regulation strategies that are refocus on planning (r = 0.528) and positive reappraisal (r = 0.574). Only one learning style that is Processing Strategies in Vermunt Learning Style Inventory was found significantly different in terms of the cognitive flexibility level of the participants. The results also indicated a positive correlation between verbal and spatial WM tasks which support the domain general view for WMC. Conclusions: Further studies are advised to be conducted between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and working memory capacity as these findings may have significant implications for understanding the correlation between memory and emotion.

INTRODUCTION: In this study, it is aimed to comparatively examine early maladaptive schemas and attachment in close relationships in individuals with and without social anxiety. Social anxiety is defined as an excessive fear of eating, speaking, vomiting or blushing in the presence of other people. The emotional relationship and communication between the baby and the parent or caregiver is defined as attachment. It is thought that the attachment attitudes adopted in childhood and adolescence continue in adulthood as well. The schema is formed as a result of the child's bonding with the people around him, value, autonomy and realistic expectations, usually as a result of traumatic experiences or miscommunication with the caregiver, and this reveals inappropriate perceptions of people about himself and the outside world. METHODS: This research was conducted using the comparative relational screening method. The sample of the study, which was selected with the simple random sampling model, consists of people between the ages of 18-65 living in the city of Istanbul. Data collection tools used in the research; Personal Information Form, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Young Schema Scale and Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory II. The data collected for this research were analyzed with the SPSS 25 program. RESULTS: Considering the findings of the research, it is seen that there is a relationship between Social Phobia and Attachment and that early maladaptive schemas play a partial mediator role in this relationship. The findings obtained in the study were discussed in conjunction with other studies in the literature. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Considering the findings of the research, it is seen that there is a relationship between Social Phobia and Attachment and that early maladaptive schemas play a partial mediator role in this relationship. The findings obtained in the study were discussed in conjunction with other studies in the literature.

İşletmelerin rekabette üstün konumda olmaları ve sahip oldukları pazar paylarını geliştirebilmeleri çalışanlarının potansiyel güçlerini açığa çıkarabilmesi ve kurumsal olarak inovatif düşünceye önem vermeleri ile yakından ilgilidir. Firmaların sahip oldukları kültürel yapı ve yönetim tarzı çalışanlar üzerinde yeniliklere katkı sağlamak, örgütüne bağlılık ve iş tatmini boyutlarında önemli bir etkiye sahip durumdadır. Bu çalışmada örgüt kültürünün çalışanlarda inovatif düşünce geliştirme, iş tatmini ve örgüt bağlılığına etkisinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Orman Ürünleri Sanayi Sektörünün önemli bir alt sanayi dalı konumunda olan Lif Levha Sanayi’nde uluslararası alanda geçerliliği kanıtlanmış anketler kullanılarak çalışanlar üzerinde araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler istatistiki analizlere tabi tutulmuş ve inovatif düşünce geliştirme, iş tatmini, örgüt bağlılığı ve örgüt kültürü arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve olumlu ilişkiler olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Amaç: Dental radyografiler, ağız hastalıklarının tanısında önemli araçlardır. Lisans eğitimi sırasında diş hekimliği öğrencileri, klinik stajları sırasında gözetim altında dental röntgen cihazlarını kullanırlar. Bu anket çalışmasında diş hekimliği öğrencilerinin dental radyasyondan korunma ve uygulama bilgisinin değerlendirilmesi ile birlikte iyonize radyasyondan korunma konusunda farkındalık yaratmak amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya diş hekimliği 4. ve 5. sınıf öğrencileri dahil edildi. Katılımcılara, dental radyolojik tetkiklerle ilgili temel bilgilerin sorulduğu 11'i çoktan seçmeli, 8'i iki seçimli (Doğru ya da Yanlış) sorulardan oluşan bir anket uygulanmıştır.Bulgular: Toplamda 146 diş hekimliği öğrencisi (74 öğrenci 4. sınıf, 72 öğrenci 5. sınıf) anket sorularını cevaplandırmıştır. Öğrencilerden hiçbiri radyobiyoloji ile ilgili tüm soruları doğru bir şekilde cevaplayamamıştır. Periapikal radyografinin radyasyon dozu kesinlikle güvenlidir ve sağlığa hiçbir etkisi yoktur sorusunu % 82.2 katılımcı doğru olarak cevaplandırmıştır. Radyasyondan korunma bilgisinde görüntüleme prosedürü sırasında kurşun önlük ve tiroit koruyucu kullanma gerekliği % 88.3 öğrenci tarafından ankette belirtilmiştir. Sonuç: Çalışmamızın sonuçları diş hekimliği öğrencilerinin radyasyon biyolojisi ve radyasyondan korunma hakkında iyi derecede bilgiye sahip olduğu ve iki grup arasında farklılık olmadığını göstermektedir. Üniversitelerde hem diş hekimliği hem de radyoloji programlarında dental radyoloji dersine daha fazla önem verilmesi ve bu alanda sürekli eğitim gerektiğini düşünmekteyiz.ANAHTAR KELİMELER Dental radyografiler diş hekimliği öğrencisi, iyonize radyasyon, radyasyondan korunma